13.10.15 266 153 0

How to get a lot in old age

You already have 4.6 million - you just need to decide where to invest it

“When we get old, the pension will be canceled, and the state will take our deductions,” my colleagues say when I start talking about a pension.

Whether they are right or wrong does not matter. It is important that by the end of the year we all need to make a decision: either we are not doing anything with our future pension, or we are trying to do at least something with it.

Sasha Volkova

editor, economist

4.6 million is the amount that will accumulate in your retirement account if you work 35 years and earn an average of 50,000 a month. The fate of this money is being decided now. Either they will be devoured by the Pension Fund deficit, or you will take some of this money and try to make money on it. What exactly happens is up to you, the deadline is December 31st.

In this article we will figure out why the pension system is being reformed in Russia, is there any sense in this and how to make money on it.

I. What is a pension?

Pensions are part of the social obligations of the state. The system works like this: first, a citizen deducts money to a pension fund, then the state pays him a pension from this fund. This is a conditional scheme, in different countries the pension system works in different ways.

In many countries in Asia, Africa and South America, there is no pension. The worker is counting on either his own savings or the children who will support him in his old age.

In the United States and many European countries, an individual savings system: an employee saves money in his retirement account, then receives it in the form of a pension. How much you accumulate is all yours.

In Russia, the distribution system. It works like this: the employer pays money for you to the Pension Fund, they immediately go to payments to current pensioners. As long as they pay for you, you have a certain "weight" in the pension system, you accumulate points. When you retire, you will receive the money that will come from the working citizens of the future. The more "weight" - the more the pension. Roughly speaking, the more you pay your grandfather's pension today, the more your grandchildren will pay for you.

In the United States, you can live on retirement: it averages $ 700 (43,000 rubles). An American with no work experience in old age receives an allowance of $ 280 (17,000 rubles). A Russian pensioner receives an average of 12,000 rubles, without work experience - 8311 rubles. With this money, one can only modestly survive in the provinces - if there is housing and a vegetable garden.

A Russian pensioner receives an average of 12,000 rubles, without work experience - 8311 rubles.

II. What kind of pension reform?

In the Soviet Union, the pension system was completely pay-as-you-go. The size of the pension depended on the length of service and salary. Factories smoked, cities were built, and young people paid for pensioners.

In 2002, the reform began - a smooth transition to a funded system. In 2013, the last stage of the reform took place. Now pension contributions are converted into points and recalculated using a complex formula. The size of the pension depends on the points and coefficients that are assigned by the government. These rudiments of the pay-as-you-go system allow the authorities to increase or decrease pensions as needed.

III. What is insurance and funded pension?

This is how things are now. The employer pays 22% of the official salary to the Pension Fund for each employee. This money is divided into two parts: insurance (16%) and funded (6%).

Insurance part needed for a regular pay-as-you-go pension. This is the "common pot" from which the current pensioners receive their pensions.

Now, on average, there are 2.5 workers per pensioner. Their deductions on average for the hospital give the same 12,000 rubles of pension. By 2045, according to Rosstat estimates, there will be 1.5 workers left for one pensioner. This means that there will be less money per person in the "common pot" than it is now.

Accumulative part does not go to payments to current retirees, but remains yours. You can invest it and inherit it. But for this you need to write a special statement by the end of the year: then 6% of your salary will be invested.

If you do not write a statement, all 22% will go to the "common pot".

The funded pension is a financial instrument. You transfer your savings to a management company or a fund, and they invest in stocks and bonds, buy currency, open deposits. That is, your money is accumulating, earning and taking risks. The company will pay the amount that is obtained in the end in the form of a pension.

Only Russians born in 1967 and younger can form a funded pension

Funded pension: you get paid with your money. Insurance: you are paid other people's money.

IV. What kind of pension will I have?

Nobody knows this - neither the state, nor analysts. There are too many factors affecting the size of the pension. The insurance one depends on the demographic situation and political decisions, the accumulative one depends on the situation in the securities market and the investment decisions of your company. It is impossible to calculate this in advance.

The only thing you can find out is how much money is in your retirement account for insurance and funded pension. The easiest way to check your pension account is at gosuslugi.ru. Register and make a request about the state of your retirement account - a long statement will appear on the screen.

It will come in handy if you decide to independently calculate your future pension using the formula

To receive a pension, work experience must be at least 5 years. The time when you are not officially working does not count. In this picture, the experience is not enough to receive a pension, you need to work for another 11 months

The company that manages pension savings can be changed

Maternity capital can also be directed to retirement savings

Now you know everything about your retirement account and can decide what to do: leave everything for the formation of an insurance pension or transfer a part to form a funded one.

V. Where to invest pension savings?

If you decide to receive a funded pension, choose who will manage it:

• state management company (Vnesheconombank);
• private management company;
• non-state pension fund.

You can always transfer money to another fund or company. But keep in mind: they fix income every 5 years. If you withdraw the money ahead of time, you will lose investment income for the year.

You can also appoint a successor in any case - he will receive your retirement savings if you die young, like Kurt Cobain or Tutankhamun (he died at about 19 years old).

State management company will invest your money without risk: in government and corporate bonds and bank deposits. The return in 2013 was approximately 6.7%, in 2014 - 2.7% of the income for the extended portfolio and -2% for the portfolio of government securities (yes, this means a loss). Vnesheconombank will charge 10% of its income for its services.

Private management company invests money in bonds, stocks and currencies - the risk is higher than that of VEB. The average profitability in 2013 was 5.2%, in 2014 - 1%. The company will charge 10% of its income for its services.

Non-state pension fund will transfer your money to the management of several private management companies. The risk will be distributed and will be lower. The average profitability in 2013 was 6.9%, in 2014 - 6.5%. The money will be owned by the NPF - make sure that it participates in the Deposit Insurance Agency system. If the fund goes bankrupt, the DIA will cover all losses, including investment income. A non-state pension fund is more expensive: it will pay 10% of its income to management companies and take another 15% by itself.

In 2013, both VEB and non-governmental funds showed a rate of return higher than inflation: it was 6.5%, and their yield was 6.7 and 6.9%. But in 2014 they were unable to save depositors' money: inflation was 11.4%, and the average yield was 0 and 6.5%. Nongovernmental foundations have dealt with crises better, but this does not mean that this is always the case. To study the issue, see the report of the management companies and the rating of non-governmental funds.

The main risk is that inflation can eat up savings. Funds and management companies have no right to take you into the red: if you had 50,000 savings, then at least the same amount will remain when you retire. But with inflation of 10% per year, this amount will depreciate in 30 years. To prevent this from happening, your money must generate income.

To transfer pension savings to a private management company, apply with an application to any branch of the Pension Fund or to the Multifunctional Center. The application form is on the PFR website. To transfer savings to a non-governmental fund, first conclude an agreement with him and only then go to the department with a statement.

Vi. How to get more?

If you are used to living well, a pension will not provide for your old age. The employer makes pension contributions from a maximum of 85,000 rubles. It doesn't matter if you get 85,000 rubles a month or 150,000 - the same amount will appear on your pension account. This amount will not be enough to travel in old age, go to the movies and have breakfast in restaurants. Unless something magical will happen in the country before our retirement, and the abundance of the Pension Fund will overflow.

In addition, the state is reluctant to part with the pension contributions of citizens. Non-governmental funds have not yet received deductions for 2014, nor will they receive for 2015 and 2016. The government "froze" this money. The funded pension system so far only works in theory.

If you want a well-fed old age, you have to take care of yourself. Buy an apartment, save money for deposits, invest in securities, gold, currency. Perhaps you and I will manage to become the first generation of Russian pensioners who spend their old age in an interesting and comfortable way. For this, over the remaining 30 years, it is necessary to accumulate not a hundred pension points, but fifteen million in foreign currency.

conclusions

1. Understand what kind of pension you want to receive.
2. Check your retirement account.
3. Transfer your savings to a fund or company.

You can now calculate the amount of your future pension, see the state of your savings account and the number of points without leaving your home. Official electronic services allow you to get acquainted with all the information within a couple of minutes via the Internet. It is not difficult to find out the amount of the pension on the website of the State Service, the state portal provides all the data in a convenient and visual format.

You will see the size of the insurance and funded pension parts, the size of the individual coefficient used in the new calculation formula. According to it, the social payment is formed from two basic parts:

• fixed (the same for all citizens, indexed annually);
• insurance (number of points * point value).

Where to see the funded part

Until recently, once a year, the RF Pension Fund sent letters with information about the state of the savings account. The Russian Post delivered such correspondence to all citizens of working age paying contributions to the Pension Fund of Russia. Now such letters are not sent, but all information is available on the state portal. There you will receive data about:

• places of work;
• periods of employment;
• the amount of contributions from your employer.

At the same time, not all citizens now have a funded part. It is available by individual choice for persons under 1967. They indicate whether to direct all deductions only to the insurance part or to separate the share to the funded one.

To find out the funded part of the pension through the State Services, go to the site gosuslugi.ru with your login (it is a phone number, SNILS or email address) and a password. Go to the Service Catalog, scroll down to the category "Pension, benefits and benefits", select "Notification of the state of the personal account".

Information about the service appears. The request is sent to the FIU in electronic form, the waiting time for a response is no more than 2 minutes. After processing the application, you will be provided with an extract from the history of pension contributions. The document is generated in * .pdf format, which can be viewed in any modern browser, saved to a computer or printed. The legislation does not provide for grounds for refusal to perform the function; as a result of consideration of the application, a reporting extract must be generated.

If you agree with the information provided and want to find out the funded part of the pension through the State Services, click the blue button on the right "Get the service". After a short processing of the request, information about the state of the personal account will appear.

You can view the PFR notice in * .pdf format - this file has no legal force and is for review. If you need to provide an official statement to a bank or other organization, select the "Send notification by e-mail" item. The state portal guarantees that in this case the data will be sent in a special format that guarantees their authenticity.

Clause 3 of the extract provides data on the amount of the funded part of the social benefit. You will see which fund manages your retirement money. The total amount of savings includes both insurance contributions directly and maternity capital funds, and additional voluntary payments, if any.

When participating in the state program for co-financing the funded part, the sums of voluntary contributions and additional payments made on them will be listed here by year.

How to calculate retirement points on Public Services

In 2015, the FIU introduced a new formula for determining the pension. The concept of "retirement points" has appeared - a conditional coefficient reflecting the amount of deductions. For each year of work, a certain number of points are added to the balance, depending on the size of the salary. Further, when calculating, each point has a set value.

It is not difficult to find retirement points on State Services: they are all indicated in the same statement from the personal account. Immediately after the basic information, you will find the line "The value of the individual retirement coefficient", after which the number is indicated - this is the number of points already earned.

Further, in paragraph 1, there is a breakdown of the accruals: the first line shows the points received before 2015, before the introduction of the new formula. All previous contributions have been recalculated into an individual coefficient system. Then the amount of pension payments and the points received for them are indicated by year.

There is a second way to find out the value of the coefficient - using a calculator on the website of the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation pfrf.ru. It allows you to calculate how much will be added to your balance depending on the size of your salary. Go to the "Electronic services" section, select the "Pension calculator" item.

On the right side, you will see a window for calculating the coefficient for the current year. Enter the salary for the month in the field - note that you must enter the full amount of accrual, before the payment of personal income tax. Click the "Calculate" button, below you will see the number of points that will be added to you for this year.

How to determine the size of your future pension

You cannot directly find out your pension through State Services. You can see only the size of the insurance and funded parts, the number of pension points. But the formula for calculating the PFR is rather complicated, it takes into account many parameters - the passage of military service, the presence of children, the age of retirement, etc. It is not easy to calculate the amount of future payments on your own.

To facilitate this task, the Pension Fund has launched a convenient service that allows you to calculate your pension directly on the Internet. In addition, you can check how the size of the social payment will change when the parameters change - the length of service, the size of the salary, the presence of additional contributions.

To find out the amount of the pension on the State Service website, open the PFR website, go to the pension calculator. Scroll down the page a little, you will see fields for entering data.

Select the gender value - it is used to determine when the pension will be awarded. The option of pension provision affects the calculation process: citizens under 1967 year of birth. can direct insurance premiums only to the insurance part or increase the accumulative part as well. The maximum amount of points awarded for the year depends on this - 10 or 6.25, respectively.

Indicate whether you have completed military service - it is counted in the insurance period and adds 1.8 points to the coefficient. For women, the number of children and the time spent on parental leave are important. In seniority, up to 1.5 years are taken into account for each baby, while for the first you will receive 1.8 points per year, for the second - 3.6, for the third and fourth - 5.4 each.

Affects the size of the pension and the period for applying for payment after reaching retirement age. The later you come, the more premium coefficients you will receive: a 5-year grace period will give an increase of 36% to the fixed payment and 45% to the insurance part.

Employees enter the estimated length of service and monthly salary before deducting personal income tax. Self-employed persons (these include sole proprietorships, farmers, lawyers and notaries) indicate their total annual income in the calculator. Those who combine work in an organization and independent activity fill in the data on salary and annual income.

Recently, the leading media published information on the results of a survey conducted by the Russian State Social University (Russian State Social University), on what kind of pension Russians consider acceptable for themselves. It turned out that 11.4% of the respondents consider the amount of pension to be from 10 to 15 thousand rubles acceptable; 28.1% consider a pension in the amount of 15-20 thousand rubles to be normal, 36.5% answered that an acceptable pension should be 20-30 thousand rubles, and 22.7% would like to receive 30-40 thousand rubles or more.

Strange, from our point of view, the surveyon the topic "but how much would you, people, would like to receive in old age." Well, found out, so what? Now, guided by these figures, will they assign pensions? How is this related to the current legislation, according to which the procedure for the formation and appointment of pensions is strictly spelled out?

Let's look at what real pensions can and should actually be - honest, earned, and not assigned on the basis of "need" or "acceptability", pensions calculated in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.

It is difficult to suspect us of sympathy for many aspects of retirement life, but we must pay tribute to the principles on the basis of which pension legislation was created and now operates.The basic principle is very simple and fair - how much you have put aside and saved up for old age during your working life - so much you will receive in the form of a pension. Technically, it looks like this - monthly 22% of a citizen's salary is deferred(transferred as insurance premiums)in the "piggy bank for old age". The piggy bank is kept in the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, where records are kept - when and how much was received. As a result, a person forms a pension capital - a specific amount of money "set aside" for old age. Upon reaching the retirement age, this pension capital is divided (no matter how we fool our heads and hide the ends with the help of IPC and other tricks) by the age of survival - by 19 years, or rather by 228 months. As a result, the monthly pension is determined. This is the basic diagram, of course, with a lot of details in each case. It is fully applied for periods of employment after 2002. Periods "before that" also retain this principle, only the calculation of the earned pension capital created during this time, due to the lack of data, is carried out differently - according to the average salary, taking into account the length of service.

What amount of pension can and should be counted on by a citizen with this or that wage? It is not difficult to calculate if you do some simplifications and averaging. We will assume that our conditional citizen begins his labor activity at the age of 20, lives up to retirement age in good health, is not seriously ill, regularly earns and also regularly "deducts" 22% of his wages in the Pension Fund - a man under 60 years old, a woman up to 55 years old. Accordingly, the length of service for a man is 40 years, for a woman - 35 years. Let's make the strongest assumption - people who really understand and understand in it (in the economy) came to the management of the country's economy during this period. As a result, the country is developing, there is no corruption, the welfare of people is growing, salaries are stable, the ruble is not depreciated, there is no inflation, there is no need to index pensions. Then it is easy to calculate what a person can count on in old age. Calculations for various average (for the period of employment) wages are shown in the table and shown in the diagrams (they are given for today's level of wages).

The size of the pension due to a citizen is calculated by dividing the pension capital (insurance premiums for 40 or 35 years) by the age of survival - 228 months.

For women, the picture is slightly different - the length of service is 5 years less, therefore, pension savings are lower.

These are the very honest, earned pensions that a citizen can count on.We believe that many will be surprised. Some of the fact that, despite his low earnings, his current pension turned out to be higher. Others, who have earned their entire lives to the maximum - the fact that they are clearly underpaid. There are many reasons for this, and we constantly write and talk about them.

The state creates all the conditions for people to ensure their future pension with their labor. In order to receive good old age benefits, you must have worked a minimum number of years and have high wages. Let's figure out if you can apply for a pension if you do not have sufficient work experience.

Types of pensions

With the onset of a certain age, every citizen of Russia has the right to receive a pension. It is of two types:

• social;
• insurance.

If there is no work experience, then you can only apply for social benefits. Its size is minimal. If you worked officially, then you are entitled to an insurance pension, the amount of which is directly proportional to the length of service. In 2019, to receive this type of payment, you need to work only 7 years. The total length of service takes into account:

• military service for men;
• the period of motherhood for women (one and a half years for each child, but the maximum can be counted only for 6 years);
• period of job search, but only if you were registered with the Employment Service;
• caring for a disabled or elderly (over 80 years old) relative;
• time of imprisonment for rehabilitated persons.

Please note that later there will be an increase in the minimum length of service to 15 years. This period has been required since 2014. The Ministry of Labor advises those who do not have an official place of work to find a job on a permanent basis so that an insurance pension is assigned for old age. It is more beneficial than social.

In all appeals, PFR employees emphasize that what kind of pension will be assigned depends only on the person. However, in some cases, a person does not have the opportunity to earn a decent insurance pension. In this case, he can formalize the social one.

In what cases is a social pension assigned?

This payment was invented for those who have no work experience due to disability or other life circumstances. Such people do not have the opportunity to receive an insurance pension. However, it is appointed even in the absence of experience with a fully capable person. If you have worked for private companies all your life, without signing an employment contract, then when you reach a certain age, you can also count on state support. You can count on it subject to the following conditions:

1. Have Russian citizenship or permanently reside in the country for 15 years.
2. Reach the age of 60 for women, 65 for men.

This pension is assigned 5 years later than the insurance one, but not for all citizens. Due to the harsh living conditions of the peoples of the Far North, it is assigned earlier: upon reaching 55 years for men, 50 years for women.

If a person has the right to receive several types of pension at once, then he should choose a social one if it is more profitable. It can be received simultaneously with the survivor's payment in a number of cases when it is not social:

1. If you are the parent or wife of a soldier who was killed in the fighting.
2. If you became eligible for this pension because you are a member of a family affected by the Chernobyl accident or during the liquidation of its consequences.
3. If you are a member of the family of a deceased astronaut.

On the day the old-age pension is awarded, disability payments cease. You cannot receive these two types of payments at the same time.

What documents are needed to apply for an old-age pension

To schedule this monthly payment, you must contact the Pension Fund office serving your local area. As soon as you reach a certain age, you need to collect a package of documents, and then contact an FIU specialist with it. In the absence of work experience, you will need to have:

• passport or identity card replacing it;
• a document of citizenship (or a certificate from the Federal Migration Service, which will indicate the period of residence in Russia);
• SNILS;
• work book (if it was drawn up);
• certificate (certificate or other document) confirming belonging to the small peoples of the Far North.

If you are entitled to a supplementary pension assigned in connection with the loss of a breadwinner, you must submit documents confirming your right to it. Their list is established based on your case.

In Moscow, pensioners are entitled to a municipal supplement. It may require:

• certificate of family composition;
• medical documents reflecting the disability group.

A number of regions have their own subsidiary payments that help people who have no work experience pay utility bills and have a decent lifestyle. Some of them can be appointed in the Pension Fund, while others - in the social protection authorities.

What kind of pension should you count on?

If you do not have sufficient experience, then the payment from the state for old age will be quite modest. Its basic size is only 3 626 rubles, but the following factors are taken into account when calculating:

1. Annual indexation. At the beginning of April each year, the amount of this type of pension is recalculated. This is done so that it does not lag behind inflation and the cost of living. In 2017, the pension is recalculated with a coefficient of 1.03. The average size of this social payment began to amount to 8,600 rubles.
2. Place of residence. There are a number of territories in our country where benefits and pensions are calculated with an increasing coefficient. When you move, this increasing factor is lost. For example, if you previously lived in one of the cities located in the Arctic Circle, and then decided to move to the southern region, then after changing your place of residence, your pension will be lower.

The old-age payment is increased if the pensioner has dependents, as well as when he reaches the age of 80.

For those who previously received a disability benefit, the old-age pension is calculated differently. The new subsidy from the state cannot be less than the previous one. Typically, the amount of the old-age pension is equal to the amount of the disability payment on the last day it was received.

It often happens that after the calculation, the amount of the old-age pension payment is less than the subsistence minimum. In this case, you can apply for a special allowance for non-working pensioners from the social security authorities. Employment in this case is the basis for termination of receiving benefits. It is necessary to immediately notify specialists in social protection of the population and the pension fund about employment.

When social pension is not paid

Old age payments can in some cases be canceled. The right to them is lost in the following cases:

• moving outside Russia for permanent residence;
• when obtaining a second citizenship;
• starting or resuming work;
• when money is not claimed for six months.

Disability status cannot be lost by small peoples of the Far North. Even if their representative starts working at an old age, he is entitled to receive social benefits for old age.

Lack of demand for a pension within six months first leads to a suspension of payments for the same period. A complete cancellation occurs only if during this period the pensioner has not applied for the renewal of subsidies from the state.

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