New in injection cosmetology. Types of injections under the eyes and injection procedures for rejuvenation. Benefits of injection cosmetology

Injection, being a part of traditional medicine, is also changing under the influence of modern innovations. Moreover, it happens all the time. Techniques representing the field of injection cosmetology are constantly being modernized and their number is increasing. At the moment they include: mesotherapy, biorevialization, biorestructuring, bioreinforcement, contour plastics, etc. But what do the procedures mean by such names and how do they differ? On a par with plastic surgery and other methods of rejuvenation, will injection cosmetology technologies be considered competitive? What is it? You can find out the answers to these and other questions from this article.

Injection cosmetology is a procedure for which needles (cannulas) are used, with the help of which drugs are injected under the skin. The most common of them: mesotherapy, biorevitalization, bio-reinforcement in various forms, contour plastics, plasmolifting, botulinum therapy. Many of the currently existing procedures that relate to injection cosmetology and have new names, in fact, are variations of well-known traditional technologies. In other words, the traditional procedure is carried out using an innovative drug.

Injection areas

Are injections required or can you do without them?

While devices for laser, light and radio frequency exposure are widely used in our time, injections do not lose their leading positions. This method is preferred by many clients. In addition, he is considered one of the favorite doctors. In addition to this, the cost of injection cosmetology services for most of the population is affordable.

Injection cosmetology procedures are not just simple and straightforward. They are always honest. I mean, the drug is injected - the effect is obtained. This explains the popularity of "beauty shots". Since they always work reliably and efficiently, neither clients nor doctors refuse them.

Injection is ideal for subcutaneous drug delivery

It's no secret that the skin is a kind of barrier. It perfectly protects the body from the ingestion of various substances and contaminants. Therefore, the effect that you can observe when using creams and masks may not always bring the desired result, unlike injections. For example, in which only ions of water-soluble substances are injected under the skin by injection is one of the most popular delivery methods. Injection cosmetology methods are almost universal. In addition, the cost of injection services is not high.

With the help of injections, cosmetologists can inject:

  • various drugs,
  • strictly in the required quantity,
  • in the right form,
  • to the exact place
  • to the required depth.

In addition, the punctures themselves, which accompany the injections, also have a beneficial effect on the skin, providing an excellent stimulating effect. Responses that trigger skin punctures accelerate the action of the drug used, increasing it several times, and also:

  • expand and increase vascular permeability;
  • activate immunocompetent cells,
  • provoke the release of biologically active substances by mast cells.

Mesotherapy procedure

Mesotherapy "against" biorevitalization

These methods of injection cosmetology, in general, have one basis. In fact, they involve numerous injections, with the help of which the necessary drug is injected under the skin in small doses. At the same time, the depth of its introduction over the entire treated area is not significant.

Mesotherapy is an injection procedure through which multicomponent formulations are injected subcutaneously, which include biologically active substances such as amino acids, antioxidants and vitamins.

During biorevitalization, hyaluronic acid-based preparations are delivered under the skin by injections. As a rule, these are natural remedies that stimulate the restoration of the dermis at the structural level and normalize the subcutaneous metabolism. At the moment, specialists are using more advanced compositions containing polynonucleotides, polypeptides, etc. Thanks to such compositions, the most striking effect in terms of correcting age-related skin changes can be achieved.

In other words, both mesotherapy and biorevitalization imply the same options for administering drugs that differ in composition.

Contour plastic and biorevitalization: differences

Injection contouring is a method in which volumetric modeling is carried out by deeply injecting hyaluronic acid fillers under the skin. As previously indicated, during biorevitalization, injections are not deeply injected. This technology is aimed at eliminating visible skin problems caused by age-related changes, due to the formation of additional volume in the subcutaneous fat layer. In contrast, biorevitalization with superficial injections only helps to improve the quality of the skin.

Softlifting - an innovative method of volumetric modeling

This is one of the latest and most promising techniques, which was recently created by the plastic surgeon Ulf Samuelson, known in Europe for his work. This procedure will allow you to use all the capabilities of the components of hyaluronic acid - fillers to the fullest. The use of new generation fillers in volumetric modeling contributes to the creation of a beautiful and regular face contour, removing age signs and fatigue. This new approach also works on all lines of the face, creating straight and crisp lines on the cheekbones, chin, cheeks and also around the eyes. Already many are inclined to believe that softlifting in the near future will become an excellent alternative to plastic surgery.

Softleaving

Vector lifting, mesothreads and bio-reinforcement: to create a framework

One of the innovative technologies in the field of injection cosmetology is the bio-reinforcement procedure. During this procedure, thanks to deep injections, hyaluronic acid is injected subcutaneously, which is characterized by a low viscosity. The principle of this technology is that through a linear puncture, which is made on the skin, a drug is injected that stimulates the production of collagen and elastin. Thus, a kind of framework is created, which, due to its elasticity, holds the tissues of the skin in the required position, tightening them.

This procedure may also be known as vector lifting. A similar procedure involves the introduction of drugs through subcutaneous injections along the lines of tension of Langer's tissues in order to achieve the initiation of neocollagenogenesis. Therefore, "vector lifting" refers to one of the options representing the technique of bio-reinforcement.

The next stage in the development of the principle of bio-reinforcement will allow us to use mesothreads. These are absorbable polydioxanone sutures. They create a frame by "sewing" the face. The immediate tightening effect causes tension on the subcutaneously injected mesothreads. The collagen fibers formed on them during the year will subsequently become a bioframework, when the mesothreads completely dissolve. Thus, this procedure will provide a noticeable lifting effect for several years. Moreover, the price of introducing mesothreads into the skin of the face will allow you to get the maximum desired effect quickly and for a long time.

Below is an informational video about biorevitalization :

How injection cosmetology develops

Volumetric modeling methods are in greatest demand nowadays. It is used as a prophylaxis against gravitational changes associated with the contour of the face. The principle of the technique is the introduction of a small amount of filler into certain areas of the face, in which the first signs of changes have appeared. It will provide support, preventing loss of elasticity and tissue slipping. In other words, it will become both a bioframework and a means for correction. The fact that such a method is considered the most effective and retaining its effect for a long time arouses considerable interest on the part of clients who are striving to undergo the procedure right now. Moreover, it is much easier to prevent changes than to get rid of them.

In addition, the field of injection cosmetology has great development prospects. Already, many experts are talking about innovative, combined correction techniques using more advanced drugs. The popularity of this area revives considerable interest among developers and specialists who strive to solve as many patients' problems as possible. It is possible to use individual techniques for each individual situation.

Thus, they have become a unifying link for many different areas of cosmetology, in which a needle and innovative medical preparations are used as the main influence on the code.

For a long time, the only way to achieve rejuvenation was plastic surgery. In recent years, a more rational solution has appeared that excludes surgery. This is injection cosmetology that can give an instant effect.

What methods are used?

Injection cosmetology in Moscow offers a wide range of proposals. If you do not want to be disappointed in your choice, the following recommendations are:

  • request a license from the institution;
  • ask family and friends to talk about the quality of service, if they have ever received treatment here.

Please note that:

  • the absence of patients in the lobby is a bad sign;
  • a competent doctor seeks to avoid serious interference as much as possible;
  • a sign of a good clinic is a detailed survey of the patient;
  • a real specialist will never go home.

What injection techniques in cosmetology are offered in modern clinics?

  • biorevitalization and mesotherapy;
  • botulinum therapy;
  • contour plastics and softlifting;
  • mesothreads and bio-reinforcement.

The listed injection methods in cosmetology are the most popular.

Biorevitalization

Biorevitalization is associated with the introduction of hyaluronic acid under the skin. Collagen preparations are also used. All these components are a constituent part of the epidermis. They provide moisture and elasticity. With age, the production of these substances decreases markedly. This is sometimes facilitated by unfavorable environmental factors:

  • ultraviolet rays of the sun;
  • exposure to chemicals;
  • mechanical damage.

The most prominent example of decreased collagen production is the formation of wrinkles.

What areas are affected? This is the face, neck and décolleté, the back of the hand. The drug is injected into the skin to a depth of 1 cm. Before this, you need to carry out local anesthesia.

After the procedure, small papules are formed, which pass on their own after 3 days.
Usually the doctor prescribes procedures in a course (2-3 sessions). Patients go to them once every two weeks. After their completion, it is enough to carry out supportive therapy. To do this, you should visit a beautician once every three months.

In what cases is biorevitalization justified:

  • after a trip to hot countries;
  • if you have very dry skin;
  • after chemical peeling or photorejuvenation;
  • when plastic surgery is coming.

Mesotherapy

It involves the use of a high dose of the drug, administered subcutaneously. It is used for individual areas of the skin or in the immediate vicinity of the lesion site.

Sometimes the procedure is done manually with a syringe. It is carried out once a week. Assign a course of 7-10 sessions.

Areas they work with: face and body, scalp.

The drugs used in mesotherapy are often based on homeopathy.

Botulinum therapy

The technique allows for the correction and prevention of mimic wrinkles. Special preparations are used in the form of injections of Botox, Xeomin, Dysport.

They promote relaxation of the neck and facial muscles. Thus, the problem that caused expression wrinkles is eliminated.

The drug is administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. The doctor uses very thin needles, due to which the pain of the procedure is practically zero.

Please note that botulinum therapy does not give the face the appearance of a "mask". That is, it looks completely fresh and vigorous.
Indications:

  • Crow's feet around the eyes;
  • and the bridge of the nose;
  • drooping corners of the mouth;
  • hyperhidrosis (increased sweating).

Serious experience is what injection cosmetology necessarily requires. Training should be carried out according to a special program.

The full course involves the study of theoretical and practical material. Cosmetologists wishing to improve their own skills and learn about new techniques can try this direction.

First, introductory lectures are held for students. On them, students will learn the meaning of basic concepts and what equipment they will work with. They are told about the principles and effects of certain procedures. After that, injection cosmetology is taught in the form of practical exercises.

Softlifting

Another innovative technology. It allows you to:

  • provide;
  • fill the deficit in soft tissue volume.

The most popular injection cosmetology is used by representatives of show business. As for softlifting, it is in great demand in Western countries. Compared to standard plastic fillers, it is considered to be more effective. At the same time, it is characterized by a lower level of injury.

Result

It is noticeable almost immediately. It can be seen how the volume of the soft tissues of the face, lost due to various reasons, is restored. The rehabilitation period is not provided, since there is no need for it.

Mesothreads

The technique is based on modeling the skeleton of the face and body in 3D mode. At the same time, mesothreads with the finest structure are used. A thin needle is used to inject the material, polydioxanone.

Depending on the individual characteristics of the patient, the cosmetologist chooses one or another direction of the thread. Maximum comfort is the main advantage of the procedure. For the absence of painful sensations, professionals use topical creams.

The threads are elastic. For this reason, the resulting framework is stable. Rehabilitation is not required in most cases. Another plus is the absence of marks after injections. The duration of the procedure is 1 hour.

Duration of effect

The effect of the procedure is visible immediately and lasts up to 2 years. Much depends on the patient himself. Usually 1 session is enough to get the desired result.

Bio-reinforcement

Injection procedures in cosmetology guarantee maximum convenience and comfort for the patient. Bio-reinforcement is an example of this. It is highly effective and pain free. This non-surgical technique involves the use of anesthesia. After that, the doctor injects a special drug according to a special scheme.

An even distribution of the active substance under the skin is noted. Due to this, it equally affects the metabolic processes occurring in cells.

Indications:

  • loose skin folds;
  • the presence of vague contours in the area of ​​the lower jaw and chin;
  • drooping corners of the eyebrows, eyes and mouth.

Sometimes the clinic of injection cosmetology can offer the patient to resort to bio-reinforcement in order to enlarge certain parts of the face, cheeks, for example.

Contraindications:

  • infectious processes in the active stage;
  • diseases of the blood system;
  • taking anticoagulants;
  • autoimmune diseases;
  • pregnancy;
  • lactation period.

If you carry out biorevitalization, ignoring all these contraindications, side effects are possible. The result of the procedure itself may also turn out to be not the most successful.

But even for absolutely healthy people, preliminary preparation is required. According to the doctor's prescription, a few days before the session, the patient takes "Dicinon" or its equivalent. This measure is aimed at preventing hematomas.

To avoid problems with the circulatory system, it is required to exclude anticoagulants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and vitamin E for 2 weeks.

Contour plastic

Injection cosmetology is recognized today as one of the best ways to painlessly eliminate skin imperfections. It allows you to prolong its youth and beauty for many years, and is used with a deficiency of soft tissue volume. In this case, we are talking about Specialists using the so-called fillers. They are subcutaneous fillers.

Areas of use:

  • various folds (chin, nasolabial, and so on);
  • lips (for enlargement);
  • nasolacrimal folds;
  • atrophic scars.

The duration of the procedure is 20-40 minutes. Before starting work, the specialist applies a special anesthetic cream.

Temporary preparations based on hyaluronic acid have become popular lately. They provide a long lasting effect. This decision is considered more physiological than fillers.

For a long time in the beauty industry, plastic surgery was considered the most effective method of rejuvenation. And today, the so-called "beauty injections" allow to correct skin defects and restore its former elasticity. Injection methods give instant results, have a minimal set of contraindications, and rarely cause serious side effects.

Various techniques are aimed at preventing aging, correcting cosmetic defects, and rejuvenating the appearance of the skin. The long-term effect and availability of procedures are additional bonuses that make it possible for millions of women to take care of their beauty.

What are injection methods in cosmetology

In aesthetic medicine, injection methods are used to combat skin imperfections and signs of aging. Using a special cannula or the finest needle, anti-aging agents or cocktails are injected under the skin.

A drug or cosmetic product cannot penetrate into the deep layers of tissue if it is simply applied to the skin. With the help of an injection, it can be delivered to the desired depth and the appearance of the skin in the problem area can be corrected. Multiple punctures allow you to control the correction area, causing a minimum amount of microtrauma to avoid the possible development of inflammation.

The injections promote vasodilation and blood flow. The permeability of the vessels increases, which makes it possible for biologically active components of the blood and immune cells to saturate the tissues. The protective properties of the skin are increased, activated and. As a result, a new tissue frame is formed.

Injection methods in cosmetology can solve the following problems:

  • improve the appearance of the skin;
  • increase skin elasticity;
  • normalize sweating;
  • cope with some types of alopecia;
  • make the contour of the face clear;
  • and much more.

Their advantages and disadvantages

Injection methods of rejuvenation are well-deservedly popular due to:

  • the possibility of using multicomponent preparations with different properties;
  • the accuracy of dosing and introduction to the desired depth;
  • painlessness and safety;
  • quick results;
  • the minimum set of contraindications and the absence of age restrictions;
  • short rehabilitation period;
  • the speed of the procedures and the duration of the effect of at least 1 year;
  • no need to use expensive equipment;
  • availability of procedures;
  • the ability to choose the most suitable method.

In their work, injection methods of rejuvenation are used not only by expensive clinics, but also by many beauty salons. To make a small correction, you do not have to go to a large city and look for a specialized institution. It is enough to use the services of the nearest beauty salon, not forgetting to study its reputation and reviews of those who have already tried the effect of "beauty injections".

Women who have experienced such techniques rarely talk about the shortcomings. Basically, this is the need to lead a secluded lifestyle for 1 - 2 weeks after the procedure. This is due to the fact that often after the injections appear small hematomas and edema, which usually go away on their own. More serious side effects are also possible. For example, a violation of the symmetry of the face or not at all the effect that was expected. But, in fairness, it should be noted that after plastic surgery, the likelihood of serious side effects is much higher.

Basic techniques

The injection method of correction is selected in each case individually, taking into account the wishes of the patient and the effectiveness of the procedure in this or that case.

Botulinum toxins

Botulinum therapy is indicated if it is necessary to smooth out wrinkles and reduce the depth of small folds. Weakened botulinum toxin is used for injections. The drug temporarily paralyzes the facial muscles, which contribute to the appearance of wrinkles. After the injection, the folds are smoothed out.

It has more than just anti-aging properties. The drug blocks the increased work of the sweat glands. As a result, the patient gets rid of excessive sweating.

With all the advantages of this technique, it is necessary to strictly follow the doctor's recommendations and carefully consider the choice of a specialist who will carry out the procedure. Otherwise, side effects may occur in the form of:

  • asymmetry of the eyebrows, drooping corners of the lips, immobility of the eyelids;
  • visual impairment;
  • paralysis of the facial muscles;
  • asymmetry of the face contour;
  • ineffectiveness of repeated procedures.

  • A procedure called "" based on hyaluronic acid injections. This is a variant of contour plastics. The drug is administered in different directions relative to the facial muscles: along the lines of tension, perpendicularly or parallel. help to form a new facial framework that will tighten and hold tissues. The uniqueness of this method lies in the fact that its own elastin and collagen begins to be actively produced and gradually replaces the artificially created framework.
  • You can model the face frame using a similar technique, but with hyaluronic acid instead. Mesothreads- the thinnest material polydioxanone, which is completely absorbed some time after the introduction under the skin. The procedure is quick and painless.

Contouring and softlifting

  • Contour plastic can successfully replace plastic surgery. With the same results, contouring does not cause side effects and allergic reactions. There is practically no recovery period. The technique is based on injections of non-animal hyaluronic acid. Fillers are injected under the skin to change the volume and shape of the lips, eliminate wrinkles and deep folds on the skin, correct the face contour and increase skin elasticity. In some cases, hyaluronic acid injections help. Additional bonuses of contouring are moisturized skin and activation of the production of its own collagen.
  • To make the shape of the face sculpted will help such a procedure as. The technique is based on the introduction of the latest generation fillers with a dense structure under the skin. They contain the same hyaluronic acid. Volumetric rejuvenation of the face is accompanied by the shaping of the lips and chin, cheeks and temporal zones, and the erasure of signs of aging.

Contouring and softlifting cannot replace plastic surgery if you need to remove excess skin or correct a severely deformed face oval.

Mesotherapy and biorevitalization

The technique for performing these procedures is the same. For injections, solutions are used based on drugs, homeopathic remedies, vitamin complexes, serums, and herbal extracts.

  • - a procedure for injecting a single-component drug under the skin, which can relieve inflammation, eliminate excessive sweating, get rid of age spots and the effects of acne, accelerate hair growth, improve blood circulation, improve metabolic processes and increase local immunity. The cocktails for the procedure can be prepared or compiled by a beautician.
  • Is a kind of mesotherapy. The basis of preparations for injections is hyaluronic acid with a low molecular structure. Together with it, to enhance the effect, monopreparations are used, which are common for mesotherapy. The purpose of biorevitalization is to moisturize and increase the elasticity of the skin, as well as to level the relief of the skin.

We bring to your attention a video describing various injection methods in cosmetology:

Other options for beauty injections

Procedure name The essence of the procedure
Calcium hydroxyapatite injectionsThe injections promote the production of your own collagen. They are used to smooth wrinkles, moisturize the skin, preserve the face contour and stimulate the formation of collagen fibers. The procedure cannot be performed during pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, inflammation in the correction zone.
Ozone injectionsOzone shots can be part of anti-aging therapy. With the help of ozone injections, you can remove inflammation, cure rosacea, get rid of dandruff, fungus, cellulite. Ozone promotes rejuvenation of the deep layers of the epidermis, renewing cells and smoothing the upper layer of the skin.
Lactic acid injectionsArtificial lactic acid helps to smooth nasolabial folds, remove deep wrinkles, and sharpen the contour of the face. Do not inject lactic acid on the forehead, eyes and lips. Contraindications include pregnancy and lactation, autoimmune diseases and blood diseases.
PlasmoliftingThe essence of the procedure is to inject the patient's own blood plasma into the problem areas, but enriched with platelets. Plasmolifting will help to cope with age-related aging of the skin, refresh the complexion, tighten and moisturize the skin, cope with acne, remove the effects of sunbathing, and smooth out wrinkles.

How to choose the right solution

It is impossible to choose the appropriate rejuvenation technique on your own. To get the desired effect, you need to take into account age, features of the structure of the face and facial expressions, the presence of allergies. The beautician must assess the reality of the patient's wishes and the duration of the anti-aging effect.

Some procedures have a number of contraindications. A specialist who will carry out the rejuvenation procedure should notify about this. To determine the possibility of its implementation, you will have to pass a number of tests and consult with related specialists.

In order for the procedure to be effective and bring only satisfaction, it is necessary to take care of the choice of a suitable clinic or salon, as well as to make sure of the qualifications of a specialist.

Injection techniques used in modern cosmetology for rejuvenation and getting rid of cosmetic defects of various etiologies are rightfully the most effective means of fighting to prolong youth and improve appearance.

With the help of these methods, the skin regains its lost elasticity and relief, wrinkles are smoothed, lips acquire clear outlines and volume, double chin disappears, which allows to achieve the visual effect of rejuvenation. Injection techniques can be both a prophylactic agent that prevents age-related changes in the skin, and corrects the already existing manifestations of its aging.

The most effective methods today are mesotherapy, (intradermal injections of drugs), (filling) and injections of botulinum toxin preparations.

Mesotherapy

Indications for mesotherapy are correction of the face contour, elimination of a double chin, equalization of complexion, restoration of skin tone and elasticity, reduction of it granularity, prevention of age-related changes, as well as treatment of warts, papillomas, hypertrophic scars.

A large arsenal of drugs for administration, the ability to adjust their use in the course of therapy, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patient, make mesotherapy a universal method that has practically no contraindications.

There are a number of restrictions on this procedure:

  • violation of hemocoagulation;
  • pregnancy, lactation period;
  • infections caused by the herpes virus;
  • pyoderma;
  • tuberculosis.

There are several options for performing mesotherapy techniques:

These techniques differ in the depth of needle insertion and the amount of drug injected. The choice of one or another of them is determined by the cosmetologist, depending on the localization of the problem area.

Due to the fact that the amount of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate, which are responsible for the synthesis of collagen in the epithelium, steadily decreases with age, leading to premature aging of the skin, the use of the method of mesotherapy in preventive measures has been recommended since the age of 26.

Contour plastic (filling)

For filling perioral, periorbital wrinkles, nasolabial folds, correction of the corners of the lips, cheekbones and the lower oval of the face in cosmetology, the method is successfully used. With the help of filling, you can quickly get rid of such cosmetic defects as post-acne and atrophic scars.

The main components of the drugs used in this technique can be collagen, hyaluronic and polylactic acid, which have a pronounced biorevitalizing effect. The safest of them are drugs that can be absorbed under the skin, they are especially recommended for the first injection procedure.

The use of this method with the introduction of non-absorbable drugs is effective for correcting the shape of the chin, nose, lip contour, "sunken" cheeks and "pointed" cheekbones.
Contraindications for filling are similar to those available for mesotherapy.

Botulinum toxin injections

A local muscle relaxant, botulinum toxin, is widely used for the treatment of many diseases associated with violation of muscle contractions in neurology, ophthalmology and other areas of medicine, in recent years has become an effective tool used in cosmetology.

Indications for this type of procedure are deep horizontal frontal, glabellar and nasolabial folds, crow's feet in the corners of the eyes. The visual effect of botulinum toxin injections is comparable to plastic surgery, which allows you to achieve a perfectly flat skin surface and maximum wrinkle smoothing.

The result after the administration of the botulinum toxin preparation appears after 3-14 days and lasts from 3 to 10 months, depending on the zone of administration and the dosage of the injected drug, which makes it possible to achieve the desired degree of correction (paresis or paralysis).

The choice of the dose of the drug and the area of ​​its administration depends on the individual characteristics of the patient and is determined by the structure of her eyelids, the shape of the eyebrows, the degree of tissue prolapse and her physiological age. The final result - the degree of wrinkle smoothing - depends on the variation in the amount of botulinum toxin injected, the severity of folds and skin elasticity.

In order to avoid dislocation of the eyebrows downward, their overhang, the introduction of botulinum toxin preparations is not recommended for the correction of frontal frontal wrinkles, especially if there is excess skin in this area, as well as for persons with constitutional or acquired overhang of the skin of the upper eyelids.

Basic principles for choosing an injection technique

An individual approach to the choice of a particular injection technique is a decisive factor in the success of the procedure. It is important to take into account both the age and the structure of the face, the peculiarity of facial expressions and the presence of allergic reactions in each patient. Before the injection, you should find out how real her wishes are, how quickly and for how long she wants to acquire a rejuvenating effect, and determine the presence or absence

Contraindications to one of the techniques. The optimal order of therapeutic procedures consists of a course of chemical peelings and hardware cosmetology procedures, then mesotherapy, after that - botulinum toxin injections, and only then contour plastics. This sequence allows you to influence the state of skin quality, stimulates metabolism, and also activates the synthesis of collagen and elastin, which leads to a significant rejuvenation of the skin.

The high efficiency of injection methods has long been proven in practice, however, carrying out these procedures requires the professionalism of a doctor, on whose actions a significant proportion of the result depends.