Second trimester of pregnancy: size and weight of the fetus, condition of the pregnant woman, necessary tests

13.10.2019

The second trimester of pregnancy is the most fertile, “golden” period of waiting for the baby. This trimester starts at 14 weeks and ends at 26 weeks of pregnancy.

As hormone levels in the blood decrease and the body begins to adjust to pregnancy, the unusual fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and morning sickness experienced during the first trimester will decrease and you will regain your lost strength.

Second trimester of pregnancy - fetal development

The first hair appears on the upper lip, on the eyebrows and on the head of the child. A thin fluff - it is called "lanugo" - grows on the arms, legs and back of the baby, helping to keep the original lubricant on the skin. Fingernails and toenails appear. By the 17-18th week, the heartbeat is already strong enough that it can be heard with a regular stethoscope. The baby's digestive system is now improving and he regularly swallows and urinates in amniotic fluid.

The movement of the fetus becomes a great joy for a pregnant woman, on average, most pregnant women feel the first movement of the baby from 18-22 weeks: primiparas from the 20th week of pregnancy, multiparous movements begin to feel a little earlier - from the eighteenth.

By the end of the 24th week of pregnancy, the skin of the crumbs is wrinkled and covered with an oily protective film called cheese grease ( vernix caseosa).

The second trimester is the time of growth of already formed organs and systems, and exposure to harmful substances is likely to cause a slowdown in development, rather than serious malformations.

The second trimester of pregnancy - the well-being of a woman

Most pregnant women find that the second trimester of pregnancy is emotionally much more stable than the first. The rush of pregnancy hormones that took you by surprise in the early months has now stabilized - and with it, your emotions. You may find that you are now less sensitive to the events around you. Almost all women indicate that they felt happier in the fourth month. Indeed, during this period, the probability of miscarriage is very small and the fear of losing a child usually disappears. In addition, you experience a sense of relief from the fact that you are no longer tormented by constant nausea and fatigue, characteristic of the first months of pregnancy. And some women in the second trimester of pregnancy feel an unprecedented surge of energy, strength, happy emotion, especially when they begin to feel the baby move.

Most pregnant women in the second trimester notice changes in their skin. These changes in the skin are due to the action of pregnancy hormones, as well as the natural stretching of the skin due to the increased volume of the body. Many subcutaneous glands work overtime during pregnancy: the sebaceous glands produce more fat, the pigment glands increase pigment production, and the sweat glands make you sweat more. Sometimes in the second trimester of pregnancy, a woman may notice a dark line running from the navel to the middle of the pubic bone. The dark line is more noticeable in women with dark skin and disappears a few months after childbirth.

Your tummy is already clearly visible, but not yet so large as to complicate your life. In the second trimester of pregnancy, your usual clothes are probably already too tight for you - go shopping, please yourself with the opportunity to buy not only a comfortable, but also a beautiful set of clothes for pregnant women.

A pregnant woman should change her daily routine so that she feels as comfortable as possible. First of all, this means having enough time for rest. Starting from the second trimester of pregnancy, you should strive to ensure that the duration of daily sleep is at least 9 hours a day. Be prepared for the fact that as the abdomen increases, you will have to change your usual position.

If in the first trimester you can sleep in any position, then in the second trimester of pregnancy it is better to sleep on your left side. This is due to the fact that one of the main blood vessels of the body, the inferior vena cava, runs along the right side of the spine, and therefore, when you lie on your left side, a heavy uterus does not compress this vessel and does not limit the blood supply to the baby.

Sex in the second trimester of pregnancy is usually not contraindicated.

Nutrition and weight gain in the second trimester of pregnancy

Studies have shown that in most pregnant women, the main weight gain occurs in the second trimester, which coincides with the most intensive weight gain of the child, and that the mother's diet in this trimester has the greatest impact on the weight of the newborn. Most pregnant women quickly put on 2 to 5 kg between the fifteenth and twenty-fifth weeks due to the accelerated increase in blood volume needed to feed the enlarged uterus and the baby in it.

Thus, the child will require enhanced nutrition from you only in the second trimester. And indeed, during the second trimester, your appetite is in full swing. There is no particular need to restrain the desire to eat if the food is not only tasty, but also healthy. Try to maintain a healthy diet - this is very important for you and your child, and fasting days can be arranged for the extra 1-2 kg gained.

Proper nutrition of the mother is also important in preventing intrauterine growth retardation, since the growth and development of the fetus depends on the uteroplacental blood flow and the content of the necessary nutrients in the mother's blood for the child.

Examination and tests in the second trimester of pregnancy

Examination of pregnant women by a doctor in the second trimester is carried out every 2 weeks. In addition to such examinations as measuring body weight and blood pressure, from the 16th week of gestation, the height of the uterine fundus is measured. Repeat the analysis of the vaginal discharge and smears from the cervical canal (diagnosis of chlamydia), determine the length of the cervix. Examine the neck in the mirrors. Repeat laboratory tests: complete blood count, general urinalysis, tests for syphilis, HIV, hepatitis B and C, CMV and toxoplasmosis, gonorrhea infection, antibodies to the Rh factor (if indicated), coagulogram. Ultrasound and dopplerometry are performed.

In the second trimester of pregnancy (at 16-18 weeks), the woman will be offered to undergo a triple test biochemical screening. This analysis involves a blood test for 3 main markers: chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and estriol. A triple test allows you to identify possible malformations and chromosomal abnormalities of the fetus, impaired formation of the spinal cord, hydrocephalus and some other pathologies. A woman can refuse this type of research.

The doctor at each visit will check if the pregnant woman has obvious or hidden edema - early symptoms of preeclampsia, which can appear in the second half of pregnancy, not only in sick women, but also in healthy ones. In the presence of risk factors in the second trimester of pregnancy, drug prevention of placental insufficiency and preeclampsia is carried out.

Possible complications of the second trimester of pregnancy

The most common complications of the second trimester of pregnancy are:

premature termination of pregnancy(late spontaneous abortion, premature birth). Until the 22nd week of pregnancy, prematurely born fetuses do not survive due to the lack of a new cerebral cortex and the deep immaturity of organs and systems. After the specified period, the newborn is potentially viable;
isthmic-cervical insufficiency(when the cervix begins to thin, shorten and open, losing the ability to hold the fetus in the uterus). The main method of treatment is suturing the cervix. The optimal duration of the operation is 18-22 weeks of pregnancy;
placental insufficiency (impaired functions of the placenta);
intrauterine infection of the fetus. It is necessary to distinguish between intrauterine infection and intrauterine infection. Intrauterine infection of the fetus refers to the penetration of microorganisms to the fetus and its infection. Intrauterine infection is characterized not only by the penetration of the infection, its spread, but also by the disease of the fetus.
gestosis is a developing complication (after 20 weeks of pregnancy) with symptoms such as increased blood pressure, the appearance of protein in the urine (proteinuria), edema;
anemia of pregnant women, which develops during pregnancy mainly in the second or third trimester);
haemorrhoids may appear at any time, but usually this disease is detected at the end of the second trimester and worsens in the third trimester;
gestational pyelonephritis- an infectious and inflammatory process in the kidneys that occurs during pregnancy.

Discharge in the second trimester of pregnancy

Discharge in the second trimester may be more abundant milky white with a faint odor and the consistency of egg white, which is considered normal during pregnancy. Their intensity with increasing gestational age can also increase. These mucus discharges are similar to premenstrual discharges, only they are more abundant and constant. Increased secretion is due to the same mechanism (the presence of pregnancy hormones and increased blood flow to the tissues) that prepares the vagina for the passage of a child through it. Many women change underwear several times a day or wear panty liners to keep themselves dry and comfortable.

For the most part, vaginal discharge is just a minor inconvenience, but in some cases it can indicate a vaginal infection. You should suspect an infection and see a doctor if the discharge becomes purulent, yellowish, greenish, cheesy, or foul-smelling, if the labia becomes swollen, red, or tender, or if you feel a burning sensation during urination.

The second trimester of pregnancy is rightfully considered the most calm, measured and comfortable for the expectant mother. The initial fears, anxieties and fears are already behind, but at the same time, the woman still feels her former lightness and mobility, therefore, without much effort, she can perform her usual work, avoiding only excessive loads.

Mental communication with the baby, which is comfortably located in the tummy, allows a woman to tune in to the upcoming motherhood, to feel the unity with the emerging new life. A child, even in the womb, feels all her thoughts, so a calm attitude to one’s own situation and to the world around it in general will create the most favorable conditions for the development of the fetus.

An expectant mother pregnant with her first child may ask the question: the second trimester - what is it? What week does this period start and when does it end?

According to the generally accepted classification, the second trimester of pregnancy includes the time from 13 to 26 weeks of pregnancy, that is, the middle of this period. Its main difference from the first trimester is that all the organs of the fetus are already practically formed, and from the third - that the size of the belly of the pregnant woman is still relatively small, the body weight of the fetus is also quite low.

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What happens in the second trimester

The main thing that is typical for the second trimester of pregnancy is the further development and improvement of all organs of the fetus, the rudiments of which were formed earlier. By the end of this period, the child looks like a newborn and even has a chance of survival in case of premature birth.

The second trimester is rightfully considered the most comfortable, as a woman begins to feel better than in the first weeks of pregnancy. The likelihood of a miscarriage is reduced, so the expectant mother can be less worried about possible complications. According to statistical studies, only 25% of miscarriages occur in the second trimester. Such spontaneous abortions are also called late miscarriages. But this happens quite rarely, so the expectant mother should not worry too much.

A great joy in the second trimester for a woman is the movements of the baby. The first movements, which are still barely noticeable, are perceived by the pregnant woman as a sign that the child is alive and makes itself felt in this way.

Another pleasant moment for the expectant mother is the opportunity to find out the sex of the baby during the ultrasound examination and even see your baby in the pictures obtained using the ultrasound machine.

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In most cases, the sex can be determined quite accurately, and only in some cases the baby is embarrassed to demonstrate its distinctive gender characteristics.

Fetal development

For the entire second trimester, the fetus changes significantly in appearance. If at the very beginning of this period its weight was no more than 20 grams, and the body length was about 7 cm, then at the end of the second trimester of pregnancy, the baby already weighs from 850 g to 1000 g, while the body length in the coccygeal-parietal size is 23- 24 cm, and in full growth - about 35 cm. Thus, from a tiny embryo, he becomes a rather large robust man weighing almost a kilogram.

If we trace the development of the fetus by calendar months, then in the fourth month of pregnancy the following changes occur:

The skeleton of the fetus is intensively growing and strengthening.
The organs of the abdominal cavity develop.
The kidneys take their rightful place and begin to excrete urine.
The stomach, gallbladder and intestines of the fetus begin to function.
The cerebral cortex is intensively formed.
The adrenal glands begin to produce hormones.

In the fifth month of a fetus's life, the following occurs:

The fetus begins to move so intensely that the woman feels its movements. As a rule, in first pregnant women this occurs at 19-20 weeks, and in subsequent pregnancies - at 16-18 weeks.
The glands of the endocrine system are actively functioning: the thyroid gland, the pituitary gland, etc.
The spleen produces blood cells.
The skin of the fetus is covered with a special lubricant.

In the body of a six-month-old fetus, the following changes occur:

During waking hours, the fetus is actively moving, the rest of the time it sleeps. The total duration of sleep during the day is 16-20 hours.
The fetus can make respiratory movements, but the lung tissue still does not straighten out.
The mass of the brain is intensively growing. By the end of the sixth month, it reaches 100 grams.
The higher parts of the cerebral cortex develop. The mental abilities of the baby are formed, as well as a tendency to creativity. Some experts believe that if a woman suffers from depression at this time, then her child may also subsequently develop a tendency to this disease.
The sense organs of the fetus begin to function.

The placenta also undergoes great changes. Starting from the 14th week, the placenta fully provides the functions of transferring nutrients from the mother's body to the fetus. In addition, this organ reliably protects the baby from the negative effects of toxic substances, mechanical shocks and other factors.

Changes in the body of the expectant mother

In order to ensure the process of growth and development of the fetus, the body of a pregnant woman works in an enhanced mode. The load on all systems increases: endocrine, digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary, etc.

In the second trimester of pregnancy, the following changes occur in the female body:

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After the 20th week, the uterus may periodically tone up, and the woman may feel slight contractions, the so-called Braxton-Hicks training contractions. Thus, the uterus performs a kind of exercise aimed at preparing for the upcoming birth.
Under the influence of certain hormones, the mammary glands continue to increase in size. The skin around the nipples darkens a little, colostrum can be released from the nipples themselves.
Due to the rapid development of the fetus and an increase in the body's need for nutrients, iron deficiency anemia may occur, a condition that in some cases requires medical correction. But you should not prescribe iron-containing preparations on your own, because moderate anemia in pregnant women is a completely normal phenomenon that can be corrected by a balanced diet. But foods rich in iron (apples, buckwheat porridge) can be consumed without special restrictions.
Since the enlarged uterus presses on the intestines, a pregnant woman may experience constipation. You can get rid of this problem by eating a sufficient amount of foods containing fiber: fruits, vegetables, cereals.
Many women may experience heartburn. It occurs most often in the second trimester and can continue until the moment of childbirth.
The amount of vaginal discharge in a woman may increase. If this is not accompanied by itching, burning and other unpleasant symptoms, and the discharge has a whitish tint, then you should not worry. Otherwise, you should consult a doctor, because such a condition can be dangerous.
In the second trimester, some women may experience swelling. Puffiness occurs more often in the third trimester, closer to the time of birth, so the appearance of alarming symptoms in the middle of pregnancy should alert the expectant mother.
Women who are prone to varicose veins in the middle of pregnancy may notice that the veins on the legs have become bulging, nodular vascular formations have appeared. In order to prevent the occurrence of vein diseases, it is recommended to move more and change the position of the body as often as possible.
Pigmentation of the skin may occur in separate areas, mainly in the abdomen, sometimes on the face. After childbirth, the skin color will return to normal, so do not worry about this.

Feelings during this period

In the second trimester of pregnancy, the expectant mother can experience a whole range of sensations:

The mood becomes more stable, self-esteem increases, and the level of anxiety is markedly reduced. The reason for the normalization of the emotional state is the stabilization of the hormonal status, as well as the fact that the woman is already accustomed to her new status as a future mother.
It becomes more difficult for a pregnant woman to endure temperature changes, physical and emotional stress. In order to prevent deterioration of well-being due to the impact of these factors, it is necessary to provide yourself with at least a minimum level of comfort, dress according to the season, and also rest regularly.
Thanks to the appearance of the first movements of the baby in the middle of the second trimester, a woman begins to more clearly feel that a new life is inside her.

Analyzes and examinations in the second trimester

During the second trimester, the doctor will recommend that the expectant mother visit the antenatal clinic every two weeks. During each examination, the specialist will measure the volume of the abdomen, determine the woman's body weight. In addition, starting from the 16th week, the doctor will measure the height of the uterine fundus.

Additionally, at this time, the following tests will be prescribed in the second trimester of pregnancy, as well as certain types of examinations:

general blood analysis;
Analysis of urine;
analysis for antibodies with a high probability of a Rh conflict between the body of the mother and the fetus;
ultrasound examination of the fetus;
tests to determine the level of certain hormones.

The last two types of studies are part of the second prenatal screening, which consists in conducting an ultrasound and determining the level of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin), AFP (alpha-fetoprotein), estriol.

With the help of a triple test, possible defects or disorders in the development of the fetus, including chromosomal abnormalities, can be detected.

As a rule, the second prenatal screening is prescribed at 16-18 weeks of pregnancy. When results are obtained that indicate possible abnormalities in the development of the fetus, a woman may be recommended to undergo a more detailed examination by a specialist geneticist and perform tests such as a chorionic villus biopsy or late amniocentesis. This will identify possible chromosomal abnormalities.

In the presence of other indications, for example, signs of preeclampsia or disorders in the work of the heart, pregnant women also take other types of tests (ultrasound of the kidneys, cardiography, etc.). It should also be borne in mind that the 2nd trimester of pregnancy is the optimal time to visit the dentist, ENT and other specialized specialists.

Main hazards and risks

The greatest danger to the expectant mother in the 2nd trimester is the following situations:

Premature termination of pregnancy. Such a pathology can be classified as spontaneous abortion or premature birth. A fetus born before 22 weeks is considered non-viable, and a child born later has some chance of survival.
Pathologies of the cervix, in particular, isthmic-cervical insufficiency. In such cases, premature thinning and opening of the cervix occurs, which greatly increases the risk of miscarriage or childbirth. The main method of treatment is suturing or installing special devices on the neck area. The optimal time for the correction of this pathology is 18-22 weeks.
Preeclampsia, accompanied by the appearance of edema, increased blood pressure, detection of protein in the urine. Signs of preeclampsia may appear after 20 weeks. This pathology poses a serious danger not only to the fetus, but also to the woman, as it significantly increases the risk of serious complications, up to a heart attack or stroke.
Intrauterine infection of the fetus due to the presence in the mother's body of pathogenic bacteria, including pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases.

Many pregnant women would like more information about the so-called critical periods of pregnancy. Dangerous weeks of the second trimester is the period from 18 to 22 weeks, when pathologies such as cervical dilatation, placental location defects (improper presentation, placement in the area of a previously operated scar, etc.), infection of the fetus with ureaplasma, chlamydia and other pathogens can occur infectious diseases.

The second trimester of pregnancy (the period from 13 to 27 weeks) is the most interesting for the expectant mother. After all, it is at this stage that the baby begins to move. This period is usually accompanied by a sense of physiological comfort and well-being. Nausea at this time no longer appears, and the fetus has not yet reached those sizes in order to put pressure on the woman's organs. But still there are certain problems that arise during this period. And today we will find out what health difficulties at this time can be observed in pregnant women and how to deal with them.

Required Research

In the second trimester, a woman must pass the following mandatory tests:

Biochemical screening. This is the so-called triple test, which is done in order to rule out Down syndrome and neural tube defects.
ultrasound. Second trimester — this is the period when it is very important to do this research, because just then deviations can be detected, because at other times it will be problematic to do so. During this diagnostic method, the doctor will definitely check whether the size of the fetus corresponds to the gestational age, how correctly the future baby develops in the mother's stomach: the specialist will determine the size, length of the femurs, and the shape of the head. Also during this period, the doctor will evaluate the blood flow of the crumbs, because it is very important to identify how well the baby is supplied with oxygen and

Also, for a pregnant woman, a gynecologist may prescribe additional tests, such as:

Examination of amniotic fluid and fetal blood. The doctor can send for the analysis if the specialist suspects any abnormalities.

Additional studies if the expectant mother has chronic ailments.

Of course, a planned trip to the doctor should be a mandatory event. At the 15th or 16th week, the doctor weighs the woman, measures the circumference of her abdomen, determines the height of the uterine fundus. Also, a specialist during this period can assess the condition of the heart, kidneys and brain of the fetus. Another doctor at the reception determines the position of the placenta, its size, thickness and maturity.

Frequent problems awaiting expectant mothers

The last stage, when the embryo finally turns into a person, is 15 weeks of pregnancy. What happens to the body of the expectant mother after the first three months of being in an interesting position? First of all, at this time, the body of a woman undergoes changes. What may bother the representative of the weaker sex at this stage, we will consider below.

1. Breast augmentation. Under the influence of hormones, the mammary glands become larger during this period. If in the first trimester a woman could observe soreness in her chest, then in the second she will have another problem - irritability of the nipples. Therefore, at this stage, the girl should buy a supportive bra, which will definitely help her.

2. Growing belly. Of course, this is not a problem, but due to the enlargement of the womb, the woman becomes less mobile; that work, which was previously performed without much effort, will seem to her difficult, and sometimes unbearable.

3. False contractions. During this period, the uterus begins to warm up, so that it will soon be ready for important work. Such contractions in the lower abdomen are usually weak and impossible to predict. However, if there is severe pain in the second trimester, and in addition they are regular, then the woman should urgently see a doctor, as this may be a sign of preterm labor.

4. Skin transformations. Some areas on the body of the future mother become darker, for example, the skin around the nipples, certain areas of the face, the line leading from the navel to the pubis.

5. Stretch marks. The second trimester is a period when the fairer sex can observe pink, red stripes along the abdomen, shoulders, chest, hips, and buttocks. Stretch marks, by the way, can be accompanied by unbearable itching. But no one said that pregnancy in the second trimester is easy. However, there is no need to sound the alarm ahead of time. Although the appearance of such bands cannot be prevented, most of them eventually disappear or become barely visible.

6. Dizziness. This problem is faced by many women in position, because the blood vessels during this period expand in response to hormonal disruptions. To prevent such a negative phenomenon, the girl should drink enough water, and also slowly get up after sleep. When a woman feels dizzy, she should lie on her left side in order to restore blood pressure.

7. Problem with gums and breathing. Since pregnancy increases blood circulation, more blood flows through the mucous membranes of the body. And this, in turn, leads to swelling of the airways, as a result of which the woman begins to snore. Also, increased circulation of connective tissue can soften the gums and cause them to bleed.

8. Shortness of breath. Why is the second trimester characterized by respiratory discomfort? The fact is that the lungs process air more intensively than it was before pregnancy. And this makes it possible for the blood to carry more oxygen to the placenta and the baby, so breathing in this case becomes more intense, which leads to shortness of breath.

9. Vaginal discharge. If a woman found intense leucorrhoea during this period, then this is normal, because they help to suppress the growth of harmful bacteria and yeast. To avoid discomfort, she can wear quality panty liners. However, the fair sex needs to be careful, and if they notice discharge in the second trimester with an unpleasant odor, green, yellow, with drops of blood, then this may indicate a vaginal infection. In this case, the woman should immediately go to her doctor.

10. Leg cramps. Leg cramps are another nuisance of the second trimester: as the pregnancy progresses, they become more frequent at night. To prevent cramps, you need to do appropriate exercises before going to bed, drink more water.

So you learned what changes a woman's body undergoes after 15 weeks of pregnancy. What happens in the second trimester with the fetus, now find out.

How does the baby develop?

Frozen pregnancy in the second trimester: its signs

The biggest blow of fate that can occur during this period is the cessation of fetal development. Of course, the death of an unborn baby can also happen in the first trimester. But still, the period of 18-20 weeks is considered more dangerous. How to determine the freezing, the fetus or not?

By movements. If a woman does not feel any movements in her tummy, then this may be a signal of trouble. In this case, she should immediately contact a gynecologist - he will listen to the heartbeat, and if the results are poor (for example, the pulse is deaf or not at all), he will prescribe an additional ultrasound.

On the chest. It is characterized by a decrease in the size of the bust. The mammary glands then become soft, colostrum ceases to stand out.

If the cervix is ajar, the color of the vagina has become red or pink, there are thick brown discharges - in this case, the doctor can ascertain the fact that the fetus is dying.

Acute infectious disease of the respiratory tract during the gestation period

Influenza in the second trimester of pregnancy can be dangerous not only for the mother, but also for the unborn baby. After all, the disease can provoke premature birth. If a woman catches the flu in the second trimester, then the crumbs, when born, may experience symptoms of oxygen starvation - pallor, lethargy, a weak cry. But still, you should not panic at the first sign of the flu, since a sufficient number of pregnant women suffered this ailment in the second trimester, but then gave birth to absolutely healthy babies.

Flu treatment

You can get rid of this disease at home, it is not necessary to go to the hospital. What do you need to heal faster?

Flu prevention in the 2nd trimester

Vaccination is the main way to prevent the development of a viral infection in the body of a pregnant woman.
Increasing the body's defenses, which includes proper nutrition, a healthy lifestyle, as well as physical activity (do not lie on the couch for days and stroke your round tummy, but go out into the fresh air and take walks).
isolation from patients. If someone in the house falls ill, it is better to ask this person to stay with other relatives for a while so that he does not infect a woman in position.
Hypothermia and overheating should be avoided.

needed between 13 and 27 weeks

In the early stages of pregnancy, a woman's body needs substances such as folic acid, vitamins A, E and C. Throughout the entire period of being in an interesting position, future women in labor also need iodine and calcium, and the second trimester is no exception. Vitamins, as well as micro and macro elements that are important to consume during this period, are the following: iron, manganese, selenium, copper, rutin, etc. For the period from 13 to 27 weeks, these substances are designed to help the baby grow properly and actively. After all, it is in the second trimester that the baby develops dynamically, so he will need more minerals and vitamins than in the initial months.

How to eat?

So the golden mean of pregnancy has come. During this period, the main organs and systems of the fetus are already laid down and functioning. Now bones and tissues will actively begin to grow, the brain develops, nerve fibers, as well as blood vessels, form. Why do doctors pay so much attention to such an aspect as nutrition? The second trimester is the time when the baby, located in the mother's stomach, actively takes away useful elements from her. And in order for a woman to have enough of the necessary substances for herself, doctors try at every appointment to remind the future woman in labor that she is fully fed. By the middle of the prenatal period, the content should be in the following ratio:

Proteins - 22%;

Vegetable fats - 18%;

Fruit and vegetables - 38%;

Cereals - 22%.

Now let's determine what exactly should be on the menu of a pregnant woman in the second trimester:

What foods should be excluded?

Now it is worth considering the nutrition of pregnant women in terms of safety. Some of the foods that women loved to eat before they were in an interesting position can now pose a threat to the health of the baby. The second trimester, as well as the first and third, is the time when the following foods should be excluded from the diet:

Raw meat as well as fish (eg sushi).

Various smoked sausages, sausages, etc.

Varieties of cheeses with mold.

Raw eggs, as well as sauces based on them.

And of course, we recall that no crackers from the store, chips can not be consumed during this period. About alcoholic beverages in general should be forgotten at all stages of pregnancy.

Tonus in the second trimester: what to do?

Throughout the entire period of a woman's being in an interesting position, uterine hyperactivity is a serious diagnosis, so every trip to the gynecologist should include a feeling of the abdomen by a specialist.

Causes of increased tone:

What should be done to eliminate the tone of the uterus?

A woman can achieve relaxation of the uterus only if she herself is completely calm and peaceful.
A lady in position must get enough sleep. If it doesn’t work out at night, then you need to arrange a quiet hour for yourself during the day.
As prescribed by the doctor, a woman during hypertonicity can drink sedatives that can reduce spasms of the walls of the uterus.
With increased activity of the smooth muscle hollow organ, the gynecologist can place the future woman in labor in a hospital in order to prevent abnormalities in the development of the fetus.

Now you know that in the second trimester, which, by the way, lasts from weeks 13 to 27, the baby is actively developing and growing. At this time, the mother's breasts, abdomen increase, stretch marks form (not for everyone) - that is, the woman's body changes. There are cases when a lady has fictitious contractions during this period, the tone of the uterus increases. And so that such serious and dangerous problems do not overtake a pregnant woman, she must protect herself from negative emotions, have more rest, spend time in the fresh air, and also eat right. And then no health complications will be observed, and the baby will be born healthy and on time.

Pregnancy is one of the most beautiful and important periods in a woman's life. One of the safe and calm moments is the second trimester, when a woman does not suffer from toxicosis, and the risks of abortion are minimized. In obstetric practice, the 2nd trimeter is often called the "golden mean". It is during this period that a woman begins to feel the movement of the fetus, there is a feeling of impending motherhood.

The second trimester starts at week 13 and lasts. During this period, changes continue to occur in the woman's body, the fetus is actively developing, the woman's stomach slowly begins to increase in size. Basically, the 2nd trimester is accompanied by a feeling of comfort. The woman is no longer tormented by toxicosis, her mood improves. Despite the comfortable period, you should not relax, because, like other trimesters of pregnancy, it requires maximum attention from the woman herself and doctors. At this stage, up to 16 weeks, the final period of the formation of the intrauterine life of the child, the laying of internal organs and the formation of the placenta. It is from this period that the placenta is fully formed, protects the baby from harmful influences, and provides oxygen supply.

In the second trimester of pregnancy, a woman may encounter certain difficulties, so you need to know not only how the baby develops, what sensations will be present, but also what risks may appear and what to do in some situations.

The size and weight of the fetus in the second trimester

Starting from, the fetus begins to actively develop. It forms a skeleton and internal organs. If in the first trimester there is a laying of all organs and systems, then starting from the second trimester, its organs and systems begin to work independently. For example, the fetal heart begins to beat 2 times faster, pumps about 22 liters of blood. The formation of the brain also occurs, twists appear, the pituitary gland begins to work, the intestines, bladder, kidneys and other organs are formed. Only the respiratory system rests.

At this stage of pregnancy, the growth and size of the fetus increases. If in the 1st trimester he weighed about 20 g, and the body length was 7 cm, then in the 2nd trimester, by the end of it, the baby weighs from 850 g to 1000 g. The growth of the fetus increases to 35 cm in full growth. Thus, the fetus from a small embryo turns into a fetus weighing up to 1 kg.

In the fourth month of pregnancy, the fetus develops rapidly. The following changes occur in his tiny body:

The skeleton is strengthened, the bones grow intensively.
The organs of the abdominal cavity develop.
The kidneys begin to excrete urine.
The stomach, gallbladder and intestines function.
The cerebral cortex is being formed.
The first hormones are produced in the adrenal glands.
The formation of milk teeth is completed.
The proportions of the baby's body are changing.
Sexual glands develop.
Fingernails appear.
In girls, the uterus and fallopian tubes are formed, in boys, the genitals.
The muscles of the face are formed.

Starting with the fetus, the auditory ossicles are formed, which allows him to hear his mother. During this period, he is quite active, moves a lot, often changes his position, which allows the mother to feel the first movements of the baby. From the 19th week, the fetus can blink and squint, open its mouth. Taste buds begin to form in him, which allows him to feel the taste of the food that mom eats.

By the end of the 2nd trimester, the mental abilities of the fetus are being formed, all parts of the cerebral cortex are well developed. The placenta at this stage is also fully formed. It provides the fetus with all the nutrients, protects against negative effects, and provides oxygen access. In the second trimester, the fetus is fully formed, increases in size every day and reaches almost 1 kg by the end of the 27th week.

Condition of the pregnant woman in the second trimester

Unlike the first trimester, in the second, a woman feels much better. She no longer suffers from toxicosis, there are no big risks for abortion. At this stage, the expectant mother begins to feel the first movements of the fetus, which become more pronounced and tangible every day. In the second trimester, the hormonal background begins to normalize, overall well-being improves, mood and appetite increase. Many mothers during this period are full of energy, begin to visit the pool, do yoga, and some decide to travel. The woman's belly is inconspicuous, but begins to acquire roundness. Despite the improvement in well-being, there are still some nuances that bother a woman and can cause anxiety.

Nausea in the second trimester of pregnancy

Normally, with the onset of the second trimester, toxicosis recedes, and a good appetite comes to replace it. However, due to the individual characteristics of the woman, many women still continue to complain of slight nausea, which is mainly present in the morning or as a reaction to unpleasant or pungent odors. With a slight nausea, you should not worry, it will pass by the 18th week. In the absence of any pathologies of pregnant women, doctors recommend drinking water with lemon or tea immediately after waking up for morning sickness. The cause of this condition can also be malnutrition of the mother, eating fatty foods, overeating or starvation.

In the case when nausea is constant, there is an urge to, you should immediately consult a doctor, as this may be a sign of gestosis or other pathology dangerous for the development and life of the child and the woman herself.

Discharge in the second trimester of pregnancy

In the second trimester of pregnancy, vaginal discharge can be both the norm and be a sign of internal diseases. It is very important to pay attention to the nature of the discharge.

Normal discharge in the 2nd trimester has a milky tint. What is the result of hormonal changes in the body of a woman. The secretions themselves have a slight odor, their number may increase slightly as the period increases. The following vaginal discharges are cause for concern:

accompanied by itching and burning in the vaginal area - a sign (candidiasis).
Smearing spotting is a sign, a threat of miscarriage, premature birth.
A yellowish or greenish discharge is a sign of a vaginal infection.
with an unpleasant odor.

The appearance of such secretions in any trimester of pregnancy should alert the woman, become a reason for contacting a doctor who, after the results of the examination, examination, will be able to identify the cause, if necessary, prescribe appropriate treatment.

Pain in the second trimester of pregnancy

Starting from the second trimester, a woman may periodically be disturbed by pain in the lumbar region or pelvis. Doctors explain such painful sensations by an increase in the uterus, its pressure on neighboring organs. But in cases of pathologies or possible risks, pain can be the first signal for immediate medical attention. A pregnant woman should be alerted by pulling pains in the lower abdomen, pain in the sacrum or thighs. With the threat of a miscarriage, in addition to pain, bloody discharge from the vagina will also be present.

In the second trimester, a pregnant woman often suffers from heartburn, which also appears as a result of an increase in the uterus, its pressure on the stomach. Heartburn is not a serious symptom. It worries almost 80% of pregnant women.

In connection with the same increase in the uterus, the expectant mother may be disturbed by constipation, there is a risk of developing hemorrhoids. In such cases, doctors recommend adjusting the diet, eating as many fermented milk products as possible or those that contain fiber.

Pain can also appear as a result of convulsions - muscle spasms due to their involuntary contraction. Cramps can be a sign of impaired mineral metabolism in the body. It is recommended to lead a healthy lifestyle, in the absence of contraindications, do gymnastics for pregnant women, and also pay attention to your diet, which should be rich in vitamins, minerals and other useful substances.

Colds in the second trimester of pregnancy

During pregnancy, a woman is vulnerable to various viral and bacterial infections, which can cause an increase in body temperature. Fortunately, in the second trimester, a cold is not as dangerous as at the beginning of pregnancy, but it is still important to pay attention to it, to treat it at its first signs. Most of the drugs are contraindicated, so self-medication, as well as uncontrolled medication, should be excluded. At the first sign of a cold, you need to consult a doctor who can choose the most optimal treatment regimen and give useful recommendations.

It is important to remember that at the beginning of the 2nd trimester, a cold is just as dangerous for a pregnant woman and, with its complications, can provoke a miscarriage. In this regard, only a doctor can prescribe treatment. With minor signs of SARS, bed rest is recommended, plenty of drinking, inhalation, rinsing, nasal rinsing, you can seek help from traditional medicine, use only proven and safe methods. If necessary, taking medications.

Temperature in the second trimester of pregnancy

During pregnancy of the 2nd trimester, body temperature may increase, which is the body's reaction to a particular irritant. At subfebrile temperature not higher than 37.5 degrees, it is not worth taking measures for treatment. In some women, this temperature is present in the 1st and early second trimester. It is not worth ignoring an elevated body temperature, since it can be a sign of an ectopic position of the fetus or an internal infection.

It is very important to determine the cause of elevated body temperature, as it has a negative effect on the fetus. To normalize body temperature, the doctor may prescribe antipyretic drugs: It is important to understand that such drugs as - must be abandoned. At the same time, such drugs can be taken only at a body temperature above 37.8-38 degrees.

Tests in the second trimester of pregnancy

In the second trimester of pregnancy, a woman undergoes a routine examination, which consists of an ultrasound of the fetus, a clinical blood test, and urine. During this period, a gynecological smear is also prescribed, an analysis for TORCH infection. If necessary, if a fetal pathology is suspected, the doctor prescribes a biochemical screening, or “triple test”, which consists of a blood test for 3 markers. The results of the studies make it possible to identify possible pathologies in the development of the fetus, as well as chromosomal abnormalities that can serve as a reason for terminating a pregnancy for medical reasons. Full screening is recommended for women who have had a miscarriage, are older than 35, or have a history of fetal failure. Tests and full screening are carried out only for women who are at risk.

Signs of a missed pregnancy in the second trimester

In the second trimester of pregnancy, a real tragedy for a woman can be the fading of the fetus. The most dangerous period is 16 - 18 weeks. That is why those women who are at risk are recommended to be screened during the 16th or 18th week. The main signs are considered to be the absence of fetal movements, periodic, brown discharge may be disturbing. If a missed pregnancy is suspected, a woman needs to visit a doctor as soon as possible, undergo an ultrasound scan that can confirm or refute the death of the fetus.

Food

A woman's nutrition will play a key role throughout pregnancy. In the second trimester, a woman's appetite increases. Nutrition should be balanced, fortified and healthy. Proper diet and healthy nutrition will provide a woman's body with all the necessary substances for full growth and development.

The diet should contain only fresh and natural products: fish, meat, eggs, cottage cheese, dairy and sour-milk products. Porridge, vegetables and fruits, as well as beef liver, tomato juice will bring benefits. It is better to eat food raw, boiled or stewed. It is not recommended to eat fried foods, spices, foods containing dyes and carcinogens. Do not abuse sweet and flour products, this will help to avoid significant weight gain and the development of pregnant women.

At any stage of pregnancy, it is forbidden to drink alcohol, even in small quantities, and also stop smoking.

In order for the 2nd trimester, as well as the entire pregnancy to proceed without complications, the woman feels comfortable, some rules must be followed:

Proper nutrition.
Moderate physical activity.
Daily outdoor walks.
Lack of contact with sick people.
Compliance with all rules of personal hygiene.
Comfortable clothes and underwear made from natural fabrics.
Full and comfortable sleep.
Absence of any stressful situations.
In hot weather, do not stay in the open sun for a long time.
Regular visits to the doctor, delivery of all tests.

Compliance with elementary rules will help reduce all sorts of risks that may appear in the second term of pregnancy, improve a woman's well-being, and ensure healthy growth and development of the fetus.

With the onset of the second trimester of pregnancy, almost the “golden time” for the expectant mother begins: toxicosis, most likely, is already in the past, the tummy is somewhat rounded, but not yet enough to add clumsiness and difficulties to the woman. The second trimester of pregnancy, starting from the 13th week, becomes the most fertile period for the expectant mother: now you can walk in the fresh air, visit the pool or yoga classes, enjoy theatrical performances and read books without suffering from headaches and constant feeling of nausea.

With each week, pregnancy becomes noticeable to others: the figure of a woman is rounded, her breasts increase. Experts advise to slowly think about, which is recommended to start wearing from about the 20th week of pregnancy in order to avoid stretch marks and to eliminate the threat of abortion. At the same time, you can slowly begin to prepare your breasts for feeding, daily rubbing the mammary glands with a terry towel and taking air baths.

In the second trimester of pregnancy, one of the main periods of the intrauterine life of the baby also falls: by the 16th week, the laying of the baby's internal organs and the formation of the placenta are completed. So, from now on, the function of supplying oxygen and nutrients, as well as the responsibility to protect the child from the influence of many harmful substances and the penetration of infections, falls on the placenta.

Nausea in the second trimester of pregnancy

As a rule, nausea in the second trimester of pregnancy no longer bothers a woman - toxicosis with all the accompanying "charms" becomes an unpleasant memory of early pregnancy. By the second trimester, most pregnant women notice that nausea has disappeared, and an increased appetite has replaced it.

But, at the same time, do not forget that the body of each person is unique, and each woman “endures” pregnancy in different ways. Therefore, it is not surprising that some mothers, even with the onset of the second trimester of pregnancy, may complain of nausea, which usually occurs in the morning, immediately after waking up, or as a reaction to annoying unpleasant odors.

The usual methods of “fighting” this unpleasant phenomenon are used: you can cope with morning sickness by drinking water with lemon or tea immediately after waking up and snacking on cookies or crackers without even getting out of bed. Still, you should “look for” the most optimal foods, avoiding fatty foods. It is advisable to exclude all smells that provoke attacks of nausea - a sharp perfume, the aroma of pasties or fried onions (which of the women is “weak” for what).

In the case of debilitating nausea with constant regular bouts of vomiting, it is still worth consulting a doctor: this situation is considered a pathology and can be dangerous.

Discharge in the second trimester of pregnancy

If in the early stages, vaginal discharge does not change dramatically either qualitatively or quantitatively, then the second trimester of pregnancy is usually distinguished by some increase in discharge. At the same time, pregnancies acquire a somewhat whitish milky color, and are distinguished by their unexpressed somewhat sour smell.

An increase in the intensity of discharge is a consequence of hormonal changes in the body, and one should be prepared for the fact that as the duration of pregnancy increases, the amount of discharge will also increase. If the discharge is not accompanied by itching and / or burning sensation and does not change color, you should not be alarmed. But you should be wary if:

curdled or thick white discharge appears in the second trimester of pregnancy, causing discomfort in the form of itching or burning. Most likely, you will have to deal with thrush, which must be treated in order to avoid transmission of infection to the baby;
bloody discharge appears. Perhaps they are provoked by erosion of the cervix, in addition, such discharge may signal a threat of miscarriage or premature birth (depending on the period);
the discharge changes color, acquiring a greenish, yellow tint, or is distinguished by “foaminess”. Probably, we will talk about the accession of the infection;
the discharge is transparent and has an unpleasant odor. The risk of developing bacterial vaginosis is great;
the discharge is plentiful, while transparent and does not have a pronounced unpleasant odor. Perhaps this indicates irritation from some kind of influence (for example, as a reaction to panty liners, and then the situation can be changed by eliminating the irritant). Or there is leakage of amniotic fluid (you can install it using an indicator test sold at a pharmacy, or during an examination).

Pain in the second trimester of pregnancy

The most common complaints of this period regarding pain are pain in the lower back and pelvic region. Doctors explain such pains in the second trimester of pregnancy by a gradual increase in the uterus and, accordingly, an increase in the size of the abdomen.

But there should not be any pain in the abdomen. Therefore, if there are pulling pains in the abdomen, and even “reinforced” pains in the sacrum or hips, and even more so, in the presence of spotting, you should immediately consult a doctor - the risk of miscarriage is too high.

A very unpleasant phenomenon in the second trimester of pregnancy can be heartburn - as a result of squeezing the stomach by a growing uterus, and therefore the normal function of digestion is disturbed.

Again, due to an increase in the uterus in size and compression of the abdominal organs, constipation may develop. It is important to adhere to a proper diet and increase the amount of fiber in the diet; prunes, dried apricots and baked apples will also help to cope with constipation. Constipation must be avoided, because it is not far from constant constipation to hemorrhoids, and this is much more serious and "painful" than simply the inability to go to the toilet "by and large".

Perhaps in the second trimester of pregnancy, the appearance of convulsions - painful involuntary muscle contractions in the calves and feet. This symptom may indicate a violation of mineral metabolism in the body and be caused by congestion in the legs. It is important to lead an active lifestyle, for joints and visiting the pool, do foot massage and pay attention to the quality of nutrition. So, calcium, magnesium and vitamin E should be present in the diet in sufficient quantities.

Colds in the second trimester of pregnancy

In the second trimester, as well as throughout pregnancy, a woman is still vulnerable to all sorts of colds. But, fortunately, a cold in the second trimester of pregnancy no longer poses such a danger as in the early stages of bearing a baby. And, nevertheless, it is necessary to treat colds, and, moreover, always with the intervention of a doctor - most of the medications are still banned, and a cold, albeit not on such a “scale”, can still cause great trouble.

So, at this stage, a cold can provoke the development of fetoplacental insufficiency, and due to violations of the functions of the placenta, there is a high risk of fetal hypoxia, fetal growth retardation. In addition, a cold in the second trimester of pregnancy can negatively affect the nervous system of the fetus, because right now it is actively developing.

If a woman catches a cold at the 14th week of pregnancy, the risk of miscarriage remains, in addition, endocrine system disturbances are possible (its formation is now being completed). At 16-17 weeks of pregnancy, a cold can affect the formation of the baby's bone tissue - active strengthening of the bones of the fetus lasts until the 18th week. A cold at 19-20 weeks of pregnancy is dangerous for a girl growing in the womb of her mother: during this period, the formation of baby eggs occurs, and viruses can have an extremely adverse effect on their number and functioning.

In connection with all of the above, the treatment of a cold in the second trimester of pregnancy should not be neglected. The treatment regimen should be discussed with the doctor, in any case, the woman is shown bed rest, drinking plenty of water, gargling with herbal decoctions with the addition of soda, and rinsing the nose with saline.

Temperature in the second trimester of pregnancy

But not always, unfortunately, colds are expressed only by mild ailments, in many cases, they are associated with a significant increase in temperature. It is believed that a significantly elevated temperature in the second trimester of pregnancy does not have a negative effect on the fetus - to a certain extent, negative effects are removed by the placental barrier, and the placenta also becomes an obstacle to the penetration of viruses and infections to the child. But, at the same time, it is necessary to be treated, and necessarily - following the treatment regimen prescribed by the doctor.

It should be remembered that in no case should Aspirin, Analgin, Nurofen be used to lower the temperature. Only preparations based on antipyretics are acceptable as an antipyretic, and then after consultation with a specialist. At the same time, if the temperature does not exceed 37.8-38 degrees, it is advisable to cope with the temperature syndrome with the help of folk remedies - using a decoction of lime blossom, tea with honey and raspberries, making cold compresses.

If a significantly elevated temperature is fixed without the accompanying symptoms of a cold in the form of a cough, runny nose and malaise, it may be caused by much more serious diseases. So, high temperature can be accompanied by pyelonephritis, tuberculosis, herpes and some other diseases that are dangerous for the development and normal formation of the fetus. Therefore, in the presence of fever without cold symptoms, you should always consult with a therapist and gynecologist, and also, if necessary, take tests.

As for the "subfebrile" states in the range of 37.2-37.5 degrees. Somewhat elevated temperature, inherent in the early period of pregnancy, may persist into the second trimester. But, at the same time, such temperature indicators in the second trimester of pregnancy can also be a sign of an ectopic position of the fetus. And therefore, also examinations and ultrasound, analyzes necessary at this time, acquire such importance.

Ultrasound in the second trimester of pregnancy

In the second trimester, the pregnant woman will undergo a second planned ultrasound, the optimal time for which is 20-24 weeks. By this time, ultrasound no longer provides for the mandatory preparation and conduct of it with a full bladder: there is enough already existing amniotic fluid.

During an ultrasound scan in the second trimester of pregnancy, a specialist evaluates the development of the fetus and the amount of amniotic fluid, determines the presence or absence of malformations of the internal systems and organs of the child, and specifies the gestational age. If for some reason during the first planned ultrasound it was not diagnosed, the doctor will inform mom and dad about its presence now. In addition, ultrasound in the second trimester of pregnancy can show the sex of the expected baby, however, often the baby turns his buttocks, which makes it impossible to determine.

The second scheduled ultrasound examination allows, among other things, to assess the condition of the placenta and umbilical cord, display data on the length of the cervix and the condition of the internal os.

Tests in the second trimester of pregnancy

In addition to ultrasound, tests are needed in the second trimester of pregnancy in the form of a clinical blood test (mainly to determine the level of hemoglobin) and a general urine test (to assess kidney function). In addition, a gynecological smear will be taken from the pregnant woman, and, if necessary, an analysis for TORCH infection.

In the second trimester of pregnancy, the so-called biochemical screening, or “triple test”, can be offered and carried out. This analysis involves a blood test for 3 main markers: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and estriol. A triple test allows you to identify possible malformations and chromosomal abnormalities of the fetus, impaired formation of the spinal cord, hydrocephalus and some other pathologies. This "combined" analysis can be shown to those women who have already experienced pregnancy failure, those who have relatives with congenital developmental pathologies. However, it should be borne in mind that in any case, the diagnosis is not made based on the results of the analysis: the triple test is designed to determine whether the pregnant woman belongs to the risk group. The optimal time for biochemical screening is considered to be 16-18 weeks.

Signs of a missed pregnancy in the second trimester

One of the biggest tragedies that can happen in the second trimester of pregnancy is fetal fading. In principle, the cessation of development and subsequent death of the fetus, which, in fact, is a missed pregnancy, can also happen at an earlier date. The risk of freezing remains in the second trimester, the most dangerous in this regard is the period of 16-18 weeks.

The main signs that may indicate a fading pregnancy are:

cessation or absence of fetal movements. Mommy can feel the first movements of the baby by 18-20 weeks (usually, movements are felt by multiparous women earlier). If the baby suddenly stops “moving” in the tummy from time to time, you should immediately consult a doctor - a specialist will listen to the fetal heartbeat with a stethoscope, and in case of poor performance (deaf or not audible pulse), he will prescribe an additional ultrasound;
a possible fading of pregnancy may be signaled by changes regarding the mammary glands. So, for a frozen pregnancy, a decrease in the size of the breasts is characteristic, the mammary glands become soft, the secretion of colostrum stops;
a specialist can diagnose pregnancy fading during a gynecological examination: by an ajar cervix, cessation of uterine growth, thick brown discharge and a specific red-pink color of the vagina.

Nutrition in the second trimester of pregnancy

Nutrition in the second trimester of pregnancy still plays one of the key roles for the normal formation of the fetus and the excellent well-being of the expectant mother. The main condition regarding the diet is that it must be balanced, provide the body of a woman and a child in the right quantities with the necessary nutrients and nutrients.

Mandatory on the mother's table is fish and lean meats (preferably boiled), which will become the main source of protein. Eggs, cottage cheese, dairy and sour-milk products will provide the calcium necessary at this stage, which is necessary for the normal formation of the child's bone tissue. Beef liver, buckwheat porridge, apples and tomato juice will supply the body with iron, the need for which increases day by day, and the lack of which can cause anemia. Vegetables and fruits in sufficient quantities in the diet are required - both as a source of vitamins and minerals, and as a "fuse" against constipation.

The quality of food is of great importance: during pregnancy it is better to refuse smoked meats, marinades, semi-finished products, all kinds of purchased ketchups, mayonnaises, sauces. In addition, it is worth limiting the consumption of sweets and flour products in order to avoid a jump in weight and not provoke the development of diabetes in pregnant women.

And, of course, alcohol is strictly prohibited in the second trimester of pregnancy, with a high degree of risk that has a negative impact on the development of the child. True, in some cases, experts allow red wine in small quantities, but only occasionally, always natural and unfortified, diluted by half with water.

Vitamins in the second trimester of pregnancy

The need for valuable substances, including vitamins, increases approximately 1.5 times during pregnancy. But this does not mean that a woman should a priori take vitamins in the second trimester of pregnancy in the form of multivitamin preparations, no way. So, the body of each person, do not tire of reminding doctors, is individual, which means that the needs of each pregnant woman are individual. Moreover, according to one of the theories, the body "knows how" to independently regulate needs and "distribute" reserves.

If in the recent past, many doctors almost without exception prescribed vitamin courses to pregnant women (and it is imperative to coordinate the intake of certain multivitamin preparations with a doctor), today many refuse to do so. It has been proven that the uncontrolled administration of vitamin complexes during pregnancy very often leads to the birth of large children, who, moreover, are born during a caesarean section (a woman who is too large is not always able to give birth naturally).

Therefore, all the same, doctors make the main “emphasis” in the issue of providing the body with vitamins on good nutrition, especially if the pregnant woman carefully monitors the diet, the pregnancy did not fall in the winter-spring period and proceeds safely. The principles of proper nutrition in order to obtain the maximum amount of vitamins from food: the mandatory presence of proteins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, dietary fiber, prebiotics and probiotics in the daily menu.

At the same time, it must be borne in mind that some substances are prescribed to all expectant mothers additionally, regardless of age, living conditions and health status. These include folic acid and vitamin E - they are necessary to reduce the risk of possible anomalies in the child's nervous development. In addition, taking folic acid reduces the chance of preeclampsia or pregnancy-related hypertension.

During pregnancy, including the second trimester, the need also increases for B vitamins (needed for the absorption of proteins, the development of the nervous system and brain), vitamins A (responsible for the development of bone tissue, retina, skin), C ( reduces the risk of preterm birth, is necessary for immunity), D (participates in the formation of bone tissue and the "laying" of the baby's teeth). But the expediency of additional intake of certain multivitamin preparations that combine different combinations of vitamins should be determined by the doctor. It is possible that the need for vitamins can be replenished by adjusting the diet.

Sex in the second trimester of pregnancy

When the main worries about the fixation of the fetus in the uterus and its normal development remain in the past, and with them all the ailments and signs of early toxicosis go into oblivion, the woman quite logically “remembers” the pleasant moments of intimacy. So, together with a spouse who misses bodily pleasures, she wonders if sex is possible and how safe it is in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Almost all doctors agree that in the absence of contraindications and the normal course of pregnancy, intimacy in the second trimester is not only allowed, but also necessary. So, sex life does not harm the unborn baby at all, but mom and dad give the opportunity to experience new sensations, get even closer and fully enjoy each other's touches.

Interestingly, many women note that the middle of pregnancy is marked by a kind of “splash” of sexual energy. Doctors explain the growing need for physical love in this case by intense blood supply to the pelvic organs. Therefore, sex in the second trimester of pregnancy, if not forbidden by a doctor, can even be practiced.