Folk holidays step by step drawing presentation. Presentation on the topic "Folk holidays
Goals:
To give an idea of folk festivities as a synthesis of all arts: oral and musical folklore, fine arts and arts and crafts.
To generalize knowledge and skills on the topic "Ancient roots of folk art", to introduce oral, musical and artistic folklore, to acquaint students with the traditions of Russian folk rituals.
Raise interest in the national traditions of their people.
Cognitive: the meaning of the ancient roots of folk art, to develop students' imagination, a sense of fantasy.
Methodical: to teach to reflect the unity of form and decor in drawings, projects, to create your own projects in line with the figurative language of folk art.
Materials: album sheet, paints, brushes, water, pencils, felt-tip pens, helium pens, eraser.
During the classes:
Teacher. slide 3 . Russian people knew how to work, they knew how to relax. Following the principle of "business time, fun hour", the peasants rested and had fun mainly on holidays.
Ancient people personified, spiritualized nature, endowed literally everything they encountered with supernatural properties. We find echoes of these naive beliefs in folk tales about the water man, the goblin, the brownie and other mythical characters that have existed in the minds of people as real for many centuries.
Withlaye 2. All people love holidays. The holiday is a bright spectacle, elegant clothes, songs, dances, theatrical performances. Each holiday is a certain result summed up by the peasants after the next labor period - sowing, harvesting. In today's lesson, we will get acquainted with the Slavic pagan holiday. The Slavs have a lot of holidays. All of them were celebrated by our ancestors before the adoption of Christianity, which is why they are called pagan.
Maybe someone knows why they were called pagan? (There was polytheism).
What pagan holidays existed in Russia and are they still celebrated? (Shrovetide, Kupala Holiday).
Two holidays are very significant for the Slavs: Shrovetide - seeing off winter, and the holiday of Ivan Kupala - the crown of summer.
There are many legends about the holiday of Ivan Kupala, this holiday is written in fiction.
slide 4 . On the night of July 6-7, in honor of the summer solstice, one ofpicturesque, saturated with beautiful pagan customs of holidays - Kupaln.Slide 5, 6. There were rituals associated with water (pouring, bathing).This holiday falls on the time of the summer solstice.
Slide 7. The main feature of the Kupala night is the cleansing bonfires. In Russia, live fire was used to revive the Kupala bonfire (honorable old people got it by friction from wood), and while this work continued, the people gathered around stood in reverent silence, but as soon as the fire flared up, festivities began.
In some places they made a straw doll - Kupala. She was dressed up in a woman's dress, decorated with ribbons and monists.
Slide 8 . According to the beliefs of the peasants, on the Kupala, the shortest night, you can’t sleep, as all evil spirits come to life and become especially active - witches, werewolves, mermaids, snakes ... People danced and played around the fires all night, jumped over them: who will jump more successfully and higher - he will be happier. In Kupala bonfires, mothers burned shirts taken from sick children so that the diseases themselves would burn along with this linen. Livestock were driven through the fire to protect it from pestilence.
Slide 9 .On the day of Ivan Kupala, a blind snake gets sight for the whole day and therefore at this time it becomes very dangerous: rushing at a person like an arrow, it can pierce him through and through.
slide 10. Ivan Kupala Day is dedicated to collecting medicinal herbs. It is believed that it is on this day that herbs gain healing power. Of the herbs collected, such herbs as kupalenka (yellowhead) and Ivan da Marya flower are especially respected.
Festive festivities are associated with the beauty of the costumes and their special decoration.
Why did the Slavs decorate their clothes? (For protection from illnesses, misfortunes (the so-called Navi's souls). - Guys and girls should be smart and really festively dressed.slide 11 . On the night before Ivan Kupala, girls weave wreaths of herbs, and in the evening they put these wreaths with lighted candles into the water, watching how and where they swim.
Slide 12., 13. Another custom was to put nettles on the threshold and on the windowsills to protect themselves from the attacks of witches.
They whipped each other with nettles, playing "burners", jumped over it to protect themselves from evil spirits.
slide 14. If on this night you pick the flower of Ivan da Marya and put it in the corners of the hut, the thief will not come to the house: the brother and sister (yellow and purple flowers of the plant) will talk to each other, and it will seem to the thief that the owner is talking to the mistress.
Slide 16.17. Bonfires burned, burning wheels rushed from them to the river bank - symbolic signs of the sun, showing the turn of the sun for the winter. At dawn, with jokes, feigned cries and songs, the straw effigy of Kupala was burned. The deity fulfilled its mission, because the grain thrown into the ground sprouted and sprouted, therefore Kupala (kupa - a bush, a sheaf of old plants, grass) can and must die before next spring.
slide 18. A characteristic feature of this day are Kupala songs. They are sung only on the night of Ivan Kupala and are never repeated again during the year.
Strong sun, strong water, strong earth, and man, coming into contact with nature, takes strength from her to complete summer work.
Statement of the artistic task:
And now let's divide into groups to perform the collective work "Our cheerful round dance."
Summarizing: Viewing and exhibition of finished works, discussion and evaluation.
A lesson in fine arts in the 4th grade according to the program of B.M. Nemensky.
Lesson topic: Folk holidays.
Lesson Objectives : 1) give an idea of the pagan gods of the ancient Slavs,
2) introduce folk holidays, customs and traditions of our ancestors,
3) to reveal the idea of the work of A.G. Venetsianov “On arable land. Spring."
4) improve the skills of depicting people in motion,
5) to cultivate interest in the traditions of the Russian people.
During the classes.
Organizing time.
Conversation on the topic of the lesson.
(slide 2) The life of people in the distant past was very dependent on nature. The sun will dry the crops - goodbye, harvest. It will rain - the hay will rot, there will be starvation among livestock, wait for hunger in the winter. A mushroom picker will get lost in the forest, a blizzard or frost will catch the traveler along the way - all these are tricks of someone's evil will. And people endowed nature with great power, deified it, tried to appease it. People believed in the forces of nature. This is how Vedism (from the word Veda - knowledge) or paganism appeared.
(slide 3) The ancient Slavs worshiped nature. They raised some forces of nature to the rank of gods. Rod was the most revered and most important. Rod was considered one of the most important deities who took part in the creation of the universe. It was Rod who began to create the visible world. According to the beliefs of the ancient Slavs, it is he who sends souls to born children from heaven to Earth.
The clan divided the world into three parts: upper, middle and lower. The top one is in the sky. There are gods who rule over people. They do the right thing, and therefore the inhabited heavens are called Rule. Below is the human world, which we clearly see. He is revealed to us by the gods, and therefore his name is Yav. The lower one is the world of the past. The ancestors went there. This is Navi. From there come delusions and bad dreams. In addition, this Rod was associated with the concepts of marriage, love and childbearing.
Everything born by Rod still bears his name: nature, homeland, parents, relatives.
Svarog was among the Slavs the God of Heaven, the father of all things.
From the sacred language of the Aryans, Sanskrit, the word "svarog" is translated as "walking in the sky." Created a 12 month calendar (Kolo Svarog). The legend says that Svarog gave people the very first plow and blacksmith tongs, taught them how to smelt copper and iron. In addition, Svarog established the very first laws for the human community. Svarog taught people how to cook (create) cottage cheese and cheese from milk, which were once considered sacred food, a gift from the gods.
He is the first patron of crafts and all craftsmen.
Veles - one of the greatest gods of the ancient world, the owner of the wild
nature. His main act was that Veles set the world created by Rod and Svarog in motion. Day began to replace night; winter was inevitably followed by spring, summer and autumn; after exhalation - inhale, after sadness - joy.
(slide 4) Perun is the god of thunderclouds, thunder and lightning, war and weapons. Princes and warriors chose Perun as their heavenly leader. Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich put him at the head of the other gods and erected a monument next to the princely palace in Kyiv. After the baptism of Russia, he himself ordered him to be overthrown and drowned in the waters of the Dnieper.
The ax - the weapon of Perun - has been attributed miraculous power since ancient times. So, an ax with a symbolic image of the Sun and Thunder, planted in a door frame, was an insurmountable obstacle for evil spirits seeking to penetrate into a human dwelling. Another symbol of Perun is a "thunder sign", similar to a wheel with six spokes. His image was often reproduced on the shields of the Slavic warriors.
(slide 5 ) Dazhbog was among the pagan Slavs the god of the Sun, the giver of heat and light. His name is not from the word "rain", as is sometimes mistakenly thought, it means - "giving God", "giver of all blessings." The Slavs considered the sun to be an all-seeing eye, which strictly watches over the morality of people, over the observance of laws. And the sacred sign of the Sun from time immemorial was ... the cross! Squint your eyes at the Sun and you will see it. That is why the Christian cross, so similar to the ancient pagan symbol, took root so quickly in Russia. His name is heard in the shortest prayer that has survived to this day: “Give, God!”
(slide 6) Yarilo (Yarila) - the god of spring, spring light and warmth; young, impetuous and uncontrollable force; deity of passion and fertility. Symbol of the holiday of the rebirth of life. Yarila was among the ancient Slavs also the god of fertility, reproduction and physical love. They asked Yarila for a good harvest when the first shoots of spring crops appeared.
(slide 7) Mokosh is the goddess of all Destiny. Makosh (Mokosh) patronized women's home crafts, but also influenced fertility. Spinning was her main occupation. Of the days of the week, Mokosh was dedicated to Friday. Out of respect for the goddess, women did not spin or wash on this day.
People inhabited all living things with spirits. Oak was considered the sacred tree of Perun. One of the revered trees was birch. At the beginning of summer, it was decorated with ribbons, embroidered towels, round dances were danced near the birch.
According to the ancestors, mermaids and mermaids lived in the water. The goblin was in charge in the forest, and the rest of the house was guarded by brownies and coastlines.
(slide 8 ) From beliefs, holidays, rituals with games, which our ancestors called merrymaking, arose.
(slide 9 ) In winter, at the end of December, they caroled: mummers went from house to house with songs and jokes. The hosts had to give gifts to those who came. If the owners were stingy and the gifts were meager, then the mummers threatened to call trouble on the house.
(slide 10) The holiday of seeing off winter and meeting spring was called Maslenitsa. On Shrovetide they rolled a burning wheel - a symbol of the sun. The holiday was fun. They rode horses, burned an effigy of Shrovetide.
(slide 11) In the middle of summer there was a holiday of Kupala. On this day, the girls bathed in the river and floated wreaths. And if you see a blooming fern that night, then happiness will come to your house. Another tradition was lighting a fire and jumping over the fire. It was believed that this way you can get rid of evil spirits.
(slide 12) In the fall, they celebrated the harvest festival. Among the Slavs, this holiday meant the end of the harvest of wheat, barley, millet and other grain crops. By this time, the last harvests had to be completed, and the last sheaf of rye or other grain was cut in complete silence, since it was believed that the spirit of the field moved into the last sheaf, so it could not be disturbed by speech or song.
According to tradition, some of the uncompressed ears were left in the field, so that they could be tied into a small bundle that grows from the ground. It was believed that the last bunch of crops tied with a ribbon symbolizes the beard of Veles. Veles was the one who taught the ancestors how to farm, how to properly plow the land, when to wait for the harvest, etc. Before braiding the ears into ribbons, they walked across the field with a jug of grain crops, holding the pot high above their heads. In the evening they arrange a feast, putting honey, beer, apples, bread and porridge on the table. On this day, they go to consecrate honey and apples in order to put consecrated food on the table.
(slides 13-15 ) Boris Mikhailovich Kustodiev beautifully painted folk holidays in his paintings.
(slide 16 ) Consider a reproduction from the painting by Alexei Gavrilovich Venetsianov "On arable land. Spring" The artist painted a field stretching to the very horizon, and a high sky stretching over the field. A peasant woman leads horses, we see another one in the distance.
Consider the picture carefully. Is there anything in it that cannot be imagined in reality?
Indeed, a woman works, not a man, she walks easily, as if floating across the field. The peasant woman is wearing a beautiful elegant sundress. A plump child is sitting on the ground, and she herself is much taller than a horse.
In the picture, the artist did not draw a real scene from life, but created an image of spring. Spring is the time of the birth of new life. A black piece of a dead tree sticks out in the background, and next to it is a new life - a flowering tree. A strong fat baby is a new life. And the peasant woman herself, like spring, ruddy, smiling, light.
In those days when the picture was created, it was believed that spring could only be represented by the ancient goddess Flora, surrounded by dancing nymphs. For the first time in Russian art, the artist showed spring in the image of a Russian woman in a scarlet kokoshnik and an elegant sundress. For the first time, Venetsianov noticed the beauty and smoothness of the movements of a Russian woman, the beauty of her rounded face.
Individual work.
Now you need to think about which of the holidays you will draw. How to arrange the heroes of the holiday, in what poses will the heroes of the picture. What background will your drawing be on?
(Then there is a discussion of several children's ideas)
Summary of the lesson.
Analysis of the best works. What means of artistic expression did you use in your work to convey the festive mood.
References.
Textbook for grade 4 “Fine art. Every nation is an artist" L.A. Nemenskaya Moscow "Enlightenment" 2007
Visual arts grade 4 lesson plans according to the program of B.M. Nemensky. Compiled by N.V. Lobodina
http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki
Conversation on the topic of the lesson.
1) The Slavs were pagans. One of their gods was Perun, the god of thunder and lightning, the lord of fertile rain. He was depicted with a silver head and a golden mustache. 2) The god of the sun was Dazhdbog, in some places he was called Yaril, from the words bright (shines), furiously (scorches). They honored (living fire), believing that it was lit from the sun, the fire burned in fires, burned in home hearths. 3) The Slavs also worshiped the earth, depicting it in a female figure, whose name was Mokosh (wet). She was affectionately called "mother earth", "mother earth". It was the damp, damp earth that was honored, because it gives a bountiful harvest. It was believed that water spirits and mermaids lived in the water - girls with fish tails. They dragged the unwary into the pool. In the forest, a small, green goblin was in charge, which could make even a very experienced hunter get lost. The peace of the house was guarded by good spirits - brownies, coastlines. Holidays in Russia met spring and saw off winter, holidays marked the completion of agricultural work. The organization of fairs has always been a holiday. A lot of people gathered, praised the goods. For entertainment, carousels and funny booths were arranged.
Trinity festivities Holy Trinity Day is celebrated by the church on the fiftieth day after Easter, which is why it is also called Pentecost. On this day, the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles is remembered. The Holy Spirit descended on the apostles as they all gathered together in the Zion Upper Room in Jerusalem. Suddenly there was a loud noise from the sky, as if from a rushing strong wind, and this noise filled the whole house in which they were. Then they all saw, as it were, tongues of fire separating, and one fiery tongue rested on each of the apostles.
The Old Testament Trinity (hospitality of Abraham) The Holy Spirit descended from heaven gave the apostles the grace of the priesthood to build the Church on earth, strength and intelligence to preach the Word of God throughout the world. This day is considered the birthday of the New Testament Church and has been solemnly celebrated since ancient times.
Candlemas is a meeting The icon of the Candlemas will help to see this event: the joy of a person meeting the Lord.
Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos Dormition - one of the twelve great church holidays - is celebrated on August 15 according to the old style, August 28 in a new way. From August 1, according to the old style, or August 14, according to the new one, a two-week strict Assumption fast begins. fast. Why do we not grieve on the day of the death of the Mother of God, but celebrate this event? Because the word “assumption” alone shows that the death of the Mother of God was extraordinary. It was like a short sleep, followed by a birth into eternal life.
The Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos This feast in honor of the Virgin is truly adorned with many and great gifts and rightly revered as the day of the salvation of the whole world, wrote St. Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople, in the 9th century. The Nativity of the Most Holy Theotokos is the result and crown of the Old Testament, all the hopes and aspirations of pre-Christian mankind. The feast of the Nativity of the Virgin introduces a person into a very special circle of ideas and reflections. Through a long series of generations, the Providence of God prepared for itself on earth this vessel of the Divine. “Blessed Mary, descending in a straight line from Abraham and David, considers the Old Testament patriarchs, many high priests, leaders and kings of the Jews among her ancestors. Thus, if worthy of respect for valor, spiritual qualities and merits are assimilated and bring respect to the name of their descendants in the world; then faith, meekness, courage, patience and other virtues of the kind of Abraham and David adorned Her name at the very birth of the Virgin Mary.
Maslenitsa is an old Russian folk holiday, which originates from the time of ancient, pagan Russia. The holiday intertwined both pagan and Christian customs. The holiday does not have a fixed calendar date, it is celebrated according to the church calendar at the end of winter - the beginning of spring. Shrovetide is an ancient Slavic holiday that we inherited from pagan culture. This is a cheerful farewell to winter, illuminated by the joyful expectation of close warmth, spring renewal of nature. For seven whole days, folk festivals continue with songs, dances, Russian folk games, horseback riding, ditties. On the most cheerful last day of Shrovetide - Forgiveness Sunday - an effigy is burned and everyone asks each other for forgiveness, freeing themselves from sins before Great Lent. Since ancient times, round, ruddy, hot pancakes have been considered an indispensable and most important attribute of Maslenitsa since ancient times - a symbol of the sun, which flared up brighter, lengthening the days. With butter, sour cream, caviar, mushrooms or sturgeon - for every taste! The holiday is celebrated on a special scale in Suzdal. Many people come here to have fun in the winter, to meet the long-awaited spring. Maslenitsa in Suzdal is a bright and unforgettable holiday, which is accompanied by games, fun, theatrical folklore performances, horseback riding, burning scarecrows, delicious pancakes and Russian cuisine. Celebrate Maslenitsa in Suzdal, meet spring cheerfully, brightly and noisily!
Epiphany Another Orthodox holiday is celebrated annually in Suzdal. Epiphany. The Feast of the Epiphany is a very significant holiday for the Orthodox. The rite of Baptism is a special sacrament of the Orthodox Church, during which the person being baptized is cleansed of the sins of a past life. The history of the Feast of Epiphany is interesting. The holiday commemorates the baptism of Jesus Christ by John the Baptist in the Jordan River. It is believed that by celebrating this holiday according to all the rules, the believer gets rid of all diseases and ailments.
Baptism The rite of Baptism is a special sacrament of the Orthodox Church, during which the person being baptized is cleansed of the sins of a past life. In Russia, on the day of Orthodox baptism, it is customary to dive into the hole. It is believed that water on the night of Epiphany acquires supernatural properties, has extraordinary healing power, heals all kinds of ailments, heals both the body and the spirit. For many Orthodox, the feast of Epiphany is becoming a good tradition of strengthening faith, spirit and body. For these purposes, a special bath is cut through, where everyone who wants to perform the rite of Baptism can get into. Swimming in the hole takes place in a civilized manner, under the supervision of rescuers and doctors. Swimming in the ice hole is a wonderful hardening and cleansing of the body, good spirits and a lot of impressions and enthusiastic stories.
Easter In the spring, after a long harsh winter, after a strict fast, the Orthodox celebrate the bright holiday of Easter. Easter is the greatest, great holiday for all believing Christians. On Easter, the entire Orthodox world sings of the deliverance of all mankind from the slavery of the devil. But for this, you must first go through a strict long fast, thereby proving your readiness and desire to free yourself from filth. This period is full of prayers, services, church hymns. We must forgive everyone and ask for forgiveness from others. Orthodox Easter is the brightest, most beautiful, touching, instructive, kind Orthodox holiday. On Easter, it is customary to paint eggs as a symbol of resurrection, bake Easter cakes, cook Easter cottage cheese. On Easter, it is customary to exchange colored eggs with the words "Christ is Risen." Orthodox Easter begins at midnight between Holy Saturday and Sunday. The service begins at midnight with beautiful hymns, then all the faithful go to the procession. The significance of the Easter holiday is very great for the Orthodox, this is the greatest holiday of purification and forgiveness.
Night of Ivan Kupala July 9 to July 10 (at night) On the day of the summer solstice, the feast of Ivan Kupala falls, a holiday of water and fire. Our ancestors called Ivan Kupala the pagan god of fertility. Kupalo was portrayed as a brave young man with curly hair and a beard. Kostroma-young woman, in white clothes with an oak branch in her hands, was considered a symbol of fertility. Our ancestors regularly celebrated this holiday, believing in the mercy of the gods and hoping for a rich harvest. But modern reality has set its accents. The Ivan Kupala holiday is a time for relaxation, entertainment and fun. The holiday of Ivan Kupala is distinguished by mystery. According to folk beliefs, this night herbs have the greatest healing power. They removed the dew from the grass with a white tablecloth and washed it, it was believed that diseases go away with the dew. The celebrants bathed in the rivers to relieve their illnesses. One of the traditions was to lower the set fire to the river: a symbol of the turning of the sun towards winter. Bonfires were lit on the banks of the river, round dances were held, ritual games were arranged, they were waiting for the meeting of the month with the sun. There is a beautiful legend that ferns bloom once a year on this night. And with the help of this flower, buried treasures are opened.
Christmas is a bright, pure religious holiday. Even our ancestors praised Kolyada. Kolyada is a pagan god of feasts and peace. Here mixed Christian and pagan customs. The mummers entered the houses, on the windows of which candles were burning, arranged dances, sang carols, and amused the owners with jokes. For this, the hospitable hosts treated the mummers with sweets and gave gifts. Today, Christmas has not lost its relevance. This is a family, home holiday that brings different generations together. Sledding, songs, dances, theatrical performances, competitions and invariable gifts.
