Characteristics of the main manifestations of speed. Development of motor qualities as the basis of physical training - hypermarket knowledge of human capabilities providing him with the execution of motors

29.09.2019

Test

1. The main means of physical education are _________________________

2. The method, which is a sequential performance of specially selected exercises affecting various muscle groups and functional systems by type of continuous or interval work, is called ...

Gaming method;

Circular method;

The method of conjugate effects.

3. Under the technique of physical exercises understand ...

Methods of performing motor actions leaving aesthetically favorable impression;

A certain orderliness and consistency of both processes and elements of the content of this exercise;

Visible shape, which is characterized by the ratio of spatial, time and dynamic motion parameters;

Methods for performing motor actions, with which the motor problem is solved appropriate with a relatively greater efficiency.

4. The type of education, the specific content of which is the training of movements, education of physical qualities, mastering special physical cultural knowledge and the formation of a conscious need for regular physical education, is called

Physical education;

Physical training;

Physical culture.

5. The result of physical training is ...

Physical perfection;

Physical development;

Physical fitness;

Physical education.

6. In the lesson of physical culture, 3 groups of tasks are set:

Educational, wellness, educational;

Objectives O. F.P., S. F.P., Technical preparation;

Study of new material, control, improvement and consolidation of material;

Obtaining theoretical knowledge, development of techniques of movements, studying tactics of sport.

7. The possibilities of a person providing it to perform a motor action into a minimum time for these conditions, called ...

High-speed power abilities;

High-speed abilities;

Frequency of movements;

Motor reaction.

8. The most informative, objective and widespread used in the sphere of FKI is an indicator of the body's reaction on physical activity is __________________________.

9. Physical quality ... with its excessive development, adversely affects flexibility

Rapidity;

Endurance;

Dexterity.

10. Exercise is ...

Types of motor actions aimed at changing the form of physique and the development of physical qualities;

Motor actions (and their aggregate), aimed at implementing the problems of physical education, are formed and organized according to its patterns.

Motor actions aimed at forming motor skills and skills;

Types of motor actions aimed at morphological and functional rearrangements of the body.

11. ________________ - the condition of the body that occurs under the influence of one or another and characterized by a temporary decline in performance.

12. Under passive flexibility, they understand ...

Human ability to achieve a large amplitude of movements in all joints;

Flexibility manifested in the influence of fatigue;

The ability to perform movements under the influence of external tensile forces;

Flexibility manifested in static poses.

13. Classify physical exercises on the basis of physiological power zones:

A - moderate power exercises

B - Maximum power exercises

In - Exercises of high power

G - Exercises of Symximal Power

The muscular work of such a power that a person can perform no more than 20 seconds;

Can continue from 20 seconds to 5 minutes;

Can be performed from 5 to 30 minutes;

May last more than 30 minutes.

14. The main specific means of physical education are ...

Physical exercises;

Simulators and devices, weights, dumbbells, rods, etc.;

Wellness forces of nature;

Hygienic factors.

15. The human ability as long as possible to hold the maximum speed reached is called ...

Coefficient of manifestation of high-speed abilities;

High-speed index;

High-speed endurance;

Absolute margin of speed.

16. Set the conformity of concepts:

A - physical development

B - physical culture

In - physical education

G - Health

Part of the culture, the area of \u200b\u200bsocial activities, which is a combination of spiritual and material values \u200b\u200bcreated in order to physical development of a person, to strengthen its health, improving its motor activity;

The process of formation, formation and subsequent change throughout the individual life of the natural morphofunctional properties of the human body;

The state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, the absence of diseases and physical defects;

The type of education, the specific content of which is the training of movements, education of physical qualities, mastering special physical cultural knowledge and the formation of a conscious need for regular physical education.

17. Physical qualities - this ...

The complex of the ability of the FKU, expressed in specific results;

A complex of various manifestations of a person in a certain motor activity;

Individual features that determine the level of human motor capabilities;

Congenital morphofunctional qualities, thanks to which the physical activity of a person who receives its full manifestation in expedient motor activity is possible.

18. Relative force is ...

The force manifested by one person in comparison with the other;

The force manifested when performing one physical exercise is relatively with another;

The force coming on 1 cm2 of the physiological gamble of the muscles;

The force manifested by a person in terms of 1 kg of its own weight.

19. In physical education, the widespread use of verbal and visual methods, low motor density is typical for

Control lessons;

O. FP lesson

Lessons consolidation and improvement of educational material;

Lessons to master new material.

20. Power is ...

Human ability to overcome external resistance or resist him due to muscle efforts;

Human ability to exercise large muscular efforts;

A complex of various manifestations of a person of a certain motor activity, which is based on the concept of "muscular effort";

Man's ability to exercise muscle efforts of various values \u200b\u200bin perhaps a short time.

21. Install the compliance between the physical qualities and tests, allowing to assess the level of their development:

B - speed

In - flexibility

G - speed-force abilities

D - stamina

https://pandia.ru/text/80/014/images/image009_47.gif "width \u003d" 26 "height \u003d" 17 "\u003e - 3000 m running;

Long jump;

Tilt forward from the position sitting on the floor;

Shuttle run 3x10 m;

Flexion and extension of hands in the stop lying;

22. The main method of flexibility is ...

Re-method;

Method of alternately continuous exercise;

Static effort method;

Method of maximum effort.

23. Indicators characterizing the physical development of a person include ...

Indicators of physical qualities, health and development of physical qualities;

Level and quality of formed vital motor skills and skills;

Indicators of the level of physical fitness and sports results;

Level and quality of formed sports motor skills and skills.

dissected-structural exercise).

24. In physical education and sports, the main method for the development of the speed of the motor reaction is ...

Method of dynamic effort;

Method of circular training;

Gaming method;

https://pandia.ru/text/80/014/images/image014_37.gif "width \u003d" 14 "height \u003d" 14 "\u003e - Running 100 m;

Tightening on a high crossbar;

0-55% - "unsatisfactory";

55-65% - "satisfactory";

65-80% - "good";

Over 80% - "excellent."

Good luck!

\u003e\u003e Development of motor qualities as the basis of physical training

1.4 Development of motor qualities as the basis of physical training

Force - This is a person's ability to overcome external resistance or resist him due to muscle efforts (stresses).

Power abilities are a complex of various manifestations of a person in a certain motor activity, which is based on the concept of "power".

Power abilities Do not manifest themselves by themselves, but through any computer activity. Moreover, the effect on the manifestation of power abilities has different factors, the contribution of which in each particular case varies depending on the specific motor actions and the conditions for their implementation, the type of power abilities, age, genital and individual characteristics of the person.

Actually, power abilities are manifested:

1) with relatively slow cutouts of the muscles, in exercises performed with the accumulable, extreme burdens;
2) with muscle stresses of isometric (static) type (without changing the length of the muscle). In accordance with this, there is a slow strength and static strength.

Actually power abilities are characterized by large muscle tension and manifest themselves in overcoming, inferior and static modes work muscles. They are determined by the physiological diameter of the muscles and the functionality of the nervous muscular apparatus.

Education of actually powerful abilities can be directed to the development of maximum strength (heavy athletics, gire sports, power acrobatics, etc.); The overall strengthening of the musculoskeletal system involved in all sports (general strength) and bodybuilding (bodybuilding).

Speed-force abilities are characterized by unsaturated muscle stresses manifested with the necessary, often with a maximum power in exercises performed with considerable speed, but not achieving, as a rule, the limit value. They manifest themselves in motor actions, in which the speed of movements are also required along with a significant strength of the muscles (for example, repulsion in lengths in length and height from the scene and from the runway).

Speed-powerful abilities include:

1) fast strength;
2) blasting power.

Fast force is characterized by unsaturated muscle tension, manifested in exercises performed with a significant speed, not reaching the limit value. The explosive force reflects the ability of a person in the course of performing a motor action to achieve maximum power indicators in perhaps a short time. Explosive force is characterized by two components: starting force and accelerating force (Yu. V. Uposhansky, 1977). Starting force is the characteristic of the ability of muscles to the rapid development of the workforce at the initial moment of their voltage. Accelerating force - the ability of the muscles to the speed of increasing the workforce in the conditions of their starting reduction.

High-speed abilities - These are the possibilities of a person who provide it to performing motor actions to the minimum period of time for these conditions.

All motor reactions made by man are divided into two groups: simple and complex. A response in advance known movement on a pre-known signal (visual, auditory, tactile) is called a simple reaction.

The speed of a simple reaction is determined by the so-called latent (hidden) period of the reaction - a temporary segment from the moment the signal appears until the start of the movement. The latent time of a simple reaction in adults, as a rule, does not exceed 0.3C.

Complex motor reactions are found in sports, characterized by a constant and sudden change of the situation of action (sports games, martial arts, skiing, etc.) Most of the complex motor reactions in physical education and sports are the "choice" reactions (when from several possible actions It is required to instantly choose one, adequate this situation).

In a number of species sportand such reactions at the same time are reactions to a moving object (ball, washer, etc.).

In various modes of motor activities, elementary forms of manifestation of high-speed abilities perform in various combinations and a combination with other physical qualities and technical actions. In this case, there is a complex manifestation of high-speed abilities. These include: the rapid performance of holistic motor actions, the ability to dial the maximum speed as quickly as possible and maintain it to support it.

The ability to dial the maximum speed as quickly as possible by the phase of starting overclocking or starting speed. On average, this time is 5 - 6C. The ability to hold the maximum speed as long as possible is called high-speed endurance and determined at remote speed.

In games and martial arts, there is another specific manifestation of high-speed qualities - the speed of braking, when in connection with the change in the situation, it is necessary to instantly stop and start moving in another direction.

The manifestation of the forms of speed and speed of movements depends on a number of factors:

1) the state of the central nervous system and the nervous muscular apparatus of a person;
2) the morphological features of the muscle tissue, its compositions (that is, from the ratio of fast and slow fibers);
3) muscle forces;
4) the ability of the muscles to quickly move out of the intense state into relaxed;
5) energy reserves in the muscle (adenosineryphosphoric acid - ATP and creatine phosphate - KTF);
6) amplitude movements, i.e. on the degree of mobility of the joints;
7) the ability to coordinate movements at high-speed work;
8) biological rhythm of the body's life;
9) age and gender;
10) high-speed human abilities.

From a physiological point of view, the speed of the reaction depends on the rate of flow of the following five phases:

1) the emergence of excitation in the receptor (visual, rumor, tactile and d.R.) participating in the perception of the signal;
2) transmission of excitation in the central nervous system;
3) transition signal information on nervous paths, its analysis and formation of the efferent signal;
4) carrying out the efferent signal from the CNS to the muscles;
5) the excitement of the muscle and the appearance of the activity mechanism in it.

The maximum frequency of movements envy on the speed of transition of motor nerve centers from the state of excitation to the braking state and back, i.e. It depends on the lability of nervous processes.

According to scientific research, the speed of a simple reaction is about 60-88% is determined by heredity.

The most favorable periods for the development of high-speed abilities, both boys and girls are considered to be age from 7 to 11 years. Several in a smaller pace, the growth of various rates continues from 11 to 14 - 15 years. To this age, the stabilization of the results in the speed of a simple reaction and the maximum frequency of movements occurs.

The targeted effects or classes of different sports have a long impact on the development of high-speed abilities: Specially trainers have an advantage of 5 - 20% or more, and the growth of the results can last up to 25 years.

Sexual differences in the level of development of high-speed abilities are small to 12 - 13 years of age. Later, the boys begin to discover girls, especially in the speed of holistic motor actions (running, swimming, etc.).
Endurance is the ability to resist physical fatigue in the process of muscular activity.

Meril is endurance is the time during which muscle activity is carried out in a certain nature and intensity.

Distinguish between general and special stamina. Total endurance is the ability to do a long-term intensity to perform moderate intensity with the global functioning of the muscular system. In a different way, it is also called aerobic endurance. A person who can withstand a long run in moderate pace for a long time is capable of performing another work at the same pace (swimming, cycling, etc.). The main components of the overall endurance are the possibilities of an aerobic energy supply system, a functional and biomechanical economy.

The overall endurance plays a significant role in optimizing life, acts as an important component of physical health and, in turn, serves as a prerequisite for the development of special endurance.

Special endurance is endurance towards certain motor activities. Special endurance is classified: on signs of motor action, with which the motor problem is solved (for example, jump endurance); According to the signs of motor activities, in the conditions of which the motor task is solved; According to the signs of interaction with other physical qualities necessary to successfully solve the motor task.

Special endurance depends on the possibilities of a neuro-muscular apparatus, the speed of resources of intramuscular sources of energy, from the technique of owning a motor action and the level of development of other motor abilities.

Various types of endurance are independent or little depend on each other. For example, you can enjoy high power stamina, but insufficient speed or low coordination endurance.

The manifestation of endurance in various types of motor activity depends on many factors: bioenergy, functional and biochemical economy, functional sustainability, personality - mental, genotype, etc.

The development of endurance comes from preschool age up to 30 years (to loads of moderate intensity and higher). The most intensive increase is observed from 14 to 20 years.

Flexibility is the ability to perform movements with a large amplitude. Good flexibility provides freedom, speed and efficiency of movements, increases the path of effective effort application when performing physical exercises. Insufficiently developed flexibility makes it difficult to coordinate human movements, as it limits the movement of individual block units.

The form of manifestation differences the flexibility is active and passive.

With active flexibility, movement with a large amplitude is performed at the expense of its own activity of the corresponding muscles. Under passive flexibility, the ability to perform the same movements under the influence of external tensile forces: partner efforts, external burdens, etc.

According to the method of manifestation, flexibility is divided into dynamic and static. Dynamic flexibility is manifested in movements, and static - in the poses.
Allocate general and special flexibility. General flexibility It is characterized by high mobility (amplitude of movements) in all joints (shoulder, elbow, ankle, etc.); Special flexibility - amplitude of movements corresponding to the technique of a particular motor action.

The manifestation of flexibility depends on a number of factors. The main factor that causes the mobility of the joints is anatomical. Motion limiters are bones. The shape of the bones largely determines the direction and scope of movements in the joint.

The external conditions are significantly influenced by the flexibility: 1) the time of day (in the morning flexibility is less than the day and evening); 2) air temperature (at 20 ... 30 degrees flexibility is higher than at 5 ... 10 degrees); 3) whether the warm-up was held; 4) whether the body is heated.

Positive emotions and motivation improve flexibility, and the opposite personality - mental factors worsen.

The most intensively flexibility is developing to 15 - 17 years. At the same time, an age of 9-10 years will be for the development of passive flexibility, and for active - 10 14 years.

Focusing the development of flexibility should begin from 6 to 7 years. In children and adolescents, 9-14 years old, this quality is developing almost 2 times more efficient than in older school age.

Motor-coordination abilities - the ability to expediently coordinate movements when building and reproducing new motor actions.

The manifestation of coordination abilities depends on a number of factors, namely: 1) human ability to accurately analyze movements; 2) the activities of analyzers and especially motor; 3) the complexity of the motor task; 4) the level of development of other physical abilities; 5) courage and determination; 6) age; 7) general preparedness involved.

Thus, children 4-6 years old have a low level of coordination, unstable coordination of symmetric movements. Motor skills They are formed against the background of an excess of approximate, unnecessary motor reactions, and the ability to differentiate effort is low.

At the age of 7 - 8, motor coordination is characterized by the instability of high-speed parameters and rhythm.

During the period from 11 to 13 - 14 years, the accuracy of differentiation of muscle effort is increasing, the ability to play the specified pace of movements is improved. Teenagers 13-14 years are characterized by high ability to assimilate complex motor coordination, which is due to the completion of the formation of a functional sensor system, achieving the maximum level in the interaction of all analyzer systems and the completion of the formation of the main mechanisms of arbitrary movements.

At the age of 14 - 15 years, there is some decrease in spatial analysis and coordination of movements. In the period 16 - 17 years, the improvement of motor coordinations to the level of adults continues, and the differentiation of muscle effort reaches the optimal level.

In the ontogenetic development of motor coordinations, the ability of a child to develop new motor programs reaches its maximum of 11 to 12 years. This age period is defined as a particularly aimed at targeted sports training. It is noticed that the boys have the level of development of coordination abilities with age higher than girls.

V. I. Grain, Physical Culture and Sport. Tutorial for students of grade 10.

Design of lesson Abstract lesson reference frame presentation lesson accelerative methods interactive technologies Practice Tasks and exercises self-test Workshop, trainings, cases, quests Home tasks Discussion issues Rhetorical questions from students Illustrations Audio, video clips and multimedia Photos, pictures, tables, Schemes of humor, jokes, jokes, Comics Proverbs, sayings, crosswords, quotes Supplements Abstracts Articles Chips for Curious Cheat Sheets Textbooks Basic and Additional Globes Other Terms Improving textbooks and lessons Fixing errors in the textbook Updating fragment in the textbook. Innovation elements in the lesson replacing outdated knowledge new Only for teachers Perfect lessons Calendar Plan for the year Methodical recommendations of the discussion program Integrated lessons

Input control by FC. 8th grade.

1. In what year volleyball was included in the Olympic Games Program?

a) 1956; b) 1968; c) 1964; d) 1952.

2. Which year the basketball is included in the Olympic Games Program?

a) 1936; b) 1924; c) 1932; d) 1944;

3. How many winter olympic sports?

a) 7; b) 14; at 5; d) 11.

4. The Olympic Games of 2016 will be held ....?

a) Spain; b) Brazil; in Japan; d) USA.

5. Physical preparedness is characterized by:

a) high results in sports activities; b) resistant to the effects of adverse factors;c) level of performance and versatility of motor experience; d) efficiency and efficiency of motor action.

6. The optimal degree of propulsion of motor action, characterized by automated control of movements, high strength and reliability of execution, is called:

a) motor skill; b) technical skills; c) motor gifts;d) motor skills.

7. Human capabilities providing it to perform motor actions into a minimum time interval for these conditions, called:

a) motor reaction;b) high-speed abilities; c) the speed of a single movement; d) speed-powerful abilities.

8. The ability to perform movements with a large amplitude due to their own activity of the corresponding muscles is called:

a) mobility in the joints; b) special flexibility;c) active flexibility; d) dynamic flexibility.

9. Indicate the main specific means of physical education:

a) a personal example of a teacher; b) Natural forces of nature, hygienic factors;c) exercise; d) rational labor and recreation mode, full nutrition.

10. With what test does not determine the physical quality of endurance?

a) 6-minute running;b) running 100 meters; c) 3 kilometers ski race; d) swimming 800 meters.

11. Adaptation is it?

a) the process of device adaptation to the changing conditions of the external environment ; b) alternation of load and rest during the training process; c) recovery process; d) a system for improving the efficiency of the functioning of the system of competitions and training systems.

12. What most often leads to the disorders of the posture?

a) high growth; b) reduction of intervertebral discs;c) weak musculature; d) violation of natural spinal bends.

13. The weight of the ball in basketball should be ...

a) no more than 670 b) not more than 650 c) not more than 560 g) not more than 500 g.

14. Physical development is ...

a) the size of muscles, body shapes, functionality of organism systems, physical activity; b) the process of improving physical qualities when performing exercises; c) the level due to heredity and regularity of physical culture and sports;d) the process of changing the morphological and functional parameters of the human body throughout its life.

15. Anaerobic exercises include ...?

a) sprint; b) volleyball; c) ski racing; d) swimming;

Answers

1-B, 2-A, 3-A, 4-B, 5-B, 6-g, 7-b, 8-B, 9-B, 10-b, 11-A, 12-B, 13- b, 14-g, 15th

Under high-speed abilities, the possibilities of a person who ensure that motor actions provide it to the minimum period of time for these conditions. There are elementary and complex forms of manifestation of high-speed abilities. Elementary forms include the speed of the reaction, the speed of a single movement, the frequency (tempo) of movements.

All motor reactions made by man are divided into two groups: simple and complex. A response in advance known movement on a pre-known signal (visual, auditory, tactile) is called a simple reaction. Examples of such types are the beginning of the motor action (start) in response to a starting gun shot in an easy athletics or swimming, stopping the attacker or protective action in martial arts or during a sports game when a whistle of the arbitrator, etc. The speed of a simple reaction is determined by the so-called latent (hidden) period of the reaction - the time section of the moment the signal appears until the start of the movement. The latent time of a simple reaction in adults, as a rule, does not exceed 0.3 s.

Complex motor reactions are found in sports characterized by a constant and sudden change of situations (sports games, martial arts, skiing, etc.). Most of the complex motor reactions in physical education and sports are the "selection" reaction (when one of several possible actions is required to instantly choose one, adequate situation).

In a number of sports, such reactions are simultaneously reactions to a moving object (ball, washer, etc.).

The time interval expended on the execution of a single movement (for example, a blow in boxing), also characterizes high-speed abilities. Frequency, or pace, movements are the number of movements per unit of time (for example, the number of cross-country steps for 10 s).

In various types of motor activities, elementary forms of manifestation of high-speed abilities perform in various combinations and in conjunction with other physical qualities and technical actions. In this case, there is a complex manifestation of high-speed abilities. These include: the rapid performance of holistic motor actions, the ability to dial the maximum speed as quickly as possible and maintain it to support it.

For the practice of physical education, the speed of holistic motor actions is the highest value in running, swimming, movement on skis, cycling, rowing, etc., and not elementary forms of its manifestation. However, this speed only indirectly characterizes the speed of a person, as it is due not only to the level of speed development, but also by other factors, in particular the technique of ownership of action, coordination abilities, motivation, volitional qualities, etc.

The ability to dial the maximum speed as quickly as possible by the phase of starting overclocking or starting speed. On average, this time is 5-6 p. The ability to hold the maximum speed as long as possible

speed \u200b\u200bendurance and determined at remote speed.

The manifestation of the forms of speed and speed of movements depends on a number of factors: 1) the state of the central nervous system and the human neuromuscular apparatus; 2) the morphological features of the muscle tissue, its composition (i.e., on the ratio of fast and slow fibers); 3) muscle forces; 4) the ability of the muscles to quickly move out of the intense state in the relaxed; 5) energy reserves in the muscle (adenosinerphosphate acid - ATP and creatine phosphate - KTF); 6) amplitude movements, i.e. on the degree of mobility in the joints; 7) the ability to coordinate movements at high-speed work; 8) biological rhythm of the body's life; 9) age and gender; 10) high-speed human abilities.

From a physiological point of view, the speed of the reaction depends on the rate of flow of the following five phases: 1) the occurrence of excitation in the receptor (visual, rumor, tactile, etc.) participating in the signal perception; 2) transmission of excitation to the central nervous system; 3) transition signal information on nervous paths, its analysis and formation of the efferent signal; 4) carrying out the efferent signal from the central nervous system to the muscle; 5) the excitement of the muscle and the appearance of the activity mechanism in it.

The maximum frequency of movements depends on the speed of transition of motor nerve centers from the state of excitation to the braking state and back, i.e. It depends on the lability of lubility processes.

The speed that manifested in holistic motor actions is influenced by: the frequency of neuromuscular impulsation, the speed of the muscle transition from the voltage phase to the relaxation phase, the rate of alternation of these phases, the degree of inclusion in the process of movement of fast-cutting muscle fibers and their synchronous operation.

From a biochemical point of view, the speed of movements depends on the content of adenosyntrifosphoric acid in the muscles, the speed of its splitting and resintez. In high-speed exercises, the ATP residence occurs due to phosphorcreatine and glycolithic mechanisms (anaerobically - without oxygen participation). The share of aerobic (oxygen) source in the energy supply of different speeds is 0-10%,

Genetic studies (method of twins, comparison of the high-speed capabilities of parents and children, long-term observations of changes in the speed of the same children) indicate that motor abilities are essential

dependes on the factors of the genotype. According to scientific research, the speed of a simple reaction is about 60-88% determined by heredity. The average genetic effects are experiencing a single movement speed and frequency of movements, and the speed manifested in holistic motor acts, running depends on an equally equal degree from the generation of the Isredes (40-60%).

The most favorable periods for the development of high-speed abilities like boys and girls are considered to be age from 7 to 11 years. Several in a smaller pace, the growth of different speeds continues from 11 to 14-15 years. To this age, the stabilization of the results in the speed of a simple reaction and the maximum frequency of movements occurs. The targeted impacts or classes of sports have a positive effect on the development of high-speed abilities: Specially trainers have an advantage of 5-20% or more, and the growth of the results can last up to 25 years.

Sexual differences in the level of development of high-speed abilities are small to 12-13 years of age. Later, the boys begin to discover girls, especially in the speed of holistic motor actions (running, swimming, etc.).

Tasks for the development of high-speed abilities.The first task is to necessitate the versatile development of high-speed abilities (the speed of the reaction, the frequency of movements, the speed of a single movement, the speed of holistic actions), combined with the ability of motor skills and skills that master children during training in an educational institution. For a teacher in physical culture and sports, it is important not to miss the younger and average school age - sensitive (especially favorable) periods for effective impact on this group.

The second challenge is the maximum development of high-speed abilities when specializing children, teenagers, boys and girls in sports, where the speed of response or speed of action plays a significant role (running for short distances, sports games, martial arts, sledding, etc.).

The third task is to improve the high-speed abilities, on which success depends in certain types of labories (for example, in a flight case, when performing the functions of the operator of indispensable, power systems, communication systems, etc.).

High-speed abilities are very difficult to develop. The possibility of increasing the speed in locomotor cyclic acts is very limited. In the process of sports training, the speed of movement is achieved not only by the impact on actually speed abilities, but also by otherwise, through the upbringing of power and high-speed-force abilities, high-speed endurance, improvement of techniques of movements, etc., i.e. Through the improvement of those factors on which the manifestation of certain qualities of speed significantly depends.

In numerous studies, it is shown that all the above-mentioned types of high-speed abilities are specific. The range of mutual transfer of high-speed abilities is limited (for example, you can have a good reaction to the signal, but have a low frequency of movements; the ability to perform at high speed starting acceleration in the sprint race does not yet guarantee high remote speed and vice versa). The direct positive frequency transfer takes place only in movements that have similar semantic and programming sides, as well as the engine composition. The noted specific features of high-speed abilities therefore require the use of relevant training tools and methods for each species.

1.3.1. High-speed raising means

The rates of speed develop are exercises performed with the limit or velocity velocity (i.e. high-speed exercises). They can be divided into three main groups (V. I. I., 1997).

Exercises spoken on separate components of high-speed abilities: a) the speed of the reaction; b) the speed of execution of individual movements; c) improving the frequency of movements; d) improvement of start speed; e) high-speed endurance; e) the speed of successive motor actions as a whole (for example, running, swimming, goal).

Exercises of a complex (versatile) impact on all major components of high-speed abilities (for example, sports and mobile games, relay, martial arts, etc.).

Exercises of conjugate effects: a) on speed and all other abilities (high-speed and power, high-speed and coordination, high-speed and endurance); b) on high-speed abilities and improving motor actions (in running, swimming, sports games, etc.).

In sports practice, the same exercises are used to develop the speed of individual movements as for the development of explosive strength, but without burdening or with such burdens, which does not reduce the speed of movement. In addition, exercises are used that are performed with incomplete scope, with maximum speed and with a sharp stop of movements, as well as starts and spurs.

To develop the frequency of movements, it is used: cyclic exercises in conditions that contribute to an increase in the rate of movements; Running under the slope, for a motorcycle, with a traction device; Fast movements of legs and hands performed at a high pace due to the reduction in the scope, and then gradually increase it; Exercises for improving the speed of relaxation of muscle groups after their reduction.

For the development of high-speed capabilities in their complex expression, three groups of exercises are used: exercises that are used to develop the speed of the reaction; Exercises used to develop the speed of individual movements, including for movement on various short segments (from 10 to 100 m); Exercises characterized by explosive character.

To characterize the physical qualities, athlete, directly determining its high-speed abilities, was used mainly by a generalizing term "speed". The speed as physical motor quality is the ability of a person to perform a motor effect into a minimum time cut for these conditions with a certain frequency and impulsivity.

All motor reactions made by man are divided into two groups: simple and complex. A response in advance known movement on a pre-known signal (visual, auditory, tactile) is called a simple reaction.

The speed of a simple reaction is determined by the so-called latent (hidden) period of the reaction - a temporary segment from the moment the signal appears until the start of the movement. Latent time in adults, as a rule, does not exceed 0.3 p.

Complex motor reactions - a reaction to a moving object (ball) or a selection response, when one of several possible actions is required to instantly choose one, adequate to this situation (found in sports, characterized by a constant and sudden change of the situation of action (football)). Most complex motor reactions in physical education and sports are the "choice" reactions. The time interval expended on the execution of a single movement (for example, a blow to the ball), also characterizes speed abilities. Frequency, or tempo, movements are the number of movements per unit of time. In various types of motor activities, elementary forms of manifestation of high-speed abilities perform in various combinations and in conjunction with other physically qualities and technical actions. In this case, there is a complex manifestation of high-speed abilities. These include: the rapid performance of holistic motor actions, the ability to dial the maximum speed as quickly as possible and maintain it to support it.

For the practice of physical education, the speed of holistic motor actions is the highest value in running, swimming, movement on skis, etc., and not the elementary forms of its manifestation. However, this speed only indirectly characterizes the speed of a person, as it is due not only to the level of speed development, but also by other factors, in particular the technique of ownership of action, coordination abilities, motivation, volitional qualities and D.R.

At the speed, manifested in holistic motor actions, affect:

1. The frequency of neuromuscular impulsation;

2. Muscle transition rate from the voltage phase to the relaxation phase;

3. The pace of alternation of these phases;

4. The degree of inclusion in the process of movement of rapidly cutting muscle fibers and their synchronous operation.

The ability to dial the maximum speed as quickly as possible by the phase of starting overclocking or starting speed. On average, this time is 5-6c. The ability to hold the maximum speed as long as possible is called high-speed endurance and determined at remote speed.

In games, there is another specific manifestation of high-speed qualities -From in braking, when due to a change in the situation, it is necessary to instantly stop and start moving in another direction.

The speed of movements is primarily due to the corresponding activities of the cerebral cortex and the mobility of nerve processes causing the reduction, voltage and relaxation of the muscles.

On Kholodov Zh.K. The speed is determined:

1) by measuring the speed of movement in response to a certain signal by reactions of various designs;

2) by the number of movements for the set time, an unloaded limb or torso within the boundaries of a certain amplitude;

3) in terms of overcoming the set distance (for example, running by 20, 30 m);

4) in the speed of performing a single movement in a complex action, such as repulsion in the jumps, the movements of the shoulder belt and hands in throwing, hit in boxing, the initial movement of the runner to short distances, movements of the gymnast, etc.

The manifestation of the forms of speed and speed of movements depends on a number of factors:

1. The states of the central nervous system and the human neuromuscular apparatus;

2. Morphological features of muscle tissue, its composition (i.e., from the ratio of fast and slow fibers);

3. muscle forces;

4. The abilities of the muscles quickly move out of the intense state in the delay;

5. Energy reserves in the muscle (adenosineryphosphoric acid - ATP and creatine phosphate - KTF);

6. The amplitudes of movements, i.e. on the degree of mobility in the joints;

7. The ability to coordinate movements at high-speed work;

8. Biological rhythm of the body's life;

9. age and gender;

10. Human high-speed human abilities.

From a physiological point of view, the speed of the reaction depends on the rate of flow of the following five phases:

1) the emergence of excitation in the receptor (visual, rumors, tactile, etc.) participating in the perception of the signal;

2) transmission of excitation to the central nervous system;

3) transition signal information on nervous paths, its analysis and formation of the efferent signal;

4) carrying out the efferent signal from the central nervous system to the muscle;

5) the excitement of the muscle and the appearance of the activity mechanism in it.

Human speed abilities are very specific. You can very quickly perform some movements and relatively slower - others, have a good starting acceleration and low remote speed, and vice versa. Training in the speed of the reaction almost will not affect the frequency of movements. So when selecting exercises for football players, it is necessary to pay attention to starting accelerations from different provisions and rapid changes in the direction of movement. The relative independence between the individual forms of high-speed abilities suggests that there is no, a single reason that determines the maximum speed in all motor tasks without exception.

The speed indicators in natural conditions depend on the developed acceleration, and it is determined by the power of the muscles, and the mass of the body, or its links, the length of the lever, the total body length, etc.

High-speed abilities are very difficult to develop. The possibility of increasing the speed in locomotor cyclic acts is very limited. In the process of sports training, an increase in the speed of movements is achieved not only by the impact on actually speed abilities, but in other ways - through the upbringing of power and high-speed-force abilities, high-speed endurance, improvement of movement techniques, etc., i.e. Through the improvement of those factors on which the manifestation of certain qualities of speed significantly depends. In numerous studies, it is shown that all the above-mentioned types of high-speed abilities are specific. The range of mutual transfer of high-speed abilities is limited (for example, you can have a good reaction to the signal, but have a low frequency of movements; the ability to perform at high speed starting acceleration in the sprint race does not yet guarantee high remote speed and vice versa). The direct positive frequency transfer takes place only in movements that have similar semantic and programming sides, as well as the engine composition. The noted specific features of high-speed abilities therefore require the use of relevant training tools and methods for each species.