painting technique- a set of techniques for using artistic materials and means.

Traditional painting techniques: encaustic, tempera, wall (lime), glue and other types. Since the 15th century, the technique of painting with oil paints has become popular; in the 20th century, synthetic paints appeared with a binder made of polymers (acrylic, vinyl, etc.). Gouache, watercolor, Chinese ink and semi-drawing technique - pastel - are also referred to as painting.

WATERCOLOR

Watercolor(from Italian "aquarello") - means painting with water-based paints.

There are many artistic techniques in watercolor: work on wet paper ("A la Prima"), work on dry paper, fill, wash, use of watercolor pencils, ink, work with a dry brush, use of a palette knife, salt, multilayer painting, use of mixed media.

Varieties of watercolor techniques:

dry - painting on dry paper, with each layer of paint drying before applying the next

in a damp way, wet watercolor, alla prima - painting on wet paper. The wet-on-wet technique uses watercolor flow to create unusual color effects. Using this technique requires knowledge of the moisture content of the paper and experience with the technique itself.

Alla prima (ala prim) (derived from Italian alla prima - at the first moment) is a kind of oil and watercolor painting technique that involves the execution of a picture (or its fragment) in one session, without preliminary registration and underpainting.

Shading is a very interesting technique in watercolor. Smooth color transitions allow you to effectively depict the sky, water, mountains.

The palette knife is used not only in oil painting, but also in watercolor painting. With a palette knife, you can emphasize the outlines of mountains, stones, rocks, clouds, sea waves, depict trees, flowers.

The absorbent properties of salt are used to produce interesting effects in watercolor. With the help of salt, you can decorate the meadow with flowers, get a moving air environment in the picture, moving tonal transitions.

Multi-layer painting is rich in color. In multilayer painting, all the artistic techniques of working with watercolor are used.

Watercolor is one of the most difficult painting techniques. The main quality of watercolor is the transparency and lightness of the image. The seeming simplicity and ease of painting with watercolors is deceptive. Watercolor painting requires skill with a brush, skill in seeing tone and color, knowledge of the laws of mixing colors and applying a paint layer to paper. There are many techniques in watercolor: work on dry paper, work on wet paper ("A la Prima"), use of watercolor pencils, ink, multi-layered painting, dry brush work, fill, wash, use of a palette knife, salt, use of mixed media.

Watercolor, despite the seeming simplicity and ease of drawing, is the most complex painting technique. Watercolor painting requires skill with a brush, skill in seeing tone and color, knowledge of the laws of mixing colors and applying a paint layer to paper.

For watercolor work, paper is one of the most important materials. Its quality, type, relief, density, graininess, sizing are important. Depending on the qualities of the paper, watercolor paints are applied to paper in different ways, absorbed, dried.

PENCIL

A pencil is a material for drawing. Distinguish between black lead and colored pencils. Pencil drawing is done on paper using hatching, tonal spots, chiaroscuro rendering.

Watercolor pencils are a type of colored pencils that are water soluble. The techniques for using watercolor pencils are varied: blurring a drawing with a watercolor pencil with water, working with a watercolor pencil soaked in water, working with a pencil on wet paper, etc. Drawing is more difficult to perform.

With the help of a pencil, you can get an infinite number of shades, gradations of tone. The drawing uses pencils of various degrees of softness.

They begin work on a graphic drawing with a constructive drawing, i.e. a drawing of the external contours of an object using construction lines, usually with a pencil of medium softness H, HB, B, F, then in a tone drawing, in which there are no contour lines of objects, and the boundaries of objects are indicated by hatching, if necessary, use softer pencils. The hardest is 9H, the softest is 9B.

In a pencil drawing, it is desirable to make as few corrections as possible and use an eraser carefully so as not to leave stains, so the drawing will look fresh and neat. It is better not to use shading in a pencil drawing for the same reasons. To apply the tone, a hatching technique is used. Strokes can be different in direction, length, rarefaction, pencil pressure. The direction of the stroke (horizontal, vertical, oblique) is determined by the shape, size of the object, the movement of the surface in the drawing.

The pencil portrait is very realistic and filled with light. Indeed, with the help of a pencil, you can convey many shades, the depth and volume of the image, the transitions of chiaroscuro.

A pencil drawing is fixed with a fixative, so the drawing does not lose its clarity, does not smear even when touched with a hand and remains for a long time.

BUTTER

Oil painting on canvas is the most popular painting technique. Oil painting gives the master an unlimited number of ways to depict and convey the mood of the surrounding world. Pasty or airy transparent strokes through which the canvas is visible, creating a relief with a palette knife, glazing, using transparent or opaque paints, various variations of mixing colors - all this variety of oil painting techniques allows the artist to find and convey the mood, the volume of the depicted objects, the air environment, create an illusion space, to convey the richness of the shades of the surrounding world.

Oil painting has its own peculiarity - the picture is painted in several layers (2-3), each layer needs to dry for several days, depending on the materials used, so usually an oil painting is painted from several days to several weeks.

The most acceptable for oil painting is linen canvas. Linen fabric is durable, has a lively texture. Linen canvases come in a variety of grain sizes. Fine-grained, smoother canvas is used for portraiture and fine-grained painting. Coarse-grained canvas is suitable for painting with a pronounced texture (stones, rocks, trees), impasto painting and painting with a palette knife. Previously, painting used the technique of glazing, applying paint in thin layers, so the roughness of the linen layer gave the picture elegance. Now in painting the technique of impasto strokes is often used. However, the quality of the canvas is important to the expressiveness of the painting.

Cotton canvas is a durable and inexpensive material, suitable for painting with paste strokes.

In oil painting, such bases as burlap, plywood, hardboard, metal, and even paper are also used.

Canvases are stretched on cardboard and on a stretcher. Canvases on cardboard are thin and usually do not come in large sizes, and do not exceed the size of 50x70. They are lightweight and easy to transport. Canvases on a stretcher are more expensive, finished canvases on a stretcher can reach a size of 1.2m by 1.5m. The finished painting is framed.

Before working with oil, the canvases are glued and primed. This is necessary so that the oil paint does not destroy the canvas, and that the paint lies well on the canvas.

Paintings with oil paints are most often written by setting the canvas on an easel. In oil painting, the technique of working with a palette knife is used. Palette knife - a tool made of flexible steel in the form of a knife or spatula with a curved handle. A different form of a palette knife helps to achieve different textures, relief, volume. A palette knife can also apply even, smooth strokes. The blade of a palette knife can also be used to create thin lines - vertical, horizontal, chaotic.

PASTEL

Pastel(from lat. pasta - dough) - a technique of painting and drawing on a rough surface of paper and cardboard with pastels. Pastel is one of the very unusual types of pictorial materials. Pastel painting is airy and tender. The subtlety and elegance of the pastel technique gives the pictures liveliness, somewhere fabulous and magical. In the technique of "dry" pastels, the technique of "shading" is widely used, which gives the effect of soft transitions and tenderness of color. Pastel is applied to rough paper. Paper color matters. The background color, appearing through the strokes of the pastel, evokes a certain mood, weakening or enhancing the color effects of the picture. Pastel paintings are fixed with a fixative and stored under glass.

The pastel technique gained wide popularity and reached its peak in the 18th century. Pastel has the ability to give any plot an unusual softness and tenderness. In this technique, you can make any subjects - from landscapes to drawings of people.

The advantages of pastel are in great freedom for the artist: it allows you to remove and overlap entire pictorial layers, to stop and resume work at any time. Pastel combines the possibilities of painting and drawing. She can draw and write, work with shading or a picturesque spot, with a dry and wet brush.

Pastel types:

dry- made from pigment by pressing without adding oil

oily- made from pigment with linseed oil by pressing.

waxy- made from pigment by pressing with the addition of wax

Pastel techniques are varied. Pastel strokes are rubbed with fingers, special blenders, leather rollers, silk square brushes, brushes, soft tampons. The pastel technique is very subtle and complex in its overlays of pastel "glazing" of color on color. Pastel is superimposed with spots, strokes, glazing.

To work with pastel pencils, bases are needed that hold the pastel and prevent it from shedding. Pastels work on rough types of paper, such as "torchon", drawing paper, sandpaper, on loose, fleecy cardboard, suede, parchment, canvas. The best base is suede, on which some of the works that have become classics are written. Pastel drawings are fixed with special fixatives that prevent the pastel from shedding.

Edgar Degas was an unsurpassed pastel master. Degas had a sharp eye and an infallible drawing, which allowed him to achieve unprecedented effects in pastels. Never before have pastel drawings been so quivering, masterfully careless and so precious in color. In his later works, reminiscent of a festive kaleidoscope of lights, E. Degas was obsessed with the desire to convey the rhythm and movement of the scene. To give the paints a special shine and make them glow, the artist dissolved the pastel with hot water, turning it into a kind of oil paint, and applied it to the canvas with a brush. In February 2007, at Sotheby's in London, Degas' pastel "Three Dancers in Purple Skirts" was sold for $ 7.87 million. In Russia, such masters as Repin, Serov, Levitan, Kustodiev, Petrov-Vodkin worked in pastels.

SANGINA

The color range of sanguine, a drawing material, ranges from brown to close to red. With the help of sanguine, the tones of the human body are well transmitted, so the portraits made by sanguine look very natural. The technique of drawing from life with the help of sanguine has been known since the Renaissance (Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael). Often sanguine is combined with charcoal or an Italian pencil. To ensure greater durability, sanguine drawings are fixed with a fixative or placed under glass.

Sanguina has been known since antiquity. It was then that sanguine made it possible to introduce flesh-colored color into the drawing. The sanguine drawing technique became widespread in the Renaissance. Renaissance artists developed and widely used the "three pencils" technique: they applied a drawing with sanguine or sepia and charcoal on tinted paper, and then highlighted the desired areas with white chalk.

Sanguina(from Latin "sanguineus" - "blood red") - these are pencils of red-brown tones. Sanguina is made from finely ground burnt sienna and clay. Like pastel, charcoal and sauce, sanguine is a soft material that is shaped into square or round crayons during production.

With the help of sanguine, the tones of the human body are well transmitted, so the portraits made by sanguine look very natural.

The sanguine technique is characterized by a combination of broad strokes and shading with strokes of sharply sharpened sanguine blocks. Beautiful sanguine drawings are obtained on a tinted background, especially when charcoal and chalk are added to the base material (the “three pencils” technique).

For the drawing, a sanguine of such a shade is chosen that better suits the characteristics of nature. For example, it is good to draw a naked body with a reddish sanguine, and a landscape with a grayish-brown or sepia sanguine.

Sometimes sanguine is combined with charcoal, which gives cold shades. The contrast of warm and cold shades gives a special charm to such works.

To ensure greater durability, sanguine drawings can be fixed with a fixative or placed under glass.

TEMPERA

Tempera(from the Latin "temperare" - to connect) - a binder of paints, consisting of a natural or artificial emulsion. Prior to the improvement of oil paints by J. Van Eyck (XV century), medieval egg tempera was one of the most popular and widespread types of painting in Europe, but gradually it lost its significance.

In the second half of the 19th century, the disillusionment that followed in later oil painting initiated a search for new paint binders, and the forgotten tempera, whose well-preserved works eloquently speak for themselves, again attracts interest.

In contrast to oil painting and old tempera, the new tempera does not require a specific system for painting from the painter, giving him complete freedom in this respect, which he can use without any damage to the strength of the painting. Tempera, unlike oil, dries quickly. Tempera paintings covered with varnish are not inferior to oil painting in terms of color, and in terms of immutability and durability, tempera paints even surpass oil ones.

Graphics materials and techniques are varied, but, as a rule, the basis is a paper sheet. The color and texture of the paper play a big role. Colorful materials and techniques are determined by the type of graphics.

11.05.2017

Incredibly effective wish fulfillment technique

Oleg Filishin claims that his wish fulfillment technique is the most effective possible.

Important! This technique echoes other similar systems, including my method, which allows you to achieve incredible results, such as, for example,

Try Oleg's wish fulfillment technique and share the results!

Universal technique for fulfilling desires

Do you know the universal technique for fulfilling desires, regardless of their scale?

Do you know how to reprogram your beliefs and influence the course of life circumstances in just a few days without any difficulties and long-term practices?

I suppose not, otherwise you have no reason to be interested in resources of this kind ...

This is the exceptional case when you are provided with incredible knowledge that can influence the world around you, based on your preferences, for free.

Thank the Universe for such a wonderful and long-awaited gift!

My Wish Fulfillment Technique: How Do I Know It?

For several years in a row, I have been actively practicing and researching the skills of deep self-programming.

I conducted many experiments, tested many methods and theoretical aspects of entering the Special States of Consciousness.

I have tested the effect of this knowledge hundreds of times on myself and on those around me. I have not the slightest doubt about its incredible effectiveness. I can bet on anything that after a while, you will be ready to bless the moment you get acquainted with this wonderful material.

Personally, I have no reason to deceive you.

I have repeatedly observed fantastic phenomena in my own life using this practice, and I believe that you will also follow in the footsteps of your mentor.

What is the "Open Source of Cosmic Power"?

This is a bottomless repository of valuable information, power and Divine energy.

This is an indescribable line between "earth and sky." This is the greatest path of enlightenment and mystery at the same time. This is a unique chance to rise to the level of spiritual, physical and material prosperity.

The Source of Cosmic Power knows the answers to any questions, it knows your desires and preferences.

With its help, you can find the right solution to each problem, achieve moral balance, realize the subtleties of your own "I", discover phenomenal superpowers and talents, achieve your goals quickly, easily and efficiently.

It will not be difficult for you to attract any benefits, the right people and circumstances into your life. Now the road is open for you anywhere and everywhere. There is no intention that you cannot fulfill.

How it works?

I think it has become clear to most of you that you first need to learn how to properly connect to the source of Cosmic power. In order to gain a powerful connection with the bottomless storehouse of power, one should realize and do the whole process especially carefully and deeply.

Take this practice seriously and with dignity. Soon you will learn something that will radically change your subsequent life.

Now consider why I call this source "open source"?

There is a fairly simple and logical explanation.

Because you can connect to it at any time of the day, anywhere and at any location of events. There are no restrictions and there cannot be. Therein lies its true value.

What is the genius of this technology?

Genius is a combination of superiority and simplicity at the same time.

Each of you dreams of learning a technique that does not require special training, excessive complexity in execution and a long investment of time, and which in return will be the easiest and most effective, both in mastering and in its application.

I can assure you, dreams do come true!

Wish Fulfillment Works!

Attention! There is a specific set of security rules that are important to know

What is the main principle and feature of the technique?

You will not do any rituals, systematic experiments or reinforce new skills.

You don't even need to have relevant experience.

You can start practicing right now, tomorrow or in a month. Whenever.

You risk nothing and give nothing in return. Just a heartfelt thanks.

This technique is so simple that its descriptions fit into the size of a medium format article, and so useful that it deserves the close attention of millions of people.

This is not an idiosyncratic or personal approach.

This is the universal conclusion of all known, little-known and unheard-of discoveries in the field of parapsychology, esotericism and self-programming ().

People who use this knowledge achieve tremendous results. Now I will tell you something incredible...

To get started, ask yourself a few questions:

1. How do you relate to your "I", to your personality? Who are you and what do you mean to yourself? What is your self-esteem?

Treating yourself better will help

2. Analyze your attitude to the world around you, to circumstances, to people, to society. What are they: positive or negative?

3. Do you primarily blame yourself or someone else for the events that are taking place?

If someone from outside, then you are here:

4. Do you believe in your future success? What is the extent of this faith?

5. Are your problems really as serious as you are used to describing them?

6. Do you see a way out of the current conditions? Is there really no plus in this or that situation? Is your attitude to the problem justified by 100%?

7. Have you tried to look at the world, at yourself, at people and your experiences from a high position, from a more thorough and optimistic point of view?

Right now, try to get yourself out of the routine of despair, if you need to. Try to humble yourself and accept your life as it is.

Take as an experiment any problem and at least superficially analyze and realize it.

Agree with her, let all the pain, all resentment, longing and hatred come out so as not to disturb you at all.

Laugh at your problem, mentally reduce it.

At some point, you will definitely feel that you have become more calm, that your worries have dissolved, like clouds in the sky, that now you have a different attitude to the world. Start small.

Gradually, you will be able to free yourself even from psychological stress.

If you are still in despair, take a few deep breaths in and out, this will help you relax and enter a state of peace. Remember or imagine something pleasant for yourself.

Get rid of old worries.

This is necessary in order to start a free and full practice (avoid tension).

Why do you think people often fail to achieve their goals?

Where is the mistake?

Because most of us are in a low state of consciousness, therefore, we are attached to our mind, which creates an immovable barrier for ourselves. This is the reason why we do not set a program for the fulfillment of our goal from within..

When you are angry, negative towards yourself and the world, when you just want to lie low and run away from problems to the ends of the world, you will not be able to achieve something better.

First of all, change your state (get rid of tension completely according to the above instructions). The recording of a new program should take place on a pure consciousness.

Wish Fulfillment Technique: Practice

You can sit down, lie down or even stand, you can close your eyes and ears (with earplugs), or you can even be in the crowd.

Of course, it is better when you are not disturbed, but as such there is no need for this.

If you want, turn on meditative music without words. In general, no special wishes.

Do everything exactly as your heart tells you.

When you are absolutely calm and focused, there are no doubts, no fears, no worries, we begin to establish a connection with the source of Cosmic power.

First step:

Feel your own power, inimitability, significance.

Imagine yourself as a Deity, a creator of your own reality, a genius, whoever you would like to see yourself as. Rise in your eyes.

Remember past exploits, merits, or imagine your new ideal.

Create a picture of a new life in your head against the backdrop of calmness and spiritual pleasure.

Second phase:

Get away from time.

Forget who you are and what your options are at the moment.

Remember that the inner world is the main thing you need to pay attention to. Your attitude towards yourself is the attitude of people towards you.

Third stage:

You will definitely feel a fleeting state of bliss (a couple of seconds is especially powerful).

Don't drive it away, don't force it, just be in it, don't lose control of your emotions.

Fourth stage:

Establish a connection with the source of Cosmic power.

Start developing this feeling of joy, thank the Universe for everything that happens, send love and sincerity inside yourself.

You will create a powerful burst of energy (vibration) that will surround you and comfort you.

Consider that contact has already been established. Try to hold the bliss for at least one minute.

Cross-stitch is one of the various types of needlework, as it can combine different techniques and elements. Few people know what a sampler is, although the pictures in this style are original and rich. This is a combination of small plots with the same theme, but made with different stitches. They can decorate any room or use in applied embroidery.

Topic selection

The outcome and location of future work depends on this. There are no paintings in this style without themes and general meaning. Each cross carries certain information. Therefore, you can create a sampler of any type, the technique is based on the transfer of ideas.

The themes of nature and seasons are popular, you can see both a combination of four pores in one scheme, and separate paintings dedicated to this topic. In second place in popularity is kitchen-themed sampler embroidery. Pictures are placed in the kitchen or in the dining room, where they delight with their colorfulness and different elements.

The designation of professions or occupation of a person can also be conveyed through the canvas and crosses. Pictures in this style are used as gifts or placed in offices.

A new topic in terms of expression is considered educational, when the sampler depicts those elements or things that carry specific information or have the exact meaning necessary to gain knowledge. Medical clues or alphabet embroidery are also used in samplers. Due to the diversity and combination of different subtopics in one, this technique has become popular and in demand among needlewomen around the world.

Hidden symbols

In the pictures of such a plan, individual details carry important information. For example, if the plot contains an image of a dark-colored squirrel, then this symbolizes danger or a difficult life period, a more accurate interpretation can be obtained from an assessment of the general plot.

Cat embroidery symbolizes wisdom and a sober mind, the ability to draw the right conclusions and get out of the water dry, but if a cat is embroidered with a fox, then this indicates cunning and selfishness towards others. The parrot indicates talkativeness and a cheerful disposition, this is a frequent element on samplers of various types, since an analogy with the owner of the picture is drawn through it.

The phoenix bird is a symbol of rebirth and fortitude, courage and moral strength. She is depicted with a fiery tail, but the samplers are full of details, so the craftswomen do not always embroider the phoenix completely, just one detail in the form of a small feather is enough to emphasize the positive qualities.

The turtle on the sampler means wisdom and balance, indicates constancy and tribute to tradition. Embroidery on a picture of fruits, flowers or plants indicates the wealth of the house and the possibilities of the owner. The answer to the question of what a sampler is cannot be unequivocal, since it is not only a picture, but also a plot filled with symbolism and deep spiritual meaning.

Actual schemes

With all the variety of choices, it is necessary to take into account the functions and role that will be performed by the embroidered picture. Initially, samplers were embroidered as information canvases, so they had a combination of not only small images, but also letters. Then a period came when there was more text on the fabric and the technique switched to a teaching type format.

After some time, instead of meaning, aesthetics came to the fore and beautiful images and interesting details appeared on the samplers again, thus displacing letters and text. The best samplers were passed down from generation to generation as important relics containing a lot of information about the genus.

Today, choosing a theme is not difficult, since you can find ready-made options with different character attributes, you can even create your own unique option. To do this, using a pen or pencil, you need to create a sketch on paper with the details that will be used on the fabric, then choose an interesting form of embodiment and a general theme that will reveal the meaning of the embroidered.

It must be remembered that the central element in the sampler's cross stitch indicates the meaning of the whole picture, it should be large enough to read, but not too dimensional so that other elements can fit on the surface.

In ancient times, the fabric was expensive, so the needlewomen tried to use the space between the details, but today the craftswomen can make small digressions so that the picture is not visually overloaded.

Material for work

After the scheme is selected, it is necessary to start buying other elements. Cross stitch samplers can be done both on a standard canvas of different counts, and on homespun canvas or linen, if the picture is small and you need to hide the holes between the crosses. On the last option, it is harder to embroider, but the result will be gentle and as if drawn.

The canvas does not have to be white, if there are few details on the surface, then you can choose the author's coloring or a light shade to emphasize the general meaning of the picture or make it juicier. As for the threads, embroidery can be done with both woolen and cotton threads. The first option will create volume and add puffiness to the crosses, and the second will look neater. Cotton thread is well suited for working on linen or homespun cloth, you can even use silk thread, which will add shine to the finished work.

Beads, buttons, charms and other elements should preferably be sewn onto finished and washed work so that they are not damaged in the process. Buying material to create a cross stitch sampler is considered a difficult process, needlewomen advise buying threads with a margin.

Stitch selection

Not only the level of complexity depends on the execution technique, but also the accuracy and general appearance of the work. For volume, the full cross technique is used, for the watercolor work, a semi-cross in one addition of the thread is used. The direction of the cross also adds visuality and clarity to the work.

The selection of details occurs by using the seam "back to the needle". French knots on the canvas can convey the symbols of stars, snowflakes, flowers, or serve as a complement to geometric elements. Along with the cross, suture technique can also be used, but this is an average level of complexity and requires skills.

What is not just transferring a drawing to a canvas, but a combination of different techniques and materials to create a full-fledged masterpiece.

Finishing stage

After embroidery, the fabric should be carefully washed in water at room temperature with the addition of soap. After drying and ironing, so that the material is even. It is desirable to iron through the fabric, since the crosses from this can be slightly skewed.

Next, the functionality of the created work is taken into account. If the sampler has only a decorative function, then you can arrange the picture in a frame and under glass. In the case of applied embroidery, the plot is drawn up according to the idea. It can be a beautiful napkin, apron, pillow, tablecloth. Needlewomen know what a sampler is and therefore combine it with many types of needlework and using different techniques.

In order for the embroidery process to progress faster, it is necessary to use the parking method if there are a lot of details and the broaches will not be visible. For other cases, sewing by color is used. In order not to make a mistake in the process, it is necessary to sew off in sections and gradually, without skipping the squares.

To quickly advance the work, you must immediately make a back stitch on the sewn parts, so as not to return to this area later. You also need to pay attention to the stretch and use the machine to work and create even crosses.

State educational institution of additional professional education (advanced training) of specialists

"Kuzbass Regional Institute for Advanced Studies

and retraining of educators”

Faculty of advanced training

Department of Natural Science and Mathematical Disciplines

Types of techniques

when making products

in technology lessons

Dictionary-reference

Executor:

technology teacher MOU "Secondary School No. 33"

Consultant:

Senior Lecturer

Kemerovo 2010

	Introduction	2
	List of terms:
	Iris folding	3
	Application	3
		3
	Assemblage	4
		5
		6
	Vytynanka	6
	Hanutel	7
	Guilloche	7
	Corrugated tubes	7
		8
		8
	paper painting	9
	Carving	9
	quilling	10
	Collage	10
	Kusudama	11
	Mosaic	12
	Monotype	13
	soap making	13
	Origami	14
	leaf prints	14
	Papier mache	15
	Pergamano	16
	Weaving	16
	Bobbin weaving	17
	Pointillism	18
	Patchwork	18
	scrapbooking	19
	Embossing	20
	Facing	20
	Filtzing	20
	Chasing	21
	Sewing	22
	Stamping	22
	Encaustic	23
	Conclusion	24
	Bibliography	25

Introduction

Today, the educational process at school should include effective forms and methods of development, education of children on folk traditions and art; the most valuable, created by centuries of wisdom and culture of the people, must be included in the system of upbringing and education of modern man.

Labor training has a special role. Although technology lessons are built on the basis of the application of didactic principles common to all school subjects, they are distinguished by a number of features, for example, students are engaged not only in cognitive, but also in creative activities, objects, labor processes act not just as objects of study, but at the same time are a means of visualization. , didactic material that serves to enhance the work of students, technical teaching aids, etc. Children love technology lessons more than other lessons. After all, in technology lessons, the child is busy making various crafts. The combination of intellectual and motor (working with hands) activities creates an atmosphere of meaningful work. Based on the foregoing, we consider the topic of this essay relevant and interesting in terms of further study.

Practical significance: the compiled guide can be used in the work of technology teachers, leaders of additional education circles, students of schools, parents.

Iris folding

Technique iris folding appeared in Holland. “Rainbow folding” only seems complicated, in fact, this technique requires attention and accuracy, but at the same time it allows you to easily make spectacular postcards or decorate the pages of a memorable album (scrapbooking) with interesting decorative elements.

Application

Application(from Latin “attaching”) - an interesting type of artistic activity is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, metal chased plates, all kinds of matter (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves… This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive possibilities is very close to another image medium - collage.

Application was born a long time ago. It appeared as a way to decorate clothes and shoes, household utensils and tools, the interior of your home.

Perhaps the first impetus for the emergence applications there was a need to sew skins for clothes, and the first stitch suggested to a person that they can not only connect the details of clothing, but also decorate it. Details cut from these materials began to be attached to clothing. So there was applique .

Animals, birds, people themselves, fantastic monsters, beautiful flowers and plants, scenes of hunting and everyday life became the plot.

Applications accessible even to young children: creating a whole from existing parts is much easier than creating the same pattern from a mosaic. Parts applications you can prepare in advance and give them to a child to create an image, but a mosaic cannot.

In work on applique use glue, scissors, colored paper (which you can make yourself with paints or felt-tip pens), wrapping paper, magazines, foil, candy wrappers, foam rubber and just unexpected materials

Artichoke

This variety of patchwork got its name because of its resemblance to fruits. artichoke. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers” ...

By and large, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, compose (glue) various panels of a rounded (or polyhedral shape) on a plane or in volume.

There are two ways to sew: the tip of the blanks is directed to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with a tip to a narrower part. The parts to be folded are not necessarily cut into squares. It can be both rectangles and circles. In any case, we meet with the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the origami patchwork family, and since they create volume, therefore, they also belong to the "3d" technique.

Assemblage

Assemblage (fr. assembly listen)) is a visual art technique related to collage, but using volumetric details or whole objects, appliquely arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows pictorial additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes it is applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, because the terminology of the latest visual art is not well established.

Batik

painting batik has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India and others. In Europe - since the twentieth century.

Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik- draw, cover with drops, hatch. The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to a fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" from staining individual sections of the fabric.

Batik - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.

There are several types batik - hot, cold, nodular, free painting, free painting with saline, shibori.

As a reserve for hot batik wax is used. Wax is applied using a special tool called chanting. Waxed areas do not absorb paint and also limit its spread. hot batik called hot because wax is used in "hot» molten. This method is mainly used for dyeing cotton fabric. Upon completion of work, wax is removed from the surface of the fabric. The effect of painting is achieved through the layer-by-layer application of paint.

Cold batik it is mostly used when dyeing silk, although other fabrics can be used. In this case, the role of the reserve is performed by a special material. It can be prepared at home, but there are also ready-made reserves. It is a thick mass of rubber origin. There are both colored and colorless reserves. Cold the reserve is applied either with special tools - glass tubes with a reservoir, or reserves are used in tubes that are equipped with an elongated spout.

« Shibori" - so-called folding batik. The result is also achieved by bandaging and dyeing, but is more predictable, since the fabric is folded in a certain way. This technique has Japanese roots, and there, accordingly, it cannot do without origami (folding the fabric itself).

Technique nodular batik known in Indochina even before the 7th century. as the first way to decorate the fabric. In India it is called bandhana (bandhini) - "bind-color". The drawing is a set of white and colored dots. In Malaysia, Indonesia, it is called "plangi" - "space, spot". In Sumatra, it is customary to complement the pattern with beads, in India - with beads, in Africa - with pearls, shells and embroidery (this is a more sophisticated technique). Knotted batik was known in pre-Columbian America, Tibet, the Caucasus, North Africa and the Middle East. In Europe, this technique appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. as a decor for fabrics for bedspreads, curtains and clothes. In the 70s. it began to be used to decorate fashionable clothes in the style of "hippies".

stained glass

stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the base material. History begins from antiquity stained glass windows . Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions appeared, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass.

stained glass - one of the most beautiful types of artistic and bright solutions for decorating any interior. Look, enjoy what you see and join this wonderful kind of creativity!

Vytynanka

The art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has been around since the invention of paper in China. And this type of cutting began to be called jianzhi. This art has spread all over the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.

Variants of work in this interesting technique you can see here - Nina Sokolova-Kubai "Paper Patterns". and here - Vienna District, "Classical Chinese tradition of face makeup in a play"

Hanutel

Hanutel - exclusive Maltese needlework. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar has survived to this day.

IN ganuteli thin spiral wire and silk threads are used to wrap parts, as well as beads, pearls or beads. Brilliant flowers are elegant and light.

In the 16th century, a spiral wire made of gold or silver was called in Italian “canutiglia”, and in Spanish “canutillo”, in Russian this word probably transformed into “gimp”.

Guilloche

The technique of burning an openwork pattern on fabric by hand using a burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.

Guilloche requires careful work. It should be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of a given composition.

Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks for books, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more that your imagination will tell you, will decorate any home!

Corrugated tubes

Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique of making products, in which corrugated paper tubes are used to decorate surfaces or to create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper on a stick, pencil or knitting needle, followed by compression. compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for execution and use.

Grattage

Technique " scratching "Also called" tsap-scratches "!

The drawing is distinguished by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink(In order not to blur, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops). The word comes from the French grater- scrape, scratch, therefore another name for the technique - scratching technique .
Usually we take thick paper, shading with a thick layer of colored wax crayons. You can take colorful cardboard with a ready-made colorful pattern, then you can limit yourself to ordinary wax candle(not colored). Then, with a wide brush or sponge, apply a layer to the surface carcasses. You can, of course, gouache use, but it gets dirty after drying. You can also use black acrylic paints. When it dries, with a sharp object - a scraper, a knife, a knitting needle, a plastic fork, a toothpick - we scratch the pattern. A pattern is formed on a black background from thin white or colored strokes.

Look at the amazing drawings these guys have made!

Decoupage

Decoupage (from French decoupage- “cut”) is a technique for decorating, appliqué, decorating with the help of cut paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the XII century. began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this technique also came to Europe.

Today the most popular material for decoupage These are three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - napkin technology» . The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, caskets, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, gypsum - should be plain and light, because the pattern cut from the napkin should be clearly visible.

paper painting

Technique paper painting reminiscent of technology conventional painting , since there is a clear analogy to the principle of drawing a picture in layers, but not with paints, but with pieces of multi-colored paper. Usually they use colored paper, glue and brushes to perform work in this technique, as well as artistic skills.

Another direction is called khandi grim (or khandigirim). The principle is the same - the imposition of pieces of colored paper in layers, but this direction was guided solely by the unique properties of the paper itself. This Korean hand-made paper is called Handi. Composing a picture from torn fragments of paper soaked in certain places, you get a work similar to watercolor or oil painting.

Although a similar overlay of elements can be clearly seen in such a technique as a broken application.

Carving

Carving (from English. carv- cut, cut, engrave, cut; carving- carving, carving, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking - this is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of vegetables and fruits, such short-lived table decorations.

This art originated many centuries ago in Southeast Asia because of the need to decorate a homemade, very poor pickled table, mainly consisting of vegetables.

Chinese and Japanese techniques carving very similar - images of hieroglyphs, animals and people, dragons, inscriptions with congratulations and battle scenes. And in the Thai carving there is an orchid and other flower arrangements.

The carved ornament aroused the interest of European chefs as well, since the restaurant table setting has become much more attractive!

A little patience, training and you can delight your loved ones with such masterpieces!

Collage

Collage - a creative genre, when a work is created from cut out a wide variety of images pasted on paper, canvas or in digital form. Comes from fr. papier collée - pasted paper. Very quickly, this concept began to be used in an expanded sense - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from fragments of other texts, fragments collected on the same plane.

Collage can be completed by any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.

We must distinguish collage from similar in essence and technique, but still other means of depiction - appliqué, inlay and related technique to assemblage, which uses a variety of objects and their fragments, assembled and arranged on the same plane.

Kusudama

Kusudama (Japanese 薬玉, lit. medicine ball) is a paper model that is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper) so that a spherical body is obtained . Alternatively, individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued, not sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached from below.

Art kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; these may have been the first true bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of the two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Currently, kusudami are usually used for decoration or as gifts.

Kusudama is an important part of origami, in particular as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested into each other, as modular origami suggests.

But, kusudama still considered as a kind of origami, although origami purity fighters look askance at the sewing or gluing technique characteristic of kusudama. At the same time, others acknowledge that early traditional Japanese origami often used paper cutting (see thousand paper cranes) and gluing, and credit kusudama as an important folding object among other origami patterns.

Contemporary origami masters such as Tomoko Fuse have created new designs kusudam , which are completely assembled without cutting, glue or thread (except for suspension).

Mosaic

Mosaic- one of the most ancient arts. This is a way to create an image from small elements. Putting together a mosaic is very important for the mental development of a child.

Firstly, it involves fine motor skills of the hands, figurative thinking, imagination develops.

Second, creating an image with mosaics, the child develops purposeful activity, volitional regulation of behavior.

Thirdly, mosaic develops the artistic taste of the child, allows him to show his creative activity and serves as a special means of understanding the world.
Mosaic can be from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden saw cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small stones, shells, thermo-mosaic, Tetris-mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (cone scales, needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers...

However, the choice of material is limited only by the imagination of the artist!

mosaics often referred to as applications. But applique is a type of activity where a whole image is created from pre-prepared parts, in contrast to mosaics , in which there are not parts, but chips, just “points”, with the help of which the drawing is made. Of course, these two types of activity are very similar to each other, but the differences in them are obvious, and since there are still differences, they also form different sides of the psyche.

But choosing one or the other mosaics For a child, it is important to remember the appropriateness of his age characteristics. For children 1-3 years you have to choose mosaic with more details , be sure to help the baby, do not leave him alone with such painstaking and complex work.

Pursuing mosaic together with the baby, you will help the development of all his mental activity: and such important intellectual processes as perception, thinking, imagination, the child’s emotionality, volitional regulation, lay in him the desire for creativity and independence. Invent, search, create - and you will be surprised what a creative person your child will grow up to be!

Monotype

One of the simplest graphics techniques is monotype. ..
On a smooth surface of glass or thick glossy paper (it should not let water through) - a drawing is made with gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed against the surface. The result is a mirror image.
Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, single and tupos - imprint) preschool children can master by printing an autumn landscape, a bouquet of flowers in a vase, butterflies ....
Try to awaken the baby's imagination, turn the lesson into a game. Leave a few large drops of paint on a sheet of paper. Fold the sheet in half and squeeze tightly. Expand, and you will see unusual, bizarre patterns - blots. Or you can paint half a butterfly on half a sheet. Bend the sheet in half and squeeze its halves tightly. As if the butterfly has spread its wings and is about to take off! Experiment, take textured paper for paint, and make a print on a sheet of plain paper ....

soap making

As a raw material for obtaining the main component soap animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used.

But if you don’t give any pleasure at all to using soap, foams, shampoos bought in stores, then it’s time to start making soap with your own hands and turn soap making to your creative hobby. soap making at home makes it possible to make soap as individual and special as possible, to show unlimited imagination and get interesting and varied results. You yourself will control all stages of its manufacture, which will give confidence in the quality and safety of the finished product.

Using the experience and useful advice of the inhabitants of our country, you can make wonderful gifts for yourself and your loved ones.

Origami

Origami (Japanese 折り紙, lit.: "folded paper") - the ancient art of folding paper figures. Art origami its roots go back to ancient China, where paper was discovered.

Initially origami used in religious ceremonies. For a long time, this type of art was available only to representatives of the upper classes, where a sign of good taste was the possession of paper folding techniques. Only after World War II origami went beyond the East and ended up in America and Europe, where it immediately found its fans.

classic origami folded from a square sheet of paper.

There is a certain set of symbols necessary to sketch the folding scheme of even the most complex product. Most of the conventional signs were put into practice in the middle of the 20th century by the famous Japanese master Akira Yoshizawa.

classic origami prescribes the use of one square evenly colored sheet of paper without glue and scissors. Contemporary art forms sometimes deviate from this canon. Varieties origami - modular origami and kusudama.

leaf prints

Sheet is part of every plant. In the usual sense - leaves can be used for making herbariums, floristic compositions, picture collages or in medicinal terms.

It turns out that the usual, it would seem sheet (maple, poplar, oak or birch) can turn into a tool for artistic creation no worse than a brush.

Gathering various fallen leaves , smear each leaflet gouache from the side of the veins. The paper you are going to print on can be colored or white. Hold it down sheet with the painted side to the sheet of paper, carefully remove it, taking it by the "tail" (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over. And now, having finished the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower

The most unexpected images can appear in a combination of this technique and the “raw” technique. To do this, take a sheet of paper, moisten it with a sponge, and then toned sheet plants with paint of the desired shade and immediately printed on the background. For expressiveness of the print, sheet it is worth smearing with paint in a tone higher than the background. And the application of clean leaf and, gives soft and smooth outlines.

Such an uncomplicated type of artistic creativity, as non-traditional leaf print painting , great for little artists, for whom the brush is still a difficult tool.

Papier mache

Papier mache (French papier-mâché “chewed paper”) - an easily shaped mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. From papier mache make dummies, masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, caskets. In some cases, even furniture.

In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui from papier mache make the basis for a traditional lacquer miniature.

You can decorate the blank from papier mache not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.

Good luck with your creativity!

Pergamano

Pergamano- this is another type of embossing technique

Parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and becomes convex and whitens during processing. In this technique, interesting postcards are obtained, and this technique can also be used to decorate scrappages.

Specialist. a tool to push through patterns - a regular ball on an embossing stick, which can be replaced with a pin head (in places) or a crochet hook. The border can be made using the Rayher multifunctional stencil. An old ball mouse pad - comfortable, cheap and cheerful - will do the job of a pad for softness during embossing. Holes can be successfully made with the same pin or awl, and patterns, if necessary, cut out with ordinary nail scissors. An ordinary student pen, wax crayons, multi-colored ink may come in handy.
Patterns, lace, curls, dots, flowers - a lot can be done without stencils and "translating the picture with white ink", just give free rein to your imagination!

Weaving

Man has learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove dwellings (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, tuesas, wagons, turtles, baskets) and shoes from long flexible branches. Man has learned to braid his hair.

With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for application appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything that comes across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers .... Such techniques appeared weaving such as basket weaving, birch bark and reed weaving, tatting, macrame knot weaving, bobbin weaving, bead weaving, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...

As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave a lot of beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.

(description compiled by Viktorichka)

2. Paper plastics in terms of creativity is very similar to sculpture. But, in paper plastic, all products are empty inside, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462

3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which corrugated paper tubes are used to decorate surfaces or create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper on a stick, pencil or knitting needle, followed by compression. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for execution and use.
Examples:

4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil "bird feather") - the art of paper rolling. It originated in medieval Europe, where nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges on the tip of a bird's feather, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples:

4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Kirigami - a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and paper cutting in the process of making a model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole trend in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutouts and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and postcards that fold into a flat figure.
Examples:
- Kusudama (Japanese: "medicine ball") - a paper model, which is usually (but not always) formed by stitching together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that a spherical body is obtained forms. Alternatively, individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued, not sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached from below.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; these may have been the first true bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of the two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Currently, kusudami are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested into each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples:
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually, an appliqué is then glued from the folded parts.
Examples:
- Origami modular - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by nesting them into each other. The resulting friction force does not allow the structure to disintegrate.
Examples:

5. Papier-mâché (French papier-mâché “chewed paper”) is an easily shaped mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Papier-mâché is used to make dummies , masks, teaching aids, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, Kholui papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mache blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples:

7. Embossing (another name is "embossing") - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymeric material or plastic, foil, parchment (the technique is called "parchment", see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which the material itself is embossed with a convex or concave stamp with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on book covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Parchment - parchment paper (thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and becomes convex and whitens during processing. In this technique, interesting postcards are obtained, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage.
Examples:
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliche on a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to simulate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern that imitates the skin of a crocodile, etc.)

* Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove dwellings (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, tuesas, wagons, turtles, baskets) and shoes from long flexible branches. Man has learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for application appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything that comes across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers .... Such weaving techniques as weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, macrame knot weaving, bobbin weaving, beading, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave a lot of beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples:

1. Beading, like the beads themselves, has a long history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave necklaces from beaded threads, string bracelets and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century did the real flourishing of bead production begin. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, purses and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglasses, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, the natives began to use it instead of traditional Indian familiar materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hairnet, earrings, snuff boxes..
In the Far North, beaded embroidery was used to decorate fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harness, leather sunglasses...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets, there are amazing items. Brushes and covers for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples:

2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese needlework. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar has been preserved to this day.
The ganutel uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wind parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers are elegant and light.
In the 16th century, a spiral wire made of gold or silver was called in Italian “canutiglia”, and in Spanish “canutillo”, in Russian this word probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples:

3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
The technique of this nodular weaving has been known since antiquity. According to some reports, macrame came to Europe in the VIII-IX centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples:

4. Lace weaving on bobbin. In Russia, the Vologda, Yelets, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky crafts are still known.
Examples:

5. Tatting is a woven nodular lace. It is also called shuttle lace, because this lace is woven with a special shuttle.
Examples:

* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and creating images:

Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on a surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), mainly from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting - a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Paintings also include images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels. whose surfaces can have complex shapes.
Examples:

1. Batik - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to a fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" from staining individual sections of the fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, nodular, free painting, free painting using saline, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik - draw, cover with drops, hatch.
Painting "batik" has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples:

2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) is one of the types of decorative art. Glass or other transparent material is the base material. The history of stained-glass windows begins from ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions appeared, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass.
Examples:

3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional both for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern tubes for juice are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint onto a sheet of paper.

4. Guilloche - the technique of manually burning an openwork pattern on fabric using a burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires precision in work. It should be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of a given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks for books, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more that your imagination will tell you, will decorate any home!
Examples:

5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (so that it does not blur, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples:

6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way to create an image from small elements. Putting together the puzzle is very important for the mental development of the child.
It can be from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden saw cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small stones, shells, thermo-mosaic, Tetris-mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (cone scales, needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples:

7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, single and tupos - print) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth surface of glass or thick glossy paper (it should not let water through) - a drawing is made with gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed against the surface. The result is a mirror image.
Examples:

8. Thread graphics (thread, thread image, thread design) - a graphic image made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isography or cardboard embroidery. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. Threads can be ordinary sewing, woolen, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples:

9. Ornament (Latin ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; designed to decorate various items (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both from the outside and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples as well the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples:

10. Print.
Kinds:
- Sponge printing. For this, both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable.
Examples:
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops ...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops, etc.
Examples:

11. Pointillism (fr. Pointillisme, literally “dottedness”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, based on their optical mixing in the eye of the viewer, in contrast to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives a much greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing colors with the formation of shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a distance or in a reduced form.
Georges Seurat was the founder of the style.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples:

12. Drawing with palms. It is difficult for small children to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills of the hands, provide an opportunity to discover a new and magical world of artistic creativity - this is drawing with the palms. Drawing with their hands, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples:

13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the side of the veins. The paper you are going to print on can be colored or white. Press the sheet with the painted side against the sheet of paper, carefully remove it, taking the "tail" (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over. And now, having finished the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples:

14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of everyday life and the original culture of the people. In Russian folk art, there are a large number of varieties of this type of arts and crafts.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - an old Russian folk craft, originated at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is one of the most famous types of Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. near the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting - an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting a tree, silver tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Examples:

15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with paints in molten form (hence the name). A variety of encaustic is wax tempera, which is distinguished by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique.
Examples:

*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and the use of fabrics:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb "to sew", i.e. what is sewn or sewn.
Examples:

2. Patchwork, Quilting, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts, with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of multi-colored fabrics or knitted elements of geometric shapes to be connected in a bedspread, blouse or bag.
Examples:
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to the fruit of the artichoke. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, compose (glue) various panels of a rounded (or polyhedral shape) on a plane or in volume.
There are two ways to sew: the tip of the blanks is directed to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with a tip to a narrower part. The parts to be folded are not necessarily cut into squares. It can be both rectangles and circles. In any case, we meet with the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the origami patchwork family, and since they create volume, therefore, they also belong to the "3d" technique.
Example:
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this one as well. I think it's a multimethod.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:

3. Tsumami Kanzashi. Tsumami is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the master takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
Hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave the name to a whole new kind of arts and crafts. This technique was used to make decorations for combs, and for individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples:

* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples:

1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way to crochet using a special device - a fork, curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of hand-made fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, embossed patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of a lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and columns. The correct ratio - the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples:
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples:
4. Tunisian knitting with a long hook (both one and several loops can simultaneously participate to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Fillet knitting - imitates fillet-guipure embroidery on a special grid.
7. Guipure knitting (Irish or Brussels lace) crochet.

2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with handicrafts or children's toys convenient for everyday life, you experience the joy of appearance and the pleasure of the process of their creation.
Examples:

3. Carving - a kind of arts and crafts. It is one of the types of artistic processing of wood along with sawing, turning.
Examples:

* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Application (from Latin “attaching”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, chased metal plates, all kinds of fabric (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive possibilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples:
Also exist:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new kind of arts and crafts. It is a creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive type of “painting.
Examples:
- Application from "palms". Examples:
- Breakaway appliqué is one of the types of multifaceted appliqué technique. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples:

2. Assemblage (fr. assemblage) - a technique of visual art, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or whole objects, appliquely arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows pictorial additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes it is applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, because the terminology of the latest visual art is not well established.
Examples:

3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique is well traced from the English name tunnel - a tunnel - a through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” (book) that is being compiled conveys the feeling of the tunnel well. There is a three-dimensional postcard. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types of techniques, such as scrapbooking, applique, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because. aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel was dated to the middle of the 18th century. and was the epitome of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or sold as souvenirs for tourists.
Examples:

4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples:
They are cut out of paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, birch bark, plastic bottles, soap, plywood (although this is already called sawing), fruits and vegetables, as well as other different materials. Various tools are used: scissors, mock knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetric structure are cut out by eye, with curvilinear contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive, they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples:
- The cut is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of the sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey the external features of objects in applications in a stylized form.
Examples:
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since the time when paper was invented in China. And this type of carving became known as jianzhi. This art has spread all over the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples:
- Carving (see below).

5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “what is cut out”) is a technique for decorating, appliqué, decorating with cut paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the XII century. began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this technique also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - "napkin technology". The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, caskets, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, gypsum - must be plain and light, because. the pattern cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples:

6. Carving (from the English. carvу - cut, cut, engrave, cut; carving - carving, carving, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking - this is the simplest form of sculpture or engraving on the surface of vegetables and fruits, such short-lived decorations table.
Examples:

7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - pasted paper. Very quickly, this concept began to be used in an expanded sense - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from fragments of other texts, fragments collected on the same plane.
The collage can be completed by any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples:

8. Constructor (from lat. constructor "builder") - an ambiguous term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. i.e. details or elements of some future layout, information about which is collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). The combination of various elements creates interesting designs for games and fun.
Examples:

9. Modeling - shaping plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is designed to master the primary principles of this technique.
Examples:

10. A layout is a copy of an object with resizing (usually reduced), which is made with the preservation of proportions. The layout should also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). It can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples:
Layout view - a model is a valid layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is focused on certain aspects of the modeled object or equally detailed thereof. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a sea or air club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric ...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples:

11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials for obtaining the main component of soap.
Examples:

12. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - molding, carving, casting, forging, chasing, cutting, etc.
Examples:

13. Weaving - production of fabrics and textiles from yarn.
Examples:

14. Filting (or felting, or felting) - felting wool. There is "wet" and "dry".
Examples:

15. Flat chasing is one of the types of arts and crafts, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or a round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
The processing of the material is carried out with the help of a rod - a chasing, which is placed vertically, on the upper end of which they hit with a hammer. By moving the coinage, a new form gradually appears. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:

In conclusion, it should be noted that the division (unification on some basis) of most techniques is conditional (subjective), and many applied art techniques are multi-techniques, i.e. they combine several types of techniques.

All pleasant creativity!
Your Margaret.