Life in the 21st century poses many new problems for us, among which the most urgent one today is the problem of maintaining health. This problem is especially acute in the educational field, where any practical work is aimed at strengthening the health of children by improving the health service. It has long been established by domestic and foreign scientists that human health depends on the success of healthcare only by 7-8%, and by 50% - on the way of life. Against the background of environmental and social tension in the country, against the background of an unprecedented growth of diseases of "civilization", in order to be healthy, you need to master the art of its preservation and strengthening.

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Topic: "The state of health of children and adolescents at the present stage."

1. Introduction. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3
2. Morbidity in children and adolescents. ... ... ... ... five
3. Factors affecting the health status of children and adolescents10
4. Problems and solutions. ... ... ... ... ... ... 13
5. Conclusion. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... fifteen
6. List of used literature. ... ... ... sixteen

Introduction.

Life in the 21st century poses many new problems for us, among which the most urgent one today is the problem of maintaining health. This problem is especially acute in the educational field, where any practical work is aimed at strengthening the health of children by improving the health service. It has long been established by domestic and foreign scientists that human health depends on the success of healthcare only by 7-8%, and by 50% - on the way of life. Against the background of environmental and social tension in the country, against the background of an unprecedented growth of diseases of "civilization", in order to be healthy, you need to master the art of its preservation and strengthening. This art needs to be given as much attention as possible in an educational institution. In addition, it must be borne in mind that now there are practically no perfectly healthy children. It should also not be forgotten that only in childhood is the most favorable time for developing healthy habits, which, combined with teaching children how to improve and maintain health, will lead to positive results. Therefore, the problem of children's health improvement is not a one-day campaign, but a purposeful, systematically planned work of the entire staff of an educational institution for a long period.

The search for ways to improve the health of children and adolescents is one of the topical problems of modern medicine and health care. The preservation and strengthening of the health of a child and a woman-mother, the role of various factors in its optimization determine one of the leading directions in the development of social policy of the state and are the most important strategic task of modern children's health care, since the health of the nation as a whole depends on the level of health of these population groups, an increase in the duration of active life and creative longevity of the inhabitants of our country.

The health of the child population is determined by a number of factors, among which the leading ones are the lifestyle and heredity, the course of pregnancy and childbirth, the place of residence and the state of the external environment, the quality of medical care and other factors. Modern socio-economic conditions, despite the implementation of measures to modernize the health care system, have an adverse effect on the health of some part of the population, primarily children, therefore, the primary task of health care is to develop therapeutic and recreational measures aimed at a positive change in the health indicators of children and adolescents.

Analysis of published materials shows that for the period from 1990 to 2000. the birth rate has decreased by 2 times, reaching the minimum value in 2000. the modest increase in births that followed was partly due to the fact that larger generations of women born in the 1980s began to enter fertile age.

Despite the positive dynamics of growth in the number of newborns since 2005, there has been a decrease in the share of the child population in the total structure of the population since 1990: from 23.1% in 1990 to 15.3% in 2012.

Morbidity in children and adolescents.

The study and analysis of the morbidity of the child population is of great importance, since, knowing the level and structure of the morbidity, it is possible not only to objectify the degree of health loss, but also to determine the amount of medical, social and economic damage, to develop priority directions for improving the health of the analyzed population group. Considering that parents with a child's illness almost always go to the doctor, the study of morbidity rates allows you to get the most complete information about the health of the assigned contingent. In this regard, when assessing the health of children and adolescents, attention is paid primarily to the analysis of morbidity indicators.

It was found that for the period from 1995 to the present, the frequency of birth of children born sick or sick in the first days of life has increased by 25.7%, the frequency of birth of children who have a pathology that occurs in the perinatal period has increased by 1.9 times. At the same time, it was noted that the frequency of birth of children with congenital anomalies and developmental defects remains practically at the same level.

The analysis of the incidence rate of children in the first year of life showed that for the period from 1990 to the present, the highest level was observed in 2000, which by 2011 had decreased by 8.1%.

The morbidity structure is a qualitative characteristic of morbidity and makes it possible to determine the leading pathology for the studied population group, the nature of pathology changes in dynamics and focus on identifying risk factors for the occurrence of a particular pathology.

In the structure of morbidity in children of the first year, respiratory diseases are in the lead, accounting for 43.7% of all detected pathologies. In general, diseases occupying the first five places account for 76.0% of all detected pathology.

A detailed analysis of the structure of morbidity in children of the first year of life in dynamics showed that the first three places over the past 20 years have been steadily occupied by diseases of the respiratory system, conditions arising in the perinatal period, and diseases of the nervous system. However, if the level of respiratory diseases tends to decrease, then the level of conditions arising in the perinatal period has doubled.

Other diseases included diseases of the eye and its adnexa, trauma and poisoning, diseases of the genitourinary system, ear and mastoid process.

The study of the incidence of children and adolescents has shown that its level has a steady upward trend. In general, over the past 20 years, the incidence rate of the child population has increased by 68.4%, and adolescents - by 98.4%.

The structure of the incidence of adolescents is almost identical to the structure of the incidence of children. The first four places are occupied, respectively, by diseases of the respiratory system, trauma and administration, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, and diseases of the digestive system. On the 5th place instead of infectious diseases are diseases of the genitourinary system. The first five places account for 75.8% of all detected pathology.

The level of all the listed classes of diseases has a stable growth trend over the past 10 years. Attention is drawn to the increase among children and adolescents in the level of injuries by 1.5 times, diseases of the musculoskeletal system by 4.8 times, the genitourinary system by 3.9 times, the digestive system by 2.1 times, skin and subcutaneous tissue by 1 , 9 times, the eye and its accessory apparatus by 28.3%. A favorable moment is the decrease in the incidence of infectious diseases by 22.6%.

The most vulnerable group are long-term and frequently ill children and adolescents. It was found that the proportion of this group, depending on age, ranges from 15 to 30% of the total number of children. Due to this group, a high incidence rate of the child population and adolescents remains. These children are more likely to develop chronic diseases and maintain a high prevalence of chronic pathology. The presence of a chronic process often leads to disability, which remains at a high level. The number of disabled children increased from 156 thousand in 1990. up to 541 thousand at present. According to expert estimates, the number of disabled children will double in the next 5 years. The number of healthy children, according to various studies, currently does not exceed 4-9%.

The listed trends in the health status of children are associated with a complex of factors that adversely affect the growing body. The most significant of them can be considered:

Deterioration of the social status of the majority of children;

Changes in the quality of food;

The impact of environmental factors: the role of ecopathogenic factors in the deterioration of the health of modern children is indisputable. This is due to the constantly increasing technogenic load on the growing organism. Industrial pollution of places of residence increases the level of chronic pathology by 60%, including diseases of the respiratory system by 67%, digestion - by 77.6%, the musculoskeletal system - by 21%, neoplasms - by 15%;

Increasing severity of endemic goiter: the termination of iodine prophylaxis in Russia has led not only to the prevalence of endemic goiter, but also to an increase of up to 9-12% of the number of children with stunted growth, up to 14% of schoolchildren with learning difficulties, up to 5-12% of the proportion of adolescents with puberty disorders;

Drug "aggression": the still widespread practice of unreasonable inclusion of potent antibiotics in therapy and a high drug load on children leads to many negative changes in the child's body, primarily to a decrease in natural defense mechanisms and the development of multiple organ pathology;

The introduction of new forms of education: the reform of school education without taking into account the state of health of children has significantly increased the incidence. With the introduction of new forms of education, when hundreds of new programs literally fell on students, the daily school hours exceeded the permissible norms by 3-5 hours. With this "anti-child" reform, the school has become a factor destroying health. This is evidenced by the fact that the number of healthy children in modern general education institutions from the first to the eleventh grade of school decreases by at least a third.

Thus, the given data indicate that the state of health of children and adolescents in the Russian Federation is characterized by an increase in the incidence rate in general and for certain classes of diseases; an increase in the proportion of children suffering from chronic diseases; a decrease in the number of healthy children in all age and sex groups.

Factors affecting the health of children and adolescents

In the process of ontogenesis, childhood and adolescence, from 0 to 17 years, is an extremely intense period of morphofunctional rearrangements, which should be taken into account when assessing the formation of health. At the same time, this age period is characterized by the influence of the whole social conditions and the frequency of their change (nursery, kindergarten, school, vocational training, labor activity).

The child population is exposed to a variety of environmental factors, many of which are considered as risk factors for the development of adverse changes in the body. Three groups of factors play a decisive role in the occurrence of deviations in the state of health of children and adolescents:

1. Factors characterizing the genotype of the population ("genetic load");
2. Lifestyle;
3. The state of the environment.

Social and environmental factors do not act in isolation, but in a complex impact with biological, including hereditary, factors. This determines the dependence of the incidence of children and adolescents both on the environment in which they are located, and on the genotype and biological patterns of growth and development.

According to the World Health Organization, the contribution of social factors and lifestyle to the formation of health status is about 40%, environmental pollution factors - 30% (including natural and climatic conditions proper - 10%), biological factors - 20%, medical care - 10%. However, these values ​​are averaged, do not take into account the age characteristics of the growth and development of children, the formation of pathology in certain periods of their life, the prevalence of risk factors. The role of certain socio-genetic and medico-biological factors in the development of unfavorable changes in the state of health is different depending on the sex and age of the individual. The health status of children is influenced by certain factors:

1. Medical and biological risk factors for the period of pregnancy and childbirth of the mother: the age of the parents at the time of the birth of the child, chronic diseases in the mother during pregnancy, taking various drugs during pregnancy, trauma during pregnancy, complications of pregnancy (especially gestosis in the second half of pregnancy) and childbirth, and etc.;
2. Risk factors for early childhood: birth weight, feeding pattern, health deviations in the first year of life, etc.;
3. Risk factors characterizing the conditions and lifestyle of the child: housing conditions, income and educational level of parents (primarily mothers), smoking parents, family composition, psychological climate in the family, parents' attitude to the implementation of preventive and therapeutic measures.

When assessing the contribution of individual factors that make up a socio-hygienic group, it must be remembered that their role is different in different age groups.

At the age of 1 year, among social factors, the nature of the family and the education of the parents are decisive. At the age of 1-4 years, the importance of these factors decreases, but still remains quite significant. However, already at this age, the role of living conditions and family income, keeping animals and smoking of relatives in the house increases. An important factor is the child's attendance at preschool. It is of the greatest importance in the age group of 1-4 years. At school age, the factors of the intra-dwelling, including the intra-school environment, are of the greatest importance; increase almost 2 times. At the same time, the contribution of social and hygienic factors for the same period of growth and development of a child decreases from 27.5% upon admission to school to 13.9% at the end of education.

Among biological factors in all age groups of children, the main factors that have the greatest influence on morbidity are maternal diseases during pregnancy and complications of the course of pregnancy. Since the presence of complications in childbirth (premature, late, rapid labor, heart failure) can lead to health problems in the future, this also allows us to assess their risk factors.

Of the factors of early childhood, natural feeding and hygienic proper care of the child are of particular importance.

Each age is characterized by the predominance of certain risk factors, which determines the need for a differentiated approach to assessing the role and contribution of factors, planning and implementing preventive and health-improving measures.

It is most expedient to objectively study the factors affecting the health of children and adolescents using special formalized maps, questionnaires, etc.

Problems and solutions

Already today, the quality of health of children and adolescents has significantly reduced the social opportunities of adolescents and youth. 30% of them have limitations in obtaining a decent education, 26% - to service in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. One in four has a high risk of reproductive dysfunction. A significant part of children and adolescents have a low level of physical activity, do not follow the doctor's recommendations, have insufficient sleep and nutritional disorders, do not consult a doctor in a timely manner, have tried smoking, drink alcohol and have other negative factors of medical activity. On average, there are 4-6 negative factors per child.

A survey of school-age children about factors preserving health showed that the majority of respondents (73.4%) consider health to be the main value in life, therefore, they are convinced of the need for proper nutrition, high physical activity, and the absence of bad habits.

At the same time, the desired behavior is not always carried out in everyday life. Unfortunately, information about healthy lifestyles and factors affecting health is received by children mainly not from medical workers (29.6%) and parents (18.9%), but from friends and comrades (49.6%). , as well as from their own, not always successful experience (45.7%). It is noteworthy that the overwhelming majority of children and adolescents (86.3%) do not always trust advertisements for a healthy lifestyle, and more than half of them (63.6%) would like to follow the recommendations of a doctor-specialist on a healthy lifestyle. At the same time, the family plays a leading role in the formation of elements of a healthy lifestyle.

It is quite obvious that the preservation and restoration of children's health in modern conditions requires the introduction of massive preventive programs, the creation of optimal conditions for education and training, on the one hand, harmonious development and competent treatment of diseases, on the other.

Among the priority scientific tasks are:

Assessment of the adaptive capabilities of children of different ages to the effects of environmental factors: feeding characteristics, inadequate physical activity, xenobiotics, stress, increased school loads, etc.;

Development of new technologies for maintaining and strengthening health based on the age-specific prediction of adaptation, increasing the body's functional reserves to the impact of risk factors;

Justification and assessment of the quality of children's health;

Development of new algorithms for the treatment of various diseases of the neonatal period, providing for a decrease in the drug load on immature (premature) children;

Study of the modern etiological structure of infectious pathology in newborns and the development of effective methods for their prevention and treatment.

To successfully implement the results of scientific research and effective preventive technologies, little is needed: to make the health care of children and adolescents a national priority of the state. At the same time, only clear interaction and continuity among educational and treatment-and-prophylactic institutions can ensure the improvement of children's health indicators.

Conclusion.

When solving the most important issues of disease prevention, it is necessary to take into account the psychological patterns of personality development in the team, considering its influence on the personality as the most important condition that explains the cause, nature and nature of the pathogenesis of many types of somatic disorders. Specialists have repeatedly drawn attention to the need to combat risk factors not only at the individual level, but also at the public level. Participation of government and public organizations in mass campaigns to create conditions for the health of Russians.

Consequently, among the value orientations, concern for a healthy lifestyle should be in the first place and be realized through appropriate behavior. Probably, the sage was right when he once said that over time, illnesses will be viewed as a consequence of a perverted way of thinking, as a sign of lack of culture, lack of knowledge, and therefore it will be shameful to get sick.

List of used literature:

1. Badalov O. Yu., Kozlovsky IZ The concept of activities of an institution that favors youth adolescents // Sat. works. Territorial health problems. - M., 2005. - pp. 105–110.

2. Baranov AA, Kuchma VR, Sukhareva LM The state of health of modern children and adolescents and the role of medical and social factors in its formation // Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. - 2009. - No. 5. - P. 6–11.

3. Baranov AA, Albitskiy V. Yu. Social and organizational problems of pediatrics. Selected Essays. - M., 2006 .-- 505 p.

4. Children in Russia, 2009: stat. Sat. / Unisef, Rosstat. - M .: ISC "Statistics of Russia", 2009. 121 p.

5. Onishchenko GG Ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the child population of Russia // Hygiene and sanitation. - 2008. - No. 2. - P. 72–78.

6. About the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Russian Federation in 2009. State report. - M .: Federal Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology of Rospotrebnadzor, 2010. - 456 p.

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Introduction

According to WHO, the health of adolescents is one of the most pressing problems in the world.

The health state of the younger generation is the most important indicator of the well-being of society and the state, not only reflecting the present situation, but also giving a forecast for the future. The country's labor resources, its security, political stability, economic well-being and the moral and moral level of the population are directly related to the state of health of children, adolescents, and youth.

At the beginning of the third millennium, human society faced a number of global problems caused by a change in the rhythm and way of life of a modern person, informational and psycho-emotional overload, the destruction of the harmonious connection between man and nature, an increase in environmental pollution, a change in the nature of nutrition, etc.

Analysis of the health status of the Russian population according to official statistics and the results of epidemiological studies shows that it is much worse than in most industrialized countries, and its further deterioration should be expected if conditions affecting health are not significantly changed in a favorable direction. The health of the future generation is in our hands, if we do not bring up a culture of a healthy lifestyle in our children, then this can have a detrimental effect on our nation and on the health of future generations.

Our physical condition directly affects the condition of our future or already born children. This is a very global problem that affects common cultural values ​​and norms, it is so big that it has a huge number of problems that we have to solve. In our thesis, we touched on only a part of the problem of valeological education of adolescents of their culture, and in particular such well-known problems as drug addiction and adolescent alcoholism, mental illness of adolescents and low physical activity. Based on numerous sources, it is possible to identify ways of possible prevention and prevention of these problems.

In the 19th century in Europe, according to Philippe Aries, there was no concept of adolescence.

The reason for the emergence of adolescence was the need for a stage of preparation for adulthood.

The society became more complicated and for a successful entry into the world of adults one more age period is required.

Adolescence is the age of the beginning of the formation of a worldview, moral convictions, principles and ideals, a system of value judgments, which a teenager begins to be guided by in his behavior.

Teenage years is the period between childhood and adulthood.

According to the UN, as of 2011, there were over a billion adolescents in the world.

According to UNFPA(United Nations Population Fund) teenagers- persons aged 10-19 years:

Early adolescence - 10-14 years;

Late adolescence - 15-19 years

Currently teenageperiod covers the age from 10-11 to 15-17 years.

1. Health of the younger generation

1.1 WITHhealth status of adolescents

Adolescence is associated with puberty, determined by endocrine changes in the body. Under the influence of sex hormones, the level of metabolism increases, which intensifies growth, development, the length of bones increases rapidly, muscle mass grows, and secondary sexual characteristics appear. The time of the onset and the rate of these changes is not the same for boys and girls. In addition, different physiological systems in the same adolescent do not develop simultaneously, therefore, for example, the blood supply to the brain may be reduced, which leads to increased inhibition processes, rapid fatigue, mood swings, emotional instability, and sleep disorders.

The health status of adolescents is particularly affected by alcohol and drug use, sexual intercourse and trauma. Mental disorders, conditions of the musculoskeletal system and genitals, as well as the state of the gastrointestinal tract also play a significant role.

The state of health of young people is determined by many factors - both objective: ecology, health care, the quality of living conditions, and subjective. It is believed that at a young age, subjective reasons are of decisive importance. And this is the awareness of the value of a healthy lifestyle, physical education and sports, the absence of habits such as alcohol abuse and smoking.

According to experts from the Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents, the following negative trends have emerged in recent years:

1. A significant decrease in the number of absolutely healthy children (there are no more than 10-12% of them);

2. A rapid increase in the number of functional disorders and chronic diseases, which are registered in more than 50-60% of schoolchildren;

3. A sharp increase in the proportion of pathology of the digestive system, musculoskeletal system, kidneys and urinary tract;

4. Increase in the number of schoolchildren with multiple diagnoses.

1.2 Smoking and alcoholism

It would seem that a person should realize the need to protect himself from additional intake of substances alien to the body. In life, often, a person commits actions that worsen his health, lead to a disease of the main organs: heart, lungs, liver, kidneys. Addiction to such activities is often called bad habits. The most common of these are smoking, alcohol and drug use. The nicotine contained in tobacco is very toxic. This is especially acute for those who are just trying to smoke. They develop nausea, dizziness, and abnormal agitation. The insidiousness of nicotine is that over time the body gets used to it. The symptoms of poisoning disappear, and only pleasant excitement remains. But the harmful effect of nicotine on the body does not disappear, but, on the contrary, increases. At the same time, more than 30 substances harmful to health have been found in tobacco smoke. The lethal dose of nicotine for humans is 1-2 mg per day. When smoking 20-25 cigarettes per day, 1 mg of nicotine is supplied to the body. However, death does not occur, because the poison is introduced gradually. Smoking reduces performance, memory, attention, because nicotine disrupts the central nervous system. Substances contained in tobacco smoke make a person irritable and often cause headaches. Nicotine is very harmful to the heart and blood vessels. Long-term smoking leads to a violation of the walls of blood vessels. Smokers are many times more likely to have diseases associated with spasm and damage to the vessels of the heart and legs. All this leads to a heart attack over the years. Smokers are 5-10 times more likely to develop bronchial asthma, inflammation and lung cancer. This is why smoking is incompatible with health. Unfortunately, some schoolchildren start smoking in adolescence. They acquire this habit mainly because of the desire to seem more mature, independent. But at the same time, they do not realize what great harm smoking can bring them. At the same time, adolescents do not take into account the fact that courage, independence and confidence will help them acquire regular physical education and sports, and not smoking. The effect of nicotine on the sex glands has been proven. According to the observations of specialists, smoking is the cause of sexual impotence in at least 10% of cases. And the cessation of nicotine intoxication leads to the restoration of sexual function. Women who smoke tend to age quickly and experience premature sexual wilting. In women who smoke, miscarriages and stillbirths occur 2-3 times more often than in non-smokers. Girls who started smoking early, develop worse physically, more often suffer from bronchitis than their non-smoking peers. The use of tobacco by women has always been considered a sign of bad taste and frowned upon.

The harm of alcohol. One of the harmful habits that destroy health is the use of alcoholic beverages. They usually start drinking alcohol in connection with some event - a birthday, a holiday. And although this happens, sometimes, with the consent of the parents, in the bosom of the family, still such an introduction to wine is dangerous. Alcoholism is a serious chronic disease, mostly intractable. It develops on the basis of regular and long-term alcohol consumption and is characterized by a special pathological state of the body: an irrepressible craving for alcohol, a change in the degree of its tolerance and personality degradation. The alcoholic directs all his energy, funds and thoughts to get alcohol at any cost. Once he has drunk, he strives to get drunk until he is completely intoxicated, to the point of unconsciousness. It destroys the human body, his brain, deprives him of the mind. This evil has acquired a social danger. Statistics show that more than 2/3 of malicious hooligans and over half of serious crimes are committed in a state of intoxication. The social danger of alcoholism increases in the absence of an organized fight against it. The systematic use of alcoholic beverages is noted primarily among uncultured, morally dissolute people who have lost a sense of responsibility to their family and their conscience. Very often alcohol abuse is the result of poor upbringing. For weak-willed and dissolute people, any reason is enough to drink. Alcohol is a universal poison. Alcohol abuse lowers the body's resistance to external factors, in particular to infections, disrupts metabolic processes, and accelerates senility. Statistics show that mortality among systematic drinkers is 1.5 times higher than among non-drinkers. Alcohol primarily has a detrimental effect on brain cells. Being in a state of intoxication, a person loses a critical attitude to his actions. He tends to overestimate his abilities and capabilities. Movement coordination is impaired. The alcoholic has disturbed sleep, neuritis develops, sexual function weakens, heart function is disturbed, and diseases of the digestive system appear. Absolutely all "lovers" of alcohol have liver damage. One of the reasons for adolescent alcohol consumption is the misconception about it as a pleasant and even healthy drink, that alcohol adds strength and reduces fatigue. It is necessary to conduct explanatory work with adolescents.

1. 3 Physiology of adolescents

In adolescents at the age of 12-17, secondary sexual characteristics increase:

Girls start menstruating, eggs begin to ripen and develop in the ovaries.

In boys, by the age of 12-15, hair begins to grow on the body, face, and emissions appear.

Adolescence is a transitional age and is called:

Pubertal or pubertal,

Transitional or adolescence,

· Puberty.

Teenagers look for themselves, define goals in life. At puberty, the child becomes lost. The teenager feels that something has changed, but what is not clear, interests are changing. The teenager is not a child, but has not fully developed as a person. However, the desire to be an adult causes resistance from others. He no longer feels himself to be a child, and so far he cannot become an adult either.

During this period, a conscious attitude to their needs, abilities, drives and motives of behavior, experiences and thoughts is formed. Self-awareness is also expressed in the emotional and semantic assessment of their subjective capabilities, which, in turn, serves as a justification for the expediency of actions and deeds. Attention to appearance. Comparing themselves to the "standard", adolescents find "flaws" in their appearance, which causes anxiety and self-doubt. At the same time, along with a sense of pleasure, vague anxiety and anxiety appear. Unresolved for various reasons, the tasks of growing up have an impact on the further influence of the personality and block the possibilities of self-disclosure and personal growth. How to help the adolescent to set these tasks for himself, how to show that “a solution exists”, how to include the adolescent in the conscious process of finding solutions. Today, no one is specifically and purposefully engaged in this in our country. Of course, the tasks of growing up can be solved spontaneously, most often it happens, or not at all. Unfortunately, this path contributes to the transformation of problems that are solvable in adolescence into insoluble problems of the whole future life. Many inferiority complexes experienced by adults are nothing more than the tasks of growing up unresolved in childhood.

Physical development of boys and girls happens in different ways.

At the age of 12-13, girls are ahead of boys, because two years earlier they enter the pubertal growth spurt, they start menstruating at this age.

At the age of 14-15, the physical indicators of boys become higher, their activity of the endocrine glands and genitals increases, and emissions appear. In adolescents, the nervous system develops, muscle strength grows.

Adolescence or puberty - ends:

For girls by 16-17;

· For young men - by the age of 18-19.

In adolescence, the cardiovascular system develops rapidly, the heart grows, the weight of which doubles. This process does not keep pace with the rapidly growing body, so children complain of weakness, fatigue, palpitations, they may have a tendency to faint. A teenager needs systematic exercise, proper nutrition, a clear regime of work and rest.

The problem is hypodynamia, therefore, their working capacity is sharply reduced, and their health deteriorates.

Another problem of the modern generation is acceleration, that is, the acceleration of the development and growth of adolescents in comparison with previous generations.

Modern boys are 16.2 cm taller than their peers at the beginning of the last century, and girls - by 14.2 cm, respectively, their weight has increased, and puberty begins earlier.

Large and developed, they are not inferior in weight and height to adults, but their nervous and endocrine, respiratory and cardiovascular systems are in the stage of development.

The acceleration process causes some problems in the upbringing of adolescents and young men. If earlier the onset of puberty coincided with the beginning of labor activity, now the situation has changed: girls and boys are in the position of children.

Learning is required to master the profession, which shifts the terms of independence.

Teenagers continue to be overprotected, they do not feel responsibility for their actions.

1.4 The condition of the digestive system in adolescents

The digestive system of adolescence has increased demands. The rapid growth of the child, intense mental and mental activity, puberty require additional energy, enhanced assimilation of a variety of proteins, vitamins, trace elements and other biologically active substances. This leads to an increase in appetite and an increase in the amount of food consumed.

The most common pathology of the digestive system in adolescents is dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract, manifested in impaired motor-evacuation activity (dyskinesia) of the stomach, small or large intestine, gallbladder, gastritis, peptic ulcer, which often becomes chronic.

Gastritis- these are inflammatory or inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the mucous membrane.

The main cause of gastritis in a teenager is unhealthy diet.

Teens eat instant food on the street, buy themselves chips, crackers, chewing gum, chocolates, sodas, and start smoking and drinking alcohol at an early age - all these reasons give rise to the development of gastritis.

As a result of inflammation of the digestive system, ulcers may appear.

Gastritis in adolescents is manifested:

Sharp pain in the upper abdomen - pain in the stomach;

Heartburn, often noted during physical exertion;

Great heaviness in the stomach after eating;

Belching, which is accompanied by an unpleasant odor from the oral cavity;

W nausea and profuse vomiting;

High salivation, or vice versa, dry mouth;

Constipation or indigestion is common;

Pallor of the skin, light coating on the tongue, and so on;

Lack of appetite;

General weakness of the body, frequent dizziness, fever, low blood pressure, sometimes headache.

Treatment of gastritis in adolescents

To get rid of the symptoms, the cause of its appearance should be eliminated, which means that it is necessary to pay attention to the diet of children.

Healthy nutrition rules:

First:

Sh fractionality,

Portions

Regularity of meals.

Portions should be small, you need to eat five times a day at the same time. This will activate the work of the digestive tract.

Second- products must be

High quality,

Fresh

W useful.

When treating gastritis, you can not use spicy, salty, fatty, smoked foods and flour products.

Third- heat treatment. All dishes must be in the form:

Mushy,

· Mild form.

Fourth- the menu for a teenager should be varied. A growing body needs protein food, fiber, various vitamins and microelements.

Fifth- diligently and strictly follow the diet in the first two weeks of illness.

Medicines for gastritis:

Sorbents: activated carbon, Smecta, Enterosgel, etc.

Enzyme medicines: Mezim, Festal, etc.

Gastrocytoprotective drugs: Almagel, Fosfalugel, etc.

Dyskinesia of the biliary tract and gallbladder

Word " dyskinesia"Means - movement disturbance... This is a functional disorder of the motor function of the gallbladder.

The coordinated contraction of the gallbladder and sphincters, which allow bile to exit from the gallbladder into the duodenum, is violated.

Normally, bile is synthesized by the liver, from where it enters the gallbladder. In the bladder, bile is waiting - when the eaten food from the stomach enters the duodenum. As soon as this happens, the gallbladder, contracting, secretes a portion of bile into the intestinal lumen.

Bile plays an important role in the digestion of fats. Thanks to bile acids, fat is emulsified and broken down into fatty acids.

The mechanism of development of biliary dyskinesia

· vegetoneurosis- discoordination of contractions of the gallbladder and the sphincter apparatus.

· hormone- intestinal hormones play an important role in the regulation of bile secretion - stimulating - cholecystokinin, suppressing - glucagon

Under physiological conditions, the processes of inhibition and excitation are self-regulating.

Unfavorable factors, affecting the autonomic nervous system and hormonal regulation, lead to motility disorders and changes in the physicochemical and bacteriostatic properties of bile.

Another reason is the lack of normal bile flow into the gallbladder. Anomalies in the development of the gallbladder and bile ducts, constrictions, constrictions, valves

Biliary dyskinesia is more common in adolescents. Almost 90% experience sudden contractions or dull pain in the right hypochondrium, a feeling of bitterness in the mouth, nausea, the tongue is often coated with a gray-yellow coating.

Adolescents note pain in the right hypochondrium, aching, stitching or cramping, radiating to the right shoulder blade, shoulder, back; which often happens after eating, especially fatty, belching, bitterness in the mouth, loss of appetite. There may be increased stool frequency, bloating. Constant stagnation of bile can cause the deposition of stones in the gallbladder, the development of inflammation of its wall. Sometimes short-term jaundice.

Treatment of dyskinesia of the biliary tract and gallbladder.

Compliance with the diet, treatment of the underlying disease that caused dyskinesia, elimination of nervous tension.

An important role in the development of primary dyskinesia of the biliary tract and gallbladder is played by a violation of the diet:

Long intervals between meals,

· binge eating,

Force-feeding,

· Abuse of fatty or spicy foods.

Compliance with a diet with restriction of animal and vegetable fats, eggs, meat and fish broths.

Sample menu table number 5:

1st breakfast: milk porridge, soft-boiled egg, tea with sugar, bread with butter and cheese.

2nd breakfast: fruits.

Dinner: vegetarian soup made from mixed vegetables, boiled fish with mashed potatoes, fresh cucumber or cabbage salad with vegetable oil, dried fruit compote.

Afternoon snack: a glass of milk or kefir, marshmallows - 1-2 pieces.

Dinner: steamed meatballs with noodles, sweet tea, bread with butter.

Before bedtime: a glass of kefir.

Depending on the type of dyskinesia, the following are prescribed: drugs that relieve spasm, choleretic drugs.

1.5 Teenage acne

Teenage acne is experienced by almost all young adults, which usually occurs between the ages of 10 and 18. According to some medical estimates, every year around the world, about 80% of minors are exposed to skin rashes. Moreover, more often teenage acne is taken by surprise by the youngest individuals (12-15 years old), that is, at the very beginning of hormonal changes.

Acne causes:

1) Imbalance in the body. Hormonal disorders are the first cause of acne in adolescents. Also, acne on the neck may appear due to thyroid disease.

2) Improper nutrition. Consuming spicy food with a high content of carcinogens will lead to clogging of the body, which will not have the best effect on the condition of the skin. Eat oatmeal in the morning and drink plenty of plain water.

3) Sweat. With an active lifestyle, the body sweats and the skin becomes more dirty. If you don't want to wait for acne to appear, take a shower on time;

4) Hormonal surge. Age-related hormonal imbalances are often the cause of acne.

5) Greasy cosmetics. Pimples appear due to clogging of the skin channels that occurs from the frequent use of oily cosmetics and oil products for the skin.

Some proven remedies can be used to treat teenage acne:

1. Salicylic acid is rightfully considered the most popular remedy. It is necessary to wipe cleansed face skin with a cotton swab soaked in the solution. It is best to use 1%, 2% or 3% solutions;

2. Tar soap is another effective remedy for acne. It is recommended to wash with this soap at night, as it dries the skin too much;

3. Chatterbox is an old effective drug in the treatment of acne. Unfortunately, now it cannot be bought cooked. It must be applied on the face with a moistened cotton swab and preferably in the evening.

At the same time, the teenager should follow a diet. It is recommended to stop taking fatty, smoked and spicy foods, artificial colors and preservatives, as well as sweets and soda water.

1.6 Increased sweating in adolescents

Increased sweating or hyperhidrosis of adolescents is a fairly common phenomenon, since it is at this age that the endocrine system develops, which provokes an increase in the secretion of sweat glands several times.

Excessive sweating in young people gives them a lot of trouble. Vulnerable teenagers are embarrassed by the smell from armpits, stains from sweat on their clothes, and their sweaty cold hands.

There are two types of adolescent hyperhidrosis:

Primary- excessive sweating is localized in the armpits, arms, face and legs. The patient's condition worsens during puberty.

Secondary - common. In hyperhidrosis, excessive sweating is caused by the influence of another disease and is usually observed throughout the body, without a specific location. Diseases that can provoke secondary hyperhidrosis can be heart disease, obesity, infections, hyperthyroidism, mental disorders, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis, etc.

1.daily bathing to reduce underarm bacteria;

2. the use of comfortable clothing made of natural fabrics that do not hinder movement, which easily adsorb moisture;

3. Frequent dressing in fresh clothes;

4. use of aluminum chloride antiperspirants before bedtime.

7.balanced nutrition for adolescents

Also, the causes of profuse sweating can lie in human genetics. In 25-40% of cases, hyperhidrosis is a genetic problem and is transmitted “from generation to generation”.

1.7 Vegetovascular dystonia in adolescents

Vegetovascular dystonia is a multisymptomatic syndrome that affects various systems and organs of the human body. The main effect from the autonomic nervous system is on the peripheral nerves. The cardiovascular system also suffers. adolescent health gastritis hyperhidrosis

The teenage years are transitional not only in the process of transformation of a child into an adult, but also in the neurophysiological one. Conflict situations, emotional stress, chronic diseases, endocrine disorders, lack of movement and other factors are in many ways provocateurs of the development of vascular dystonia in adolescents. The increased mental load, having a hereditary component, leads to the emergence of a certain imbalance in the body, which leads to the appearance and development of vegetative vascular dystonia.

Treatment

In order to cope with any problem, you must first determine the causes of its occurrence. This is due to the increased psycho-emotional stress, with which the fragile nervous system is not able to cope. That is why adolescents with a fine mental organization, excitable and prone to experiences most often suffer from vegetative-vascular dystonia.

Everything is aggravated by non-compliance with the regime, midnight vigils at the computer, excessive physical exertion and craving for adult life in the form of cigarettes and booze.

To cope with vegetative dystonia in adolescents, adherence to the following rules will help:

1. The teenager needs to establish a daily routine;

2. Proper nutrition; vascular's best friends are foods that contain potassium and magnesium:

· buckwheat;

· oatmeal;

Legumes (peas, beans);

· rose hip;

· Apricots;

· Dried fruits (raisins, dried apricots, prunes), nuts;

Vegetables (parsley, onion, eggplant).

3. A good way to save a teenager from vegetative-vascular dystonia is also therapeutic massage and physiotherapy.

4. The life of a teenager is full of various stresses. These are study loads, and relationships with peers, and changes that occur with his body. Therefore, you should not further complicate his life with exorbitant demands.

5. In especially severe cases, when vegetative-vascular dystonia in adolescents literally poisons their lives, it is worth resorting to drug therapy. Drugs for the treatment of vegetative-vascular dystonia are selected by a neuropathologist, taking into account all the features of the disease. Most often, antidepressants, anti-anxiety drugs and restorative agents are included in the therapy.

1.8 Scoliosis in adolescents

Scoliosis is a disease of the spine in which there is a lateral deformity of the spinal column. Most often, scoliosis occurs in adolescents, that is, during the period of active growth of a person. Indeed, at this age, the skeleton is formed faster than skeletal musculature develops, and the spine is at great risk of deformity. In medicine, this disease is called juvenile idiopathic scoliosis. Of all the reasons for its development, the main ones are still considered to be inactivity and improper prolonged sitting on a chair, which causes an overload of the spine and its curvature. That is why the treatment of scoliosis in adolescents begins with finding out the causes of the disease and eliminating them. And after that, an individual course of treatment is selected.

Therapeutic regimen for scoliosis

Another important and integral moment in the treatment of adolescent scoliosis is a special treatment regimen. It consists of the following activities:

§ taking vitamins, balanced nutrition;

§ morning exercises, including special exercises, swimming;

§ sleeping on an orthopedic mattress, as recommended by a doctor;

§ use of ergonomic furniture: orthopedic chair table;

§ cancellation of sports training associated with increased stress on the spine and asymmetric muscle development. That is, you cannot play football, rhythmic gymnastics, artistic gymnastics, tennis, as well as weightlifting.

2. Research work

Our practical part about the health status of adolescents in the city of Baikonur is also connected with the theoretical part. From the journal of the pediatric department of the hospital No. 1 "Book of registration of patients in inpatient treatment", diseases that are common among adolescents for 2013-2015 were studied.

The aim of the study is to identify the influence of factors on the health status of adolescents.

The following hypothesis was put forward: among the many reasons affecting the health of adolescents, an important role is played by chronic diseases, mental disorders, significant deviations in the formation of reproductive health, an increase in sexually transmitted diseases, an increase in deviant forms of behavior, juvenile delinquency, prostitution, vagrancy. , social loneliness, young motherhood, an increase in alcoholism, drug addiction, toxic dependence, a significant degree of restriction of opportunities for social integration.

In accordance with the goal and the above hypothesis, the study set the following tasks:

1. Select psychodiagnostic methods of diagnosis in order to identify diseases among the surveyed.

2. Identify the relationship between organizational factors and adolescents.

2.1 Techniques used

The study used:

Observation from practice

A 13-year-old patient is hospitalized in the pediatric department with a diagnosis of acute gastritis.

Complaints of pain in the epigastric region,

In the third paragraph of the experimental part - research results the data obtained are presented. It is advisable to present them in the form of tables, graphs, diagrams, diagrams, which should be numbered and have an exact name. To tables, charts, etc. there should be textual explanations. It is necessary to indicate what exactly in the presented table to pay attention to. It is not yet necessary to make a detailed assessment, to draw conclusions, only an impartial statement of the data obtained is required.

The fourth paragraph is discussion of the data obtained. It is advisable to start it with an answer to the question of confirming or not confirming a hypothesis. Our own discussion of the results can be carried out in two directions. On the one hand, it consists in comparing the data obtained with the results of earlier studies on this topic, which have already been reflected in the first, overview chapter of the thesis. Another line of discussion of the results is their explanation (interpretation).

It is necessary to adhere to a certain logic of presentation of the material: consider the results obtained using the methodology ...; they are presented in table 3 ...; as can be seen from Table 3, the subjects ... are different (characterized) ...; thus, we can conclude that ... ”.

In conclusion, the results of the study are presented. On the basis of the scientific-theoretical and experimental-practical study of the problem posed, its relevance is emphasized, the degree of fulfillment of the goal and objectives of the study is noted, the hypothesis is confirmed or refuted, the practical significance of the work is assessed (the contribution of its author to the solution of the problem). If necessary, a range of issues requiring deeper development is determined, and prospects for further study of the problem are outlined. In the conclusion, repeating the content of the introduction or the main part is not allowed. The approximate volume of the conclusion is 5-7 pages.

Istage- nursing examination

Objective symptoms are clarified: skin color, eye expression, oral cavity, assessment of body weight, shape of the abdomen, pain on palpation of the abdomen in the epigastric region. A connection is established between abdominal pain and food intake.

IIstage - nursing identification of patient problems

The real problem is epigastric pain, decreased appetite

Potential problem - stomach ulcer

Priority issue - epigastric pain

IIIstage - planning of nursing interventions

Short term goals - reduce pain throughout the day

Long term goals- prevent the development of complications

IVstage - implementation of nursing interventions

Dependent interventions fulfillment of doctor's prescription

Independent interventions - to conduct a conversation with the patient about the peculiarities of nutrition, about the need to follow a diet; control over appetite, sleep; identification of complaints; measurement of blood pressure, body temperature, control of physiological functions.

Vstage- efficiency mark

The goal is achieved- epigastric pain is eliminated.

Conclusion

The health status of adolescents in the last decade is characterized by:

The steady rise in chronic diseases

Increased levels of mental disorders

Significant deviations in the formation of reproductive health

The rise in sexually transmitted diseases

Increase in deviant behaviors, juvenile delinquency, prostitution, vagrancy, social loneliness, young motherhood

Increased alcoholism, drug addiction, toxic dependence

Significantly limited opportunities for social integration

Resolving these problems requires:

1. Optimization and acceleration of the processes of reforming health care for adolescents.

2. Interdepartmental approach (cooperation of doctors, teachers, medical psychologists, social workers, etc.).

3. Creation of a sustainable adolescent health management system based on the management of risk factors and the use of the principles of hygienic education and upbringing.

4. Involvement of educational and sports and recreation institutions in the formation of a healthy, socially effective lifestyle of adolescents.

5. Creation of a multilevel health education system for adolescents.

In the practical part of this thesis, in pre-graduation practice, we will conduct research on the health of adolescents, and analyze the statistics of the group of adolescents' health in the city of Baikonur.

List of sources used

1. Adolescence: a historical approach / Kle M. Psychology of a teenager // Psychology of a teenager. Reader / Comp. Frolov Yu. I. - Moscow: Russian Pedagogical Agency, 1997. - pp. 103-140.

2. Bezukh Ksenia Evgenievna Methodical development of a special course for students "Teenager and his health"

3. Karabanova O.A. Age psychology. Lecture notes .. - Moscow: Airiss-press, 2005. - 238 p.

4. Seventh annual demographic report POPULATION OF RUSSIA 1999

5. 17. www.bigpi.biysk.ru/encicl/articles/39/1003905/1003905A.htm

6. 1.window.edu.ru/window_catalog/pdf2txt?p_id=27758&p_page=4

7. Zhdanova LA, Salova MN, Runova OS Neurosomatic approach to the rehabilitation of adolescents with diseases of the digestive tract // Vestn. Ivanovo Medical Academy.-2009.-T. one

8. Isaev D.N.Psychosomatic medicine for children. - SPb. : Special literature, 1996.-454 p.

9. Kuchma V.R. treatment-and-prophylactic institutions. - M.: GEO-TAR-Media, 2005 .-- 528 p.

10. Kushnir SM, Antonova LK Vegetative dysfunction and vegetative dystonia. - Tver, 2007 .-- 216 p.

11. Medical, social and demographic parameters of the maternal and child health service: inform. mater. Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation. - M., 2007 .-- 128 p.

12. Mendelevich VD, Solovyova SL Neurosology and psychosomatic medicine. - M .: MEDpress-inform, 2002 .-- 608

13. Belousov A.S., Vodolagin V.D., Zhakov V.A. P. Diagnostics, differential diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the digestive system / M .: "Medicine", 2002. AA Rean. Human Psychology: From Birth to Death. - SPb .: Prime-EVROZNAK, 2002 .-- S. 319-396. - 656 p.

14. International Classification of Diseases (10th revision). Classification of mental and behavioral disorders. - St. Petersburg: "Adis", 1994.

15. Gurieva V.A., Semke V.Ya., Gindikin V.Ya. Psychopathology of adolescence (theoretical, clinical and forensic psychiatric aspects). - Tomsk: Publishing house of Tom.un-ta, 1994.

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The health of children and adolescents in any society and in any socio-economic and political situations is the most pressing problem and the subject of primary importance, since it determines the future of the country, the gene pool of the nation, the scientific and economic potential of society and, along with other demographic indicators, is a sensitive barometer socio-economic development of the country.

In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education,” the health of schoolchildren is one of the priority areas of state policy in the field of education. In modern conditions, the school is called upon to perform not only an educational function, but also to take care of the preservation and strengthening of the health of children, since everyone passes through the school and the problem of preserving and strengthening health must be solved here.

However, dynamic monitoring of the health status of the child population, especially schoolchildren, reveals a persistent trend of deterioration in health indicators; the proportion of healthy schoolchildren decreases with a simultaneous increase in chronic forms of diseases during the transition from class to class in the learning process, the health index decreases.

Despite the close attention to the health improvement of the younger generation and existing laws, the number of healthy children, according to the Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents of the Scientific Center for Children's Health of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, has decreased three times. Statistics show that the prevalence of pathology and morbidity among children aged three to 17 years is increasing by four to five percent annually.

Only ten percent of the total number of students can be called healthy, and the remaining 90 percent have problems and deviations in physical, psychological, and nervous development. According to statistics in our country, from year to year, the health index decreases and the overall morbidity of children and adolescents increases. Of particular concern in this regard is the very nature of the disease, which changes towards chronic non-infectious diseases: allergic, cardiovascular, oncological, neuropsychic, respiratory diseases, vision, hearing, etc.

In the structure of chronic diseases of modern adolescents, diseases of the digestive system began to occupy the first place. Their share has doubled (from 10.8 percent to 20.3 percent). The share of chronic diseases of the nervous system increased by 4.5 times (from 3.8 percent to 17.3 percent). Diseases of the musculoskeletal system are still in third place, while the proportion of chronic diseases of the ENT organs has halved, moving from first to fourth rank. Gynecological pathology in high school girls began to occupy the sixth rank place.

Among functional disorders, disorders of the circulatory system are “leading” (25 percent), followed by disorders of the musculoskeletal system (17 percent). In third place are endocrine metabolic disorders (up to 14 percent). The indicators characterizing physical performance and physical fitness in modern adolescents are significantly (by 20-25 percent) lower than those of their peers in the 80s and 90s, as a result of which about half of 11 grade boys' graduates and up to 75 percent of girls are unable to meet the standards physical fitness.

Official statistics continue to indicate alarmingly the deteriorating health of students in schools.

The Research Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents, SCDH RAMS, notes that the features of negative changes in the health of children in recent years are as follows:

1. A significant decrease in the number of perfectly healthy children. So, among students, their number does not exceed 10-12%.
2. The rapid growth in the number of functional disorders and chronic diseases. Over the past 10 years, in all age groups, the frequency of functional disorders has increased 1.5 times, chronic diseases - 2 times. Half of schoolchildren of 7-9 years old and more than 60% of high school students have chronic diseases.
3. Changes in the structure of chronic pathology. The share of diseases of the digestive system has doubled, the proportion of the musculoskeletal system (scoliosis, osteochondrosis, complicated forms of flat feet) has increased by 4 times, and diseases of the kidneys and urinary tract have tripled.
4. An increase in the number of schoolchildren with multiple diagnoses. Schoolchildren 7–8 years old have on average 2 diagnoses, 10–11 years old - 3 diagnoses, 16–17 years old - 3-4 diagnoses, and 20% of high school teenagers have a history of 5 or more functional disorders and chronic diseases

There are several reasons for this situation, and many of them are related to the school. The main school-related risk factors for the formation of the health of schoolchildren, first of all, include non-observance of sanitary and epidemiological well-being in educational institutions, malnutrition, non-observance of hygienic standards for study and rest, sleep and stay in the air. The volume of curricula, their informative richness often do not correspond to the functional and age capabilities of schoolchildren. Up to 80% of students are constantly or intermittently experiencing educational stress. All this, combined with a decrease in the duration of sleep and walks, a decrease in physical activity, has a negative effect on the developing body. Also, low physical activity has a detrimental effect on health. Its deficit already in the lower grades is 35–40 percent, and among high school students - 75–85 percent.

To a large extent, the ill health of schoolchildren arises from an insufficient level of literacy in matters of preserving and strengthening the health of students themselves and their parents. In addition, harmful factors such as smoking, alcohol and earlier onset of sexual activity are a significant cause of deterioration in the health status of schoolchildren (senior grades).

Meanwhile, the main criterion for the effectiveness of any school is the health of students.

Of course, it is inappropriate to blame only the school for the deteriorating health of children and adolescents. For 9 - 11 years of study, many factors that are not directly related to the school and the learning process have an impact on the body and psyche of a student. But, firstly, the school's contribution to this complex negative impact is very large. Secondly, the existing problems of preserving and strengthening the health of modern schoolchildren can and should be solved directly in an educational institution for one simple reason that children are on the territory of an educational institution most of their time.

From the very beginning, I would like to express my gratitude to the school administration, to all teaching staff for their understanding and cooperation in our common cause. In 2007, the idea of ​​a comprehensive program for the preservation and strengthening of the health of primary schoolchildren arose, which included both school teachers and medical workers. Class 1 “B” was chosen. There are 14 girls and 11 boys in the class. All children are the same age. In September, a comprehensive medical examination of students was carried out by all medical specialists available at the CRH. During the medical examination, the existing medical deviations in the state of health of children were identified and it was found that only 7 of them can be attributed to the 1st health group and 18 to the 2nd group. The main directions of work were outlined. Physical health monitoring is done regularly at the beginning and end of the year. Depending on the results, the work to preserve and improve the health of students was also adjusted.

I believe that one of the main factors in the health problems of schoolchildren is the insufficient level of literacy in matters of preserving and strengthening the health of students themselves and their parents. It is necessary to form in the child the need to be healthy, to teach him this, to help in an organized way in the preservation and formation of health. It was to address these issues that the first block of our program was directed. It was decided to devote one class hour a month to valeological topics. Hospital medical workers, pediatrician, dentist, ophthalmologist, dermatologist, etc., conducted conversations with the children in a playful, entertaining manner that corresponds to the age characteristics of the children. The topics of the conversations are varied: “Cleanliness is a guarantee of health”, “I will take care of my teeth ...”, “Soap, brush and water are our faithful friends”, “Do not put off until tomorrow what you can do today (about the daily routine)”, “ My eyes are my wealth ”,“ I am not afraid of injections… ”,“ Food is a friend, food is an enemy ”, etc. The school psychologist O.A. Kuznetsova rendered great help in the work. For example, during the training "Why do you need to be healthy?" the children themselves deduced the rules of the inhabitants of the Healthy City. As part of the work of the school government, the Ministry of Health was active in the classroom under our leadership. The issue of the medical leaflet “Advice of Dr. Pilyulkin” has become a constant issue in the class. There is a Flower of Health in the class, each petal of which corresponds to one of the directions of our program.

In order to preserve the health of children, close cooperation with parents is necessary in this matter. For this purpose, a school of like-minded parents was organized for parents, which worked under the motto: "The health of our children is in our hands." At the very first parent meeting, the parents were announced the results of the medical examination of children and the disappointing average Russian statistical data on the dynamics of the health of schoolchildren during school. All this caused anxiety among the parents and we received great support from them in the implementation of our program. At parents' meetings, medical workers spoke on topical issues of preserving the health of children, a school psychologist and other pedagogical workers. The attendance of such parent-teacher meetings has always been almost 100%. Representatives of the parental community more than once monitored the observance of the sanitary and hygienic regime of the school, the correct distribution of the teaching load. These issues were discussed together with representatives of the school administration at meetings of the Governing Council of the school, Council of Fathers, etc.

At one of the first parents' meetings, the issue was discussed that the quality of nutrition has a significant impact on the health of children. Rational nutrition creates conditions for the normal physical and mental development of the child's body, maintains high performance, contributes to the prevention of diseases and has a significant impact on the ability to withstand the effects of adverse environmental factors. As a result, 23 people in the classroom during their studies at the primary school stage are covered with hot meals (2 people do not eat in the school cafeteria due to adherence to a diet for medical reasons). At the regional scientific and practical conference "Start in Science", a research work of a student of the class R. Galkin "Drink milk, you will be healthy" was presented, which became a prize-winner in the nomination "The first step into science".

In many respects, the deterioration in the health of schoolchildren is associated with a deficit in physical activity. From the first years of study, it decreases by 50% and continues to decline steadily in the future. TV, computer, static loads at school, daily "jail time" for homework - this is the day of most modern schoolchildren. How to form a solid “health frame” with such a lifestyle? This issue was also brought up for discussion by the parental community. Before lessons, students do exercises every day, realizing the direction "Health is in order - thanks to charging." Morning exercise instructors were trained in the class. A set of exercises for all muscle groups was developed together with the nurse of the physiotherapy room S.V. Rodina. The schedule includes 3 physical education lessons. Each child keeps a diary of sports achievements, in which the child, together with the teacher, outlines an individual route of physical development.

Joint sports events with the participation of children and parents at the Yunost sports complex, sports relay races, and competitions have become traditional in the classroom. During the summer holidays, once a month, the class, together with the parents, passes the Health Path, where adults teach children to put up tents, help each other, clear springs, relax and compete together. From the reviews of MP Efremova's parent: “At first, I was very reluctant to go to great sports competitions - they are held on weekends, and I have somehow lost the habit of sports. I went to make the child comfortable that his parents were next to him. And now I look forward to these events no less than my daughter. This is an extra opportunity to be with your child, regain your physical shape and show the child that I am no worse than other parents, and together we can do a lot ”

In order to increase physical activity, children and parents were offered circles and sports sections that are part of the system of additional education. As a result, 5 boys are engaged in the football section (participants in zonal football competitions in the younger group), 2 people - in the chess section (A. Zheleznyakov - prize-winner of regional competitions, participant in regional), 3 people - in the volleyball section, 2 people became interested in judo ( A. Beshnov - multiple winner of regional competitions). More than half of the girls in the class attend a rhythmic dance club. Not a single event on the regional stage can do without their participation. And in 2011 the class took 2nd place in the regional competition within the framework of the “Dancing School” project, 1st place in the school leaflet competition “We choose health!”, 2nd place in the booklet competition “Being healthy is fashionable”.

According to the results of the school competition (2010-2011 academic year), the class was awarded the title “The Healthiest Class”.

According to the results of a comprehensive medical examination at the end of primary school, not a single child showed any deterioration in the state of health compared to the state upon entering the school. And 8 students in 4 years were transferred according to indicators from the second to the first group of health. And this is a significant result.

Our forms of work do not claim to be universal. This is just a small attempt to solve the problem of maintaining and improving the health of children within the framework of one class during the course of primary school. But these are real steps, which, according to the estimates of the parents and the school administration, turned out to be effective and efficient.

We all need to remember that the state of health of the younger generation is the most important indicator of the well-being of society and the state, reflecting the present situation and giving a forecast for the future.

adolescent social demographic

An important medical and statistical indicator of the health status of adolescents is the prevalence of diseases. In 2014, the prevalence of diseases among adolescents in the Russian Federation was 431,155 people (6.3% of the total number of adolescents). The top five regions with the highest prevalence of diseases among adolescents included: Central, Ural, North-Western districts. The lowest prevalence of adolescent diseases was registered in the Siberian and Far Eastern districts: 1334 and 1552 per 10,000.

The structure of the prevalence of diseases in 2014 among adolescents is presented as follows:

Respiratory diseases (44.31%) - the most common are tuberculosis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma, acute viral infections;

Injuries and poisoning (9.54%), most of which are traumatic brain injuries, limb fractures, food poisoning;

Diseases of the digestive system (8.07%) - leading are gastritis and gastroduodenitis, liver and biliary tract diseases caused by poor nutrition;

Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (8.32%) - ringworm, infectious erythema, contact and atopic dermatitis are common;

Diseases of the nervous system (5.14%), including children's cerebral palsy, epilepsy, myelitis, neuroses, neuralgia, etc .;

Pathologies of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue (4.61%), among which scoliosis of the spine, juvenile arthrosis, flat feet are very common;

Diseases of the genitourinary system (3.61%), especially pyelonephritis, cystitis, renal failure;

Diseases of the eyes and adnexa (3.07%);

Diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, congenital defects (3.58%). One third of the number of blood diseases is leukemia, which has increased in young children and adolescents.

Pathologists of the endocrine system, eating disorders and metabolic disorders (1.58%) - the most common are diabetes mellitus, obesity, and autoimmune thyroiditis. Eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia have been more common in recent years, especially among girls.

According to the analysis of the data of the official statistical reporting, it was found that for the period from 2001 to 2014 there were changes in the structure of the prevalence of diseases (Appendix 1 - data from the official website of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation).

The prevalence of diseases among adolescents increased from 3,698,300 thousand people in 2001 to. 431,155 people in 2014. The number of injuries and poisoning, diseases of the skin, nervous system, musculoskeletal system, genitourinary system increased. The leading pathologies of the respiratory system, in particular the incidence of tuberculosis. In 2001, infectious diseases were in second place, and in 2014 they moved to 5th place, there was a trend towards a decrease in the number of endocrine diseases and metabolic disorders. But the rates of injuries and poisoning among adolescents have worsened significantly. The number of neoplasms and diseases of the blood and hematopoietic system has increased. The situation with HIV and sexually transmitted infections has worsened.

The dynamics of changes in prevalence rates is best assessed by their growth rates. So, from 2001 to 2014, the greatest increase was noted in such classes of diseases as: blood diseases and neoplasms (from 6.7 to 13.65 per 1000), congenital anomalies, skin diseases (from 12.2 to 24.0 per 1000) pathology of the musculoskeletal system. Cases of mental disorders among adolescents have become more frequent, depression, substance abuse and associated psychoorganic syndromes are common. It has been established that more than half of juvenile offenders in the Russian Federation suffer from mental and behavioral disorders. They, like diseases of the nervous system, neoplasms, congenital anomalies, most often cause disability in children.

The development of effective programs for the health improvement of adolescents and the prevention of diseases is possible only if they are targeted. From this point of view, there is a certain interest in assessing the health status of the population depending on gender. The state of health of young men was analyzed in 2001, 2005 and 2014. Thus, the prevalence of diseases among boys 10-15 years old was lower than among girls, and in 2000 it was 19725.1 versus 22135.5 (per 100,000). In 2001 and 2005, this indicator was 14719.3 and 15793.7, respectively (Fig. 1). The growth rate has increased over time and is 7.3% from 2001 to 2005. and 24.9% - for the period from 2001 to 2014.

The increase in the prevalence of diseases for certain classes of diseases among adolescents is shown in Fig. 2.

The biological and social individual health of adolescents suffers more. But in general, these indicators worsen the public health of adolescents, as the future of the country.

The incidence rates of adolescents abroad differ from those in Russia. So in the countries of the European Union and the USA, Australia and New Zealand, the number of sick adolescents of their total number is 2-3%, in contrast to 6.3% in the Russian Federation. However, in the states of North Africa this figure is 10-12%, in Central and Southeast Asia, Latin America - from 13% to 40%, in African countries over 50%.

Figure 1. The structure of morbidity among adolescents by gender

The parameters also differ significantly for certain types of diseases.

Figure 2. Dynamics of the growth of diseases among adolescents in the Russian Federation from 201 to 2014.

Thus, in Russia, the incidence of tuberculosis, alcoholism, drug addiction, HIV infections and AIDS among adolescents is much higher than in Western Europe and the United States. Consequently, there is an influence of socio-economic, cultural factors, which we will write about below.

Thus, there has been a negative trend in the health status of adolescents, as well as a negative prognosis for the future health status of children in this group. However, the study of the dynamics of diseases should be carried out with a simultaneous study of factors affecting the health status of adolescents in the modern world. Human civilization is undergoing large-scale geopolitical, social and economic changes. Indeed, on the one hand, modern society has reached a significant level of scientific and technological development, but on the other, it destroys the enclosing environment. The role of humanism and democracy is increasing, but at the same time the order of the spiritual life of mankind is being disrupted, traditions and morality are suffering. Changes are taking place in families. The values ​​of individualism and liberal morality in a society of “common prosperity” run counter to the traditional values ​​of people, including family values. The connection between generations and the transfer of social, psychological experience is broken. It is in such difficult conditions that the life of modern adolescents proceeds.

Health problems of adolescents 15-16 years old

Health as a category of being is the most important priority in life all over the world (A.V. Vekhov, 2001). If people are forced to take care of other values ​​of life (education, life, material well-being, etc.), then the attitude to health is formed as an element of national culture.

In modern scientific (philosophical, psychological, sociological) and journalistic literature, our society is often described as spiritually, mentally, psychologically, morally unhealthy. In this regard, education, as the only integral and preserved state structure that ensures the social development of the individual, has, among other tasks, the preservation of the psychological, physical and moral health of the growing population of the country.

So, IE Oransky (1999) emphasizes that health is one of the most important human values. Good health is a prerequisite for creativity and the fullest self-expression of the individual.

As defined by UNESCO, the concept of "health", in its most general terms, is mental, physical and social well-being. The health of the new younger generation is a special pain and concern of our society.

Strengthening the health of the younger generation is one of the important state tasks of the Republic of Belarus. Adolescents are a special contingent in the population, the state of health of which is an indicator of social well-being and medical support of the previous period of childhood, as well as a harbinger of changes in the health of the population in subsequent years.

The problem is now becoming especially acute in connection with the deterioration of the health indicators of adolescents against the background of a demographic decline and aging of the population. Thus, in Belarus, the number of persons aged 15-19 years for the period from 2008 to 2012 decreased by 23.3% - from 712,411,000 to 546,438,000 people, their share in 2012 amounted to 5.8% of the total population (in 2011. - 6.2%, in 2010 -6.6%, in 2009 - 7.0%, 2000 -8.1%).

In adolescence (15-17 years), the highest growth rates of morbidity are observed in almost all classes of diseases, and mainly in those that form chronic diseases. The level of general morbidity in persons aged 15-17 is 1.4 times higher than the same indicator in adults. The main classes of diseases that form the level of primary morbidity are diseases of the respiratory system (61 -72% in the structure of morbidity), external influences, diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, diseases of the nervous system and sensory organs.

The most urgent medical and social aspects of adolescent health problems include those related to reproductive and mental health. These are, first of all, sexually transmitted infections and teenage pregnancy. Of the total number of abortions performed in Belarus, adolescence accounts for 9-10%. The absolute number of abortions performed by adolescents is gradually decreasing. However, every tenth abortion is performed among adolescents and young people under the age of 20.

Over the past 10 years, negative trends have been identified in the indicators of the physical development of adolescents. A significant decrease in growth rates has been established. The proportion of adolescents with normal physical development is decreasing.

Childhood disability plays a special role, since the health status of children and adolescents determines the labor potential of society. The severity of primary disability in this age group is lower than that of young children, due to the lower proportion of disabled children with degrees 3 and 4 health loss. However, among children aged 15-17, the share of the most severe degree of health loss increased from 5.9% in 2002 to 11.7% in 2010.

Adolescents are the age group whose mortality rate is relatively low compared to other age groups in the population. At the same time, an analysis of adolescent mortality in Belarus showed that 75% of the total number of deaths could have been prevented because they were caused by accidents (34%), suicides (30%), substance abuse or poisoning (6%), alcohol intoxication (5%). Youth suicide is a problem in many countries and is the third leading cause of death among young people in the European Region.

Conclusion on paragraph 1.3

Statistical data show that large intellectual and static influences on schoolchildren, along with limited physical activity, unbalanced nutrition, as well as maintaining a sedentary lifestyle, lead to deterioration of vision, activity of the cardiovascular system, metabolic disorders, and a decrease in the body's resistance to the effects of adverse factors, and as a consequence, all this leads to a general decline in the level of health of schoolchildren. And one of the rational ways that will increase the adaptive capabilities of the body, improve the level of health, prepare the person for effective activity is the way of doing physical culture and sports.

Conclusion on CHAPTER 1

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of games to humans. After all, he begins to use them almost from the very moment of birth. They help him to know the world, to develop. Sports games were formed precisely on the basis of game activity, which is inherent in a person. And such games related to sports, competitions were singled out in a separate group, which was called sports games (or playing sports)

Playing sports are an excellent tool that can be used both to improve the physical fitness of those involved, and as a health improving element. His both team and individual influence on the personality of the athlete is very great. Sports represent a number of requirements for the education of the personality of athletes. Here and the education of collectivism, the development of the ability to sacrifice their own interests for the sake of the team, a sense of help and support. The importance of playing sports in the upbringing of volitional qualities also occupies a high place. Playing sports contribute to the development of a harmonious personality.

This is especially important for adolescents 15-16 years old. Indeed, it is at this age that many changes occur both in the body and in the personality of adolescents. Puberty occurs, a significant development of the central nervous system is noted. Abstract logical thinking is being improved. However, the nervous system still has a low resistance to high mental and physical stress, which must be taken into account when working with adolescents.

The teenager's visual acuity noticeably increases, the field of vision expands, binocular vision improves, and playing sports with a dynamic change of game scenes, and the need for constant monitoring of a wide area of ​​the playground contributes to their rapid development and consolidation in the process of formation.

But also during this period, adolescents are susceptible to various diseases. The most common problems include reproductive health and mental health problems. The age of computerization - leads a teenager to a sedentary lifestyle. Which entails a string of both physical and psychological problems. Here and overweight, and hostility to "live" communication with other people. According to statistics, over the past 10 years, a decrease in growth rates has been revealed, and the proportion of adolescents with normal physical development has dropped.