Fundamentals of interpersonal interaction of socio-pedagogical and socio-psychological support of a young family in social service organizations. Features of social work with a young family

01.10.2019

At all times, the family has been in the center of attention of scientists, sociologists and statesmen. The family, as a small social group, is an integral entity, one of the main institutions of society.

Today, due to economic, demographic and social changes in society, the “young family” is being put forward as a separate category of families, as the most dynamic and easily responsive part of society to these changes.

In the section "General provisions" of the resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of June 3, 1993 No. 5090-1, "The main directions of the state youth policy in the Russian Federation", the following definition of a young family is given: "Young family – this is a family in the first 3 years after marriage (in the case of the birth of children - without limiting the duration of the marriage), provided that one of the spouses has not reached the age of 30. 3

Thus, the legally established signs of a young family are:

young people are married;
the age of the spouses is up to 30 years;
duration of joint life - up to 3 years (in the case of the birth of children - without limiting the duration of joint life).

In the process of life, a young family goes through several stages 4:

formation (from the moment of marriage to the birth of the first child, the creation of a stable psychological climate, the determination of sources of income to create their material base, the distribution of family responsibilities);
survival (a high degree of dependence on the state due to the low level of material security, the choice of such ways of organizing life that are oriented towards solving not long-term, but momentary problems);
development (acquisition of certain qualitative characteristics that provide a higher standard of living, allow you to independently solve your vital problems, achieve a certain autonomy).

A young family as a community of people connected by relations of marriage, parenthood, kinship, joint household, performs the most important social functions, the main of which are: generative (reproductive), psychological (psychotherapeutic), socio-cultural, economic and household, communicative, hedonistic . 5

Generative function due to the need to continue the human race, which is not only a biological need, but also of great socio-economic importance for the preservation of the population. Society is interested in ensuring that each next generation is at least not smaller than the previous one. Young families make the greatest contribution to meeting this need. And for them, this function can be recognized as a priority.

At the core psychological function only such individual needs of people lie, the satisfaction of which is impossible or extremely difficult outside the family. For young families, the psychological function of the family is to transform love and mutual attraction into a relationship of mutual affection, mutual emotional comfort. The family for young people becomes a space for the realization of their feelings and a condition for the formation of mature mutual love, when the spouse becomes the only person with whom living together is the deep inner meaning of the family.

Socio-cultural function It is due to the fact that the family actively influences the formation of the personality of the child. It lays down the cultural basic values that regulate the future behavior of the child in various areas of activity, forms scenarios for all possible roles that he has to play.

economic function is one of the main functions of the family. A young family solves various problems of family business, housekeeping, production and reproduction of the labor force, ensuring the necessary level of consumer demand, creating investment capital, etc.

Communicative function realized through communication in the family. In a young family, communication is much more intense. At the same time, it has not only quantitative, but also qualitative features: young spouses talk a lot about feelings, emotions, and a significant role is played by the non-verbal component (intonation, glances, touches).

hedonic function, which is also commonly called the function of healthy sex, is associated with the presence in a person of a general biological sexual need, the satisfaction of which is just as important and necessary as the need for food, housing, and so on. This function is extremely significant for a young family, because even simple communication gives great pleasure, the joy of recognition, the feeling of being loved, physically attractive.

Thus, the young family, for its part, is called upon to fully carry out all these functions, to build its life career on the basis of the principles of self-development and self-sufficiency. But the problems that a young family is currently facing significantly affect the formation and development of each of the listed functions.

As Yu.E. Aleshina notes, at the initial stage of marriage, the process of forming intra-family and extra-family relations proceeds very intensively and intensely. 6 Of the totality of factors affecting the quality of relationships in a young family and its social functioning, the following can be distinguished:

Living conditions of a family group, which include socio-economic, socio-political, socio-psychological, socio-cultural and other factors that make up the environment.
Social requirements imposed by society on a young family.
The structure of a young family, as a set of relations between its members.
Role expectations and claims of marriage partners.
A way of life, which is a combination of all types of life.
The ideology of a young family, reflecting a set of norms and values.

Among the problems faced by a modern young family, there are several 7:

1. Insufficient level of material security of a young family. A young family, by definition, consists of young people who have not yet taken their place in the world and, accordingly, have not yet sufficiently established their social and material status. Unemployment or underemployment of young people is a serious obstacle to starting a stable family life. The average per capita income of young families is 1.5 times lower than the national average, and 60% of young families live below the poverty line, among which 34% barely make ends meet, which makes it impossible for them to fully fulfill reproductive and other social functions.

2. Objectively increased financial needs of a young family are due to the need to carry out the process of family life: the acquisition of housing, organization of life, care for young children, additional leisure costs. Therefore, a young family is often forced to use the help of older relatives for their normal existence. Many young families experience difficulties in acquiring their own housing and, accordingly, in establishing themselves as a separate family. A standard urban dwelling provides minimal comfort to just one family. Therefore, the joint residence of a young family with parents in a small apartment leads to a deterioration in living conditions, crowding, an increase in conflict, which does not contribute to the strength of family relationships.

3. Decreased reproductive function. A young family is a giving birth family. It is known that the reproductively capable interval of a married couple, depending on its physiological characteristics, can last up to 20 or more years from the beginning of marriage. However, the social conditions and personal considerations of the spouses, together with the physiologically most active reproductive age, make significant adjustments, and most children are born in the period in which the family qualifies as young. It is at this stage of marriage that the issue of the birth of children and their desired number is more often decided. If, for some reason, reproduction is impaired, at an older age it becomes much more difficult to ensure childbearing. The birth of children entails a number of socio-psychological, economic, organizational, housing and other problems: a lack of funds for the maintenance of a child, difficulties in the redistribution of responsibilities and social roles that young spouses are far from always able to cope with.

An important place in the structure of the difficulties of a young family is occupied by psychological problems. Structuring marital problems, Yu.E. Aleshina gives a list of problems that are the most common reasons for contacting a family psychologist 8:

various kinds of conflicts, mutual dissatisfaction associated with the distribution of marital roles and responsibilities;
conflicts, problems, dissatisfaction of spouses associated with differences in views on family life and interpersonal relationships;
sexual problems, dissatisfaction of one spouse with another in this area, their mutual inability to establish normal sexual relations;
difficulties and conflicts in the relationship of a married couple with the parents of one or both spouses;
problems of power and influence in marital relationships;
lack of warmth in the relationship of spouses, lack of intimacy and trust, communication problems;
illness (mental or physical) of one of the spouses, problems and difficulties caused by the need to adapt the family to the disease, negative attitude towards themselves and others around the patient or family members.

The first years of family life are a difficult adaptation period for young spouses. They face the problems of forming the structure of the family, the distribution of functions, the development of common family values and the establishment of family boundaries. It also creates serious psychological problems and the process of physiological, sexual adaptation of young partners.

A separate psychological problem is the discrepancy between the ideas of husband and wife regarding a woman's professional career. Today, a woman is fully engaged in professional activities and the question of the extent to which a woman should devote herself to family or work is often the subject of disputes between spouses.

A very important problem of a young family is the discrepancy between the value hierarchies of the spouses; contradictions in this area are not always found in everyday life, but the antagonism of value attitudes usually becomes apparent even during the “testing” period and leads to a break in relations. For young spouses, the ability to resolve conflicts is more relevant. Every day, spouses face problems that require immediate resolution: where to go, how to spend their free time, how and what to spend money on, who to invite to visit, and the like. The ability to find compromise solutions on such issues leads to family unity.

Thus, the problems of young families are diverse. The main ones are material, household and housing problems; psychological problems; the problem of employment of young spouses. In order for a young family to be able to carry out all its functions, a comprehensive solution to these problems is necessary, which should be the focus of the state family policy in relation to a young family.

Diagnosis of problems of a young family

In this paragraph, we will focus on the diagnosis of the psychological problems of a young family. Diagnostics involves the collection and analysis of information about the family and its members.

The choice of specific diagnostic methods in the real process of interaction with clients depends on a number of factors. These include quite formal ones, for example, the availability of the methodology, the possibility of material costs for printing forms and questionnaires, the time that a client and a specialist can spend on the diagnostic stage of work. In addition, among the variety of methods and techniques available to a specialist for diagnosing family problems, it is necessary to choose one or those that will be able to give a complete objective picture in a necessary and sufficient way, will correspond to the assumptions (hypothesis) of the specialist. Thus, in a real situation of interaction with a client, you can use one or more methods, as well as create your own "battery" of tests, including only those scales that will allow you to obtain reliable information.

It is advisable to diagnose:

before marriage (young people's ideas about family and marriage, readiness for family relationships, etc.);
after marriage (motives for marriage, choice of partner, psychological compatibility, features of the distribution of family roles, expectations and claims in marriage, features of communication and relationships in a married couple, etc.).

Diagnosis of young people before marriage makes it possible to identify possible disagreements even before marriage and correct them in time. This group includes the following methods 9:

a test for preventive marital compatibility shows how young men and women will be satisfied with their marriage in the future (A. Dobrovich);
the technique "Functional-role consistency" (S.V. Kovalevsky) helps to determine the structure of the distribution of roles in the family. Three role structures are used to analyze the functional-role consistency: normative (as it should be); desired (as desired); quasi-real (as is likely to happen). It is also recommended to single out, as a subject of discussion, the clients' ideas about the distribution of family roles in the normative, desirable and quasi-realistic plans;

questionnaire-interview "You are getting married" (V. A. Sysenko) - allows you to identify the opinion of those entering into marriage about the various problems that newlyweds face;

test card for assessing readiness for family life (I.F. Junda) - helps to determine the readiness of future spouses to perform family functions: creating a positive family background, maintaining respectful, friendly relations with relatives, raising children, intimate life of spouses, establishing a healthy family and household regime, etc. In addition, using this technique, you can outline the prospects for the well-being of family relationships;

a method for determining psychological compatibility in marriage (Yu.A. Reshetnyak, G.S. Vasilchenko) - a modified version of the T. Leary test. The incompatibility of spouses at least at one of the four levels of marital relations - psycho-physiological, psychological, socio-psychological, socio-cultural - can lead to disharmony of marital relations;

Scales of love and sympathy (3. Rubin) - this technique can be used both for individual and group conduct. Its advantage is in simple processing and ease of filling. Using this technique, the psychologist can identify the characteristics of the emotional attitude of the respondent to a loved one.

Diagnosis of emerging psychological problems after marriage includes the actual diagnosis of marital relations, as well as the diagnosis of parent-child relationships. Features of the distribution of family roles, expectations and claims in marriage, the compatibility of a married couple are studied using methods such as 10:

The questionnaire "Communication in the family" (Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya) measures the trust of communication in a married couple, similarity in views, common characters, mutual understanding of spouses, ease and psychotherapeutic communication.
The projective test "Family sociogram" (E. G. Eidemiller) is aimed at diagnosing the nature of communications in the family.
The method "Role expectations and claims in marriage" (A.N. Volkova) reveals the spouses' ideas about the significance of certain roles in family life, as well as about the desired distribution of them between husband and wife.

The method "Distribution of roles in the family" (Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, E.M. Dubovskaya) determines the degree of realization by the husband and wife of a particular role: responsible for the material support of the family, the owner (mistress) of the house, responsible for raising children, organizer of family subculture, entertainment, sexual partner, psychotherapist.
The method "Typical family condition" (E.G. Eidemiller, I.V. Yustitskis) makes it possible to identify the most typical state of an individual in his own family: satisfactory - unsatisfactory; neuropsychic stress; family anxiety.

Diagnostics of the psychological compatibility of partners may include: determination of the type of temperament (G. Eysenck), personality factors (R. Cattell), the MMP1 test (J. McKinm, S. Hathaway), the method of drawing frustration (S. Rosetzweig), color test (M.Lusher), etc.

The social worker needs to pay attention to how family leisure is organized, what are family interests and values. It is very important to understand how a young family behaves at the socio-cultural level. It is known that the similarity of interests, needs, values, etc. is one of the factors of marital compatibility and stability of marriage. This block of diagnostics includes the following methods:

The questionnaire "Measuring attitudes in a married couple" (Yu.E. Aleshina, L.Ya. Gozman, Department of Social Psychology, Moscow State University) makes it possible to identify a person's views in ten areas of life, the most significant in family interaction: 1) attitude towards people; 2) an alternative between a sense of duty and pleasure; 3) attitude towards children; 4) orientation towards predominantly joint or predominantly separate activities, autonomy of spouses or dependence of spouses on each other; 5) attitude towards divorce; 6) attitude towards love of a romantic type; 7) assessment of the importance of the sexual sphere in family life; 8) attitude towards "forbidden sex"; 9) attitude towards the patriarchal or egalitarian structure of the family; 10) attitude towards money.
The questionnaire "Interests - Leisure" (T.M. Trapeznikova) reveals the relationship between the interests of the spouses, the degree of their agreement in the forms of leisure activities.

Very often in a young family, the interests, needs, intentions and desires of the spouses come into conflict, giving rise to particularly strong and prolonged negative emotions. In such cases, one speaks of marital conflict. Young spouses are not always ready to compromise, as a result of which a protracted conflict can lead to divorce. Faced with this problem, a social educator can apply methods that diagnose marital conflicts:

Marriage satisfaction test questionnaire (V. V. Stolin, G. P. Butenko, T. L. Romanova, Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University) is designed for express diagnostics of the degree of satisfaction-dissatisfaction, as well as agreement-mismatch of marriage satisfaction in a particular married couple. The questionnaire is used individually in consultative practice and in the process of researching a particular social group.
The technique "The nature of the interaction of spouses in conflict situations" (Yu. E. Aleshina, L. Ya. Gozman) makes it possible to characterize the family under study in a number of parameters: the most conflicting areas of family relations, the degree of agreement (disagreement) in situations of conflict, the level of conflict in a couple .
The Constructive-Destructive Family (CDS) questionnaire (E.G. Eidemiller, V.V. Yustickis) facilitates the diagnosis of family deviations from the constructive direction.

One of the most important functions of a young family is the birth and upbringing of children. It is in the family that the personality of the child is formed, social norms and values are instilled. And the future mental development of the child and his formation as a person depends on how close, trusting and positive parental and child relationships will be. The child most acutely experiences any conflict in the family and the task of the social pedagogue is to identify the cause of tension in the family in time, to form a positive and responsible attitude towards the child among young parents. Methods and practices of child-parent relationships are divided into two groups: some explore interpersonal relationships in the "parent-child" system through the eyes of a parent, others - through the eyes of a child.

Methods for studying interpersonal relationships in the parent-child system include the following:

Test "Parent-Child Relations" (PARI) (American psychologists E.S. Shefer, R.K. Bell; adapted by T.N. Neshcheret).
The test-questionnaire for the analysis of family upbringing and the prevention of upbringing disorders (DIA) (E. G. Eidemiller, V. V. Justickis) is designed to study violations in family life and the causes of deviations in family upbringing.
The Parental Attitude Test Questionnaire (ORA) (A.Ya. Varga, V.V. Stolin) is a psychodiagnostic tool aimed at identifying parental attitudes in individuals seeking psychological help in raising children and communicating with them.
Questionnaire for the study of the emotional side of child-parent interaction (E.I. Zakharova) /

Methods for studying interpersonal relations in the “parent-child” system through the eyes of a child include: the “Family Drawing” graphic test, which is widely used in numerous studies of interpersonal relations and practical developments due to the simplicity of the procedure and the accuracy of the indicators obtained as a result of the work; the projective technique of R. Gilles, which explores the interpersonal relationships of the child and his perception of intra-family relations, as well as the technique of A.G. Leaders and I.V. Anisimova "Diagnostics of emotional relations in the family", developed for two age groups: for preschoolers and younger schoolchildren; for teenagers.

To diagnose the family situation of development, such methods of work as observation, conversation, questioning, testing, and questioning can be used. A specialist receives a lot of useful information by applying the biographical method and analyzing the documentation relating to the family and its members, their past and present, and ideas about the future.

Based on the diagnostic material obtained, it is possible to draw up a social map of the family, which will contain information about its members, their age, the education of their parents, their specialties, the place of work of the husband and wife, family income, information about children (if any); health status, housing conditions, the main problems of relationships in the family. Determine which risk factor it can be attributed to. In this map, it is desirable to make a forecast of the economic development of the family, offer an option for assistance (emergency, stabilizing, preventive) and argue the need for rehabilitation. To draw up a family map, you can use the data contained in the socio-pedagogical passport.
Methods and techniques of working with a young family

A young family in modern Russian society is forced to adapt both to external conditions (state family policy) and to internal changes associated with the adaptation process. Moreover, not all types of families are capable of increasing adaptive capacity, in connection with which, complete or partial family disorganization occurs. The state needs to protect a young family, as it is one of the most vulnerable groups of the population and the improvement of the demographic situation in the country will depend on the well-being of this family, which is one of the main tasks in modern society.

All social work to support a young family is carried out by the social protection authorities. Let's highlight the main techniques and methods of working with a young family:

Information work (identification, collection and analysis of information about young families in need of support). At this stage of work, a database of young families in need of social support is created and accumulated.
Promotion of services provided by social protection authorities to support young families.
Methodological work includes the study of information materials, literature, legislative acts on the problems of a young family, as well as the identification, study and dissemination of the most valuable experience in interacting with a young family. Employees of the social protection authorities at this stage prepare software and methodological support for the implementation of work to support the family: memos, recommendations, development of activity algorithms.
Social-psychological-pedagogical work, which includes diagnosing the problems of a young family, providing advice on family interaction, overcoming conflict situations (family counseling), as well as socio-pedagogical and socio-psychological patronage of the family.

Social-psychological-pedagogical work with a young family is carried out in stages, its effectiveness depends on the degree of establishing contact with family members. Let's highlight the main stages of working with a young family:

Establishing contact and trusting relationships with family members.

At this stage, the social worker conducts a conversation with family members and close relatives in order to identify and specify the problems experienced by the young family.

Family Study

At the second stage, if a young family has psychological problems related to the “husband-wife” relationship, a complete diagnosis of marital relations is carried out, including: studying the microclimate in the family, the relationship between spouses, psychological compatibility, common interests and values.

If there is a child in a young family and at the first stage, psychological problems related to the parent-child relationship are identified, it is necessary to diagnose the child-parent relationship. The social worker must study the styles of upbringing in a young family, the emotional coloring of relations in the "parent-child" system, the knowledge and application of methods and techniques of educational influence by parents.

Very often, in a young family, psychological problems are closely related to material and housing problems, in this case, the social worker must conduct not only a psychological diagnosis of interpersonal relations, but also assess the social status of the spouses, as well as the level of material security and living conditions. In this case, the following means can be used: visiting a young family at home, drawing up an act of surveying living conditions, a conversation, a survey, etc.

Processing of the results of social-psychological-pedagogical diagnostics.
Accompanying a young family, using family counseling and social patronage.

Family counseling - this is a targeted psychological impact on the family and its members with the aim of restoring, optimizing its functioning and improving relations between its members, creating favorable intra-family conditions for the development of the family and its members. It is designed to assist the family in resolving family conflicts, and is also aimed at their prevention and prevention.

Family counseling is carried out by specialists on the basis of knowledge of the patterns of development and functioning of the family as an institution and a "small group", the main problems of a young family, and experience in practical work with people.

The main goals of family counseling are the normalization of family relations so that a young family can adequately fulfill its functions, as well as helping spouses to acquire the ability to independently resolve difficult issues of family life in further enhancing their personal capabilities, the formation of a need for a family and children. Family counseling is aimed at stimulating the social activity of young family members, the moral and psychological improvement of their personality. It is designed to contribute to the better development of the personality of family members, serves as a better preparation for family life. eleven

Social patronage of a young family - this is an individual activity of a specialist, thanks to which the family receives specific assistance and support from the social service, designed to mobilize and increase its adaptive capabilities. Socio-psychological patronage is implemented in various forms of long-term psychological and social assistance to young families experiencing conflict or stress.

Specialists who carry out psychological patronage provide counseling; find, together with the family, alternative ways out of conflict situations; perform intermediary functions between the client and his environment; help to reduce the client's feeling of anxiety, while the specialist must skillfully combine family members in the process of planned changes.

Social patronage contributes to the study and clarification of the situation, taking into account the social and psychological state of the client, using means that reduce the level of anxiety and provide emotional support, and is also aimed at providing specific assistance to eliminate a crisis or critical situation that has developed in the family and to stabilize favorable trends. In addition, with the help of social patronage, social workers involve families in solving problems. 12

Acting within the framework of patronage, a social worker performs a wide variety of functions: a friendly and competent interlocutor, assistant, mediator, adviser, defender. He has the ability to stabilize the current situation, control the course of patronage at all phases, involve members of a young family in solving his problems, consolidate successes, and also make the necessary adjustments to the strategy for further actions. Thus, the social patronage of the family provides for the multi-method actions of a social work specialist.

Socio-pedagogical patronage includes comprehensive and effective assistance to a young family with various problems, by social service specialists who focus on their own pedagogical capabilities, as well as on the resources of the socio-pedagogical space.

Family life is difficult and varied. Treating it as something very simple and unpretentious impoverishes, first of all, relationships, makes them superficial. Simplicity in a relationship is not the same as simplicity in a relationship. The former only narrows their range and should be avoided. The second becomes possible with a high culture and level of development of relationships, and it is necessary to strive for it.
According to Yurkevich N.G. mastery of relationships, like any skill and art, requires certain efforts, costs and conditions both for its appearance and for the constant increase in the level of perfection. Family services that develop year by year are called upon to become such sources of improving and acquiring the skill of family communication and interaction.
The textbook "Help for a young family" gives the following definition of the concept of "family service": this is one of the mechanisms for regulating marriage and family relations in the framework of social work with the family, the main goal of which is to ensure the optimal performance of the family of its various functions, primarily therapeutic, educational, reproductive , contribute to the improvement of intra-family relations, the harmonious development of the personality of spouses and children, and the stabilization of marriage.
The emergence of family services is caused, first of all, by the fact that families have completely new problems, needs, aspirations, the solution of which causes difficulties for spouses. In addition, in modern relationships in the family, the growth of subjective internal, personal difficulties is much ahead of the growth of objective ones. It is subjective, sometimes only imaginary difficulties that become the main obstacle, that “stumbling block”, the elimination of which clears the way for the further development of the family. Moving the “stone” is often beyond the power of the spouses themselves.
Every family has one, a few, or many needs that are not easily met by the spouses themselves. And there is always at least one problem that is difficult for them to solve on their own. The need for help in such situations is obvious and often becomes of paramount importance for spouses.
Bocharova V.G. believes that a characteristic feature of the family service is the focus on eliminating obstacles that impede the normal life and harmonious development of the family. With the help of subdivisions of family services, with their assistance or directly by them, the following is carried out:
— all types and levels of preparing young people for family life (intra-family training, counseling young people on relevant issues, etc.);
- elimination and elimination of psychological illiteracy in matters of marital and family life and increasing the level of awareness and competence of family members in the field of communication;
- family troubles in young families affect their well-being and performance. They upset a person more than anything else. Their causes may well be eliminated. To this end, the departments of the registry office, together with the departments of culture, are doing a lot of work to prepare young people for marriage, counseling newlyweds and helping young families at an early stage of their formation and development. Recently, public departments for family and marriage issues have also joined this work. Their main task is to increase family stability and prevent divorce;
- a new form of work with young people who are entering or have already entered into marriage, are opening clubs for young families. They help young families during the most difficult period for spouses to get used to the role of wife and husband, when there are many purely psychological difficulties associated with the need to restructure their previous ideas and lifestyle. They also help to develop the right relationship for the newlyweds; help the family to form, grow stronger. Club members are offered to listen to a series of lectures on the problems of a young family and their solution; concerts, exhibitions, movie screenings, discos, evenings of rest are organized in the clubs. In addition, young family counseling centers operate at some clubs. Also in the club you can get advice from a psychologist, lawyer, sexologist, fashion designer and other specialists. Newlyweds in clubs have every opportunity to master such a difficult, but very necessary art - the art of intra-family communication;
- the whole range of proper preparation, ensuring childbirth and caring for a newborn in the family;
- prevention and elimination of bad habits of spouses (alcoholism, smoking, negative character traits);
- correction or change of incorrect views, ideas and attitudes of a person to various life issues, to family life, to one's behavior; mastering the methods of self-control and self-correction of behavior and personal qualities;
- the growth of a culture of communication and the ability to establish marital interaction, the ability to normalize relationships;
– studying the basics of mental hygiene of sexual life, increasing the culture of intimate relations between spouses, identifying and eliminating dissonances in the sexual sphere; individual medical and sexological counseling;
- prevention and ability to resolve domestic and personal family conflicts; elimination of the causes of conflicts;
– the ability to create a prosperous microclimate and an atmosphere of cooperation in the family;
— correspondence consultation on the helpline on any life and family issues;
- various forms of joint family recreation (tourist trips, family holiday homes, sanatoriums, etc.);
- general interaction of certain types of family services, if necessary, in specific cases.
Such versatility of the activities of the services reflects the specifics of the problems of a young family, as well as the urgent need and need for it of almost every person interested in the constancy of favorable family and marital relations.
The main leading directions in the development of the family service as a whole are the socio-psychological types of family services. In the textbook "Help for a Young Family" the following services are distinguished:
- social, moral, psychological, pedagogical, sanitary-hygienic and intimate-personal preparation of young people for marriage;
- psychological and pedagogical assistance to an already established family, which includes consultations on psychological relations between spouses;
– individual medical-sexological and psychotherapeutic consultations;
- improving communication skills; the ability to cooperate, interact, culture of communication.
Thus, the family service becomes a new channel or source of information through which the current and progressive experience of solving family problems, the development and improvement of intra-family relationships is transmitted.
Also, a social worker can help and support a young family in solving numerous problems. In order for a young family to be able to fully realize the functions prescribed by society, social work in it should be aimed at solving everyday family problems, strengthening and developing positive family relations, restoring internal resources, stabilizing the achieved positive results in the socio-economic situation and orienting the socializing potential.
Basov N.F. identifies the following functions of a social worker:
- diagnostic (studying the characteristics of the family, identifying its potentials);
- security and protection (legal support for the family, ensuring its social guarantees, creating conditions for the realization of its rights and freedoms);
- organizational and communicative (organization of communication, initiation of joint activities, joint leisure, creativity);
- socio-psychological and pedagogical (psychological and pedagogical education of family members, the provision of emergency psychological assistance, preventive support and patronage);
— prognostic (modeling of situations and development of certain programs of targeted assistance);
- coordinating (establishing and maintaining links, uniting the efforts of the departments of family and childhood assistance, social assistance to the population, departments of family distress of the internal affairs bodies, rehabilitation centers and services).
The specific content of social work with a family in each case is determined by its individual characteristics: structure, financial situation, the nature of internal relations, the specifics of problems, their severity, and the aspect of trouble. However, Basov N.F. identifies three main areas of social work: diagnostic, rehabilitation, and preventive.
1. Diagnostics involves the collection and analysis of information about the family and its members, the identification of problems.
Family diagnostics is a difficult and responsible process that requires a social worker to comply with the following principles:
— objectivity, complementarity and verification of the information received;
- client-centrism (attitude to the problem in accordance with the interests of the client);
— confidentiality, adequacy of methods and techniques;
— observance of the client's right to non-interference in private life and the ability to foresee possible options for his reaction to the proposed actions.
Family diagnostics is a lengthy process that does not allow unceremonious actions and ill-considered conclusions.
To diagnose the family situation of development, such methods of work as observation, conversation, questioning, testing can be used. A specialist receives a lot of useful information by applying the biographical method and analyzing the documentation relating to the family and its members, their past and present, and ideas about the future.
Based on the diagnostic material obtained, it is possible to draw up a social map of the family, which will contain information about its members, their age, the education of their parents, their specialties, the place of work of the husband and wife, family income, information about children (if any); health status, housing conditions, the main problems of relationships in the family. Determine which risk factor it can be attributed to. In this map, it is desirable to make a forecast of the economic development of the family, offer an option for assistance (emergency, stabilizing, preventive) and argue the need for rehabilitation. To draw up a family map, you can use the data contained in the socio-pedagogical passport.
2. Rehabilitation is a system of measures that allows you to restore lost well-being in family relationships or form new ones. In order to rehabilitate the family, its members in the world practice, social service institutions for the family, territorial centers, medical-psychological-social centers are used. The content of their activities is the provision of various types of assistance (legal, psychological, medical, social) to family members or an individual in order to support or increase resources, reorient family members to other values, change their attitudes.
In such institutions, family members can get advice from specialists, attend group classes, join one of the rehabilitation programs.
Also, the rehabilitation function is performed by visiting forms of family assistance, which are a complex of various processes and methods. Firstly, these are crisis options for helping a family or its individual members (“helpline”, emergency psychological assistance). Secondly, assistance in a locality where there are no relevant social services and specialists. In this case, the following can be used: the work of training groups, stress relief techniques, individual and group counseling, seminars. Mobile teams can ensure the implementation of the program. Thirdly, patronage (patronage) is a system of special services for certain categories of people who require special attention.
There are the following stages of patronage:
1. Preparation - a preliminary acquaintance with all available information about the family, drafting questions for an interview, etc.
2. Introductory part - direct acquaintance with family members, information about the purpose of visits, about possible assistance.
3. Collection and evaluation of information - clarification of the composition and living conditions of the family, relationships in it, financial situation, health status of family members; collection of information about events that are significant for them (loss of work, relatives, etc.); filling out a social card; highlighting the problems that the social protection service can solve.
4. Conclusion - a summary for family members of the essence of the problems they face; joint choice of tactics for further actions; information about the types of assistance that may be offered; communication of detailed addresses of social services.
5. Establishing links with other professionals working with this family.
6. Report - this is a detailed description of the results of the visit in the act of the survey of the family; drawing up an individual program for further work with the family.
Depending on the nature of existing family problems, their complexity, acuteness or neglect, so-called minimum programs and maximum programs are implemented at various stages of patronage.
The minimum program is addressed to situations associated with the sudden loss of something very valuable in the family: physical health, relatives and friends, work, apartment and property due to fire, etc. In such cases, the social worker's efforts are aimed at restoring in a relatively short time the ability of the members of this family to function optimally, despite the presence of objective and often irreversible limitations and losses.
The maximum program is designed to provide assistance in extreme situations of distress, if necessary, not only to compensate for what has been lost, but also to achieve a reorientation of life position, to replace or correct the previous behavioral patterns of family members. Changes require long-term work with the application of significant efforts, the unification of the potentials of different specialists and services.
In some cases, in addition to the actions described above, consultative and psychotherapeutic work with the family or its individual members is required, aimed at the family system as a whole. Various methods of active work can be used, including methods of systemic family therapy.
Patronage can be considered a successful form of not only consolidating what has been achieved during rehabilitation, but also a kind of prevention. Rehabilitation provides for three levels of work with the family: individual (consulting, patronage), group (training, design) and community (social actions, social creativity, mass holidays).
3. Prevention is a set of measures that contribute to the full functioning of the family, the prevention of possible problems. One of the ways of prevention is the development of special training and educational programs. For example, a study of the problems of the family and family education shows that spouses are increasingly in need of the help of specialists in matters of accumulating and mastering the necessary knowledge and skills in regulating relationships.
The educational program is based on the concept and models that go beyond the simple education of spouses. They focus them on expanding independence in solving possible problems in relationships with different people, in choosing behavior in different situations.
Enlightenment of spouses as an element of prevention can take place in the process of trainings that allow them to develop skills to overcome difficulties and regulate relationships. The social protection of the family also has a certain economic content, which is also implemented by the social worker in his practical activities. These are the provision of housing and other types of subsidized assistance; provision of benefits for payment of transport, utility services, provision of medical, legal and social assistance; preferential supply of food and essential goods; support in the field of educational services, employment, entrepreneurship.
Thus, social work in a young family is aimed at solving numerous problems of a psychological, social, moral, medical and pedagogical nature that the family faces in everyday life, and which they are not able to solve on their own. Also, one of the mechanisms for regulating marriage and family relations within the framework of social work is family services, the main purpose of which is to ensure the optimal performance of the family of its various functions, improve intra-family relations, harmonious development of the personality of spouses and family life as a whole.

In the section of the Law "The main directions of state youth policy in the Russian Federation", published in "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" Rossiyskaya Gazeta dated July 3, 1993. definition is given: "Young family- this is a family in the first three years after the marriage (in the case of the birth of children - without limiting the duration of the marriage), provided that neither of the spouses has reached the age of 30.

According to its structure, a modern young family is complete, typical, and a family of social risk. The latter type includes incomplete, families of single and underage mothers, those families where the father is doing military service, student families, as well as families in which one of its members is disabled. Of these, the groups of incomplete and student families are the most numerous.

The assessment of the state of a modern Russian young family by scientific research and organizational and managerial circles, the well-being of a young family and its members are currently highlighting the problems of poverty and low income, economic restrictions on life. Assistance in this area also occupies the lion's share of efforts in the activities of social protection agencies and social service institutions.

The main leading directions in the development of the family service as a whole are the socio-psychological types of family services. There are the following support services for a young family: social, moral, psychological, pedagogical, sanitary-hygienic and intimate-personal preparation of young people for marriage; psychological and pedagogical assistance to an already established family, which includes consultations on psychological relations between spouses; individual medical-sexological and psychotherapeutic consultations; improving communication skills; the ability to cooperate, interact, culture of communication.
A social worker can help and support a young family in solving numerous problems. In order for a young family to be fully realized, social work in it should be aimed at solving everyday family problems, strengthening and developing positive family relations, restoring internal resources, stabilizing the positive results achieved in the socio-economic situation and orienting the socializing potential.

N. F. Basov identifies the following functions of a social worker in working with a young family: diagnostic (studying the characteristics of the family, identifying its potentials); security and protection (legal support for the family, ensuring its social guarantees, creating conditions for the realization of its rights and freedoms); organizational and communicative (organization of communication, initiation of joint activities, joint leisure, creativity); socio-psychological and pedagogical (psychological and pedagogical education of family members, provision of emergency psychological assistance, preventive support and patronage); prognostic (modeling of situations and development of certain targeted assistance programs); coordinating (establishing and maintaining links, uniting the efforts of the departments of assistance to families and childhood, social assistance to the population, departments of family distress of the internal affairs bodies, rehabilitation centers and services).

N. F. Basov distinguishes three main areas of social work: diagnostic, rehabilitation, and preventive.

1. Diagnostics involves the collection and analysis of information about the family and its members, the identification of problems. To diagnose the family situation of development, such methods of work as observation, conversation, questioning, testing can be used. A specialist receives a lot of useful information by applying the biographical method and analyzing documentation relating to the family and its members, their past and present, and ideas about the future.
Based on the diagnostic material obtained, it is possible to draw up a social map of the family, which will contain information about its members, their age, the education of their parents, their specialties, the place of work of the husband and wife, family income, information about children (if any); health status, housing conditions, the main problems of relationships in the family. Determine which risk factor it can be attributed to. In this map, it is desirable to make a forecast of the economic development of the family, offer an option for assistance (emergency, stabilizing, preventive) and argue the need for rehabilitation. To draw up a family map, you can use the data contained in the socio-pedagogical passport.

2. Rehabilitation is a system of measures that allows you to restore lost well-being in family relationships or form new ones. In order to rehabilitate the family, its members in the world practice, social service institutions for the family, territorial centers, medical-psychological-social centers are used. The content of their activities is the provision of various types of assistance (legal, psychological, medical, social) to family members or an individual in order to support or increase resources, reorient family members to other values, change their attitudes.

3. Prevention is a set of measures that contribute to the full functioning of the family, the prevention of possible problems. One of the ways of prevention is the development of special training and educational programs. For example, a study of the problems of the family and family education shows that spouses are increasingly in need of the help of specialists in matters of accumulating and mastering the necessary knowledge and skills in regulating relationships.

Thus, social work in a young family is aimed at solving numerous problems of a psychological, social, moral, medical and pedagogical nature that the family faces in everyday life, and which they are not able to solve on their own. Also, one of the mechanisms for regulating marriage and family relations within the framework of social work is family services, the main purpose of which is to ensure the optimal performance of the family of its various functions, improve intra-family relations, harmonious development of the personality of spouses and family life as a whole.

According to Yurkevich N.G. mastery of relationships, like any skill and art, requires certain efforts, costs and conditions both for its appearance and for the constant increase in the level of perfection. Family services that develop year by year are called upon to become such sources of increasing and acquiring the skill of family communication and interaction.

The textbook "Help for a young family" gives the following definition of the concept of "family service": this is one of the mechanisms for regulating marriage and family relations in the framework of social work with the family, the main goal of which is to ensure that the family performs its various functions optimally, primarily therapeutic, educational, reproductive , contribute to the improvement of intra-family relations, the harmonious development of the personality of spouses and children, the stabilization of marriage.

The emergence of family services is caused, first of all, by the fact that families have completely new problems, needs, aspirations, the solution of which causes difficulties for spouses. In addition, in modern relationships in the family, the growth of subjective internal, personal difficulties is much ahead of the growth of objective ones. It is subjective, sometimes only imaginary difficulties that become the main obstacle, that “stumbling block”, the elimination of which clears the way for the further development of the family. Moving the “stone” is often beyond the strength of the spouses themselves.

Every family has one, a few, or many needs that are not easily met by the spouses themselves. And there is always at least one problem that is difficult for them to solve on their own. The need for help in such situations is obvious and often becomes of paramount importance for spouses.

Bocharova V.G. believes that a characteristic feature of the family service is the focus on eliminating obstacles that impede the normal life and harmonious development of the family. With the help of subdivisions of family services, with their assistance or directly by them, the following is carried out:

All types and levels of preparing young people for family life (intra-family training, counseling young people on relevant issues, etc.);

Elimination and elimination of psychological illiteracy in matters of marital and family life and increasing the level of awareness and competence of family members in the field of communication;

Family troubles in young families affect their well-being and performance. They upset a person more than anything else. Their causes may well be eliminated. To this end, the departments of the registry office, together with the departments of culture, are doing a lot of work to prepare young people for marriage, counseling newlyweds and helping young families at an early stage of their formation and development. Recently, public departments for family and marriage issues have also joined this work. Their main task is to increase family stability and prevent divorce;

A new form of work with young people who are entering or have already entered into marriage are the opening clubs for young families. They help young families during the most difficult period for spouses to get used to the role of wife and husband, when there are many purely psychological difficulties associated with the need to restructure their previous ideas and lifestyle. They also help to develop the right relationship for the newlyweds; help the family to form, grow stronger. Club members are offered to listen to a series of lectures on the problems of a young family and their solution; concerts, exhibitions, movie screenings, discos, evenings of rest are organized in the clubs. In addition, young family counseling centers operate at some clubs. Also in the club you can get advice from a psychologist, lawyer, sexologist, fashion designer and other specialists. Newlyweds in clubs have every opportunity to master such a difficult, but very necessary art - the art of intra-family communication;

The whole range of proper preparation, ensuring childbearing and caring for a newborn in the family;

Prevention and elimination of bad habits of spouses (alcoholism, smoking, negative character traits);

Correction or change of incorrect views, ideas and attitudes of a person to various life issues, to family life, to one's behavior; mastering the methods of self-control and self-correction of behavior and personal qualities;

The growth of a culture of communication and the ability to establish marital interaction, the ability to normalize relationships;

Studying the basics of mental hygiene of sexual life, increasing the culture of intimate relations between spouses, identifying and eliminating dissonances in the sexual sphere; individual medical and sexological counseling;

Prevention and ability to resolve domestic and personal family conflicts; elimination of the causes of conflicts;

The ability to create a prosperous microclimate and an atmosphere of cooperation in the family;

Correspondence counseling on the helpline on any life and family issues;

Various forms of joint family recreation (tourist trips, family holiday homes, sanatoriums, etc.);

General interaction of certain types of family services, if necessary, in specific cases.

Such versatility of the activities of the services reflects the specifics of the problems of a young family, as well as the urgent need and need for it of almost every person interested in the constancy of favorable family and marital relations.

The main leading directions in the development of the family service as a whole are the socio-psychological types of family services. In the textbook "Help for a Young Family" the following services are distinguished:

Social, moral, psychological, pedagogical, sanitary-hygienic and intimate-personal preparation of young people for marriage;

Psychological and pedagogical assistance to an already established family, which includes consultations on psychological relations between spouses;

Individual medical-sexological and psychotherapeutic consultations;

Increasing communication skills; the ability to cooperate, interact, culture of communication.

Thus, the family service becomes a new channel or source of information through which the current and progressive experience of solving family problems, the development and improvement of intra-family relationships is transmitted.

Also, a social worker can help and support a young family in solving numerous problems. In order for a young family to be able to fully realize the functions prescribed by society, social work in it should be aimed at solving everyday family problems, strengthening and developing positive family relations, restoring internal resources, stabilizing the achieved positive results in the socio-economic situation and orienting the socializing potential.

Basov N.F. identifies the following functions of a social worker:

Diagnostic (studying the characteristics of the family, identifying its potentials);

Security and protection (legal support for the family, ensuring its social guarantees, creating conditions for the realization of its rights and freedoms);

Organizational and communicative (organization of communication, initiation of joint activities, joint leisure, creativity);

Social-psychological-pedagogical (psychological-pedagogical education of family members, emergency psychological assistance, preventive support and patronage);

Prognostic (modeling of situations and development of certain targeted assistance programs);

Coordinating (establishing and maintaining links, uniting the efforts of the departments of family and childhood assistance, social assistance to the population, departments of family distress of the internal affairs bodies, rehabilitation centers and services).

The specific content of social work with a family in each case is determined by its individual characteristics: structure, financial situation, the nature of internal relations, the specifics of problems, their severity, and the aspect of trouble. However, Basov N.F. identifies three main areas of social work: diagnostic, rehabilitation, preventive.

1. Diagnostics involves the collection and analysis of information about the family and its members, the identification of problems.

Family diagnostics is a difficult and responsible process that requires a social worker to comply with the following principles:

Objectivity, complementarity and verification of the information received;

Client-centrism (attitude to the problem in accordance with the interests of the client);

Confidentiality, adequacy of methods and techniques;

Observance of the client's right to non-interference in private life and the ability to foresee possible options for his reaction to the proposed actions.

Family diagnostics is a lengthy process that does not allow unceremonious actions and ill-considered conclusions.

To diagnose the family situation of development, such methods of work as observation, conversation, questioning, testing can be used. A specialist receives a lot of useful information by applying the biographical method and analyzing the documentation relating to the family and its members, their past and present, and ideas about the future.

In such institutions, family members can get advice from specialists, attend group classes, join one of the rehabilitation programs.

Also, the rehabilitation function is performed by visiting forms of family assistance, which are a complex of various processes and methods. Firstly, these are crisis options for helping a family or its individual members (“helpline”, emergency psychological assistance). Secondly, assistance in a locality where there are no relevant social services and specialists. In this case, the following can be used: the work of training groups, stress relief techniques, individual and group counseling, seminars. Mobile teams can ensure the implementation of the program. Thirdly, patronage (patronage) is a system of special services for certain categories of people who require special attention.

There are the following stages of patronage:

1. Preparation - a preliminary acquaintance with all available information about the family, drafting questions for an interview, etc. .

2. Introductory part - direct acquaintance with family members, a message about the purpose of visits, about possible assistance.

3. Collection and evaluation of information - clarification of the composition and living conditions of the family, relationships in it, financial situation, health status of family members; collection of information about events that are significant for them (loss of work, relatives, etc.); filling out a social card; highlighting the problems that the social protection service can solve.

4. Conclusion - a summary for family members of the essence of the problems they face; joint choice of tactics for further actions; information about the types of assistance that may be offered; communication of detailed addresses of social services .

5. Establishing links with other professionals working with this family.

6. Report - this is a detailed description of the results of the visit in the act of the survey of the family; drawing up an individual program for further work with the family.

Depending on the nature of existing family problems, their complexity, acuteness or neglect, so-called minimum programs and maximum programs are implemented at various stages of patronage.

The minimum program is addressed to situations associated with the sudden loss of something very valuable in the family: physical health, relatives and friends, work, apartment and property due to fire, etc. In such cases, the efforts of the social worker are aimed at restoring in a relatively short time the ability of the members of this family to function optimally, despite the presence of objective and often irreversible limitations and losses.

The maximum program is designed to provide assistance in extreme situations of distress, if necessary, not only to compensate for what has been lost, but also to achieve a reorientation of life position, to replace or correct the previous behavioral patterns of family members. Changes require long-term work with the application of significant efforts, the unification of the potentials of different specialists and services.

In some cases, in addition to the actions described above, consultative and psychotherapeutic work with the family or its individual members is required, aimed at the family system as a whole. Various methods of active work can be used, including methods of systemic family therapy.

Patronage can be considered a successful form of not only consolidating what has been achieved during rehabilitation, but also a kind of prevention. Rehabilitation provides for three levels of work with the family: individual (consulting, patronage), group (training, design) and community (social actions, social creativity, mass holidays).

3. Prevention is a set of measures that contribute to the full functioning of the family, the prevention of possible problems. One of the ways of prevention is the development of special training and educational programs. So, for example, a study of the problems of the family and family education shows that spouses are increasingly in need of the help of specialists in matters of accumulating and mastering the necessary knowledge and skills in regulating relationships.

The educational program is based on the concept and models that go beyond the simple education of spouses. They focus them on expanding independence in solving possible problems in relationships with different people, in choosing behavior in different situations.

Enlightenment of spouses as an element of prevention can take place in the process of trainings that allow them to develop skills to overcome difficulties and regulate relationships. The social protection of the family also has a certain economic content, which is also implemented by the social worker in his practical activities. These are the provision of housing and other types of subsidized assistance; provision of benefits for payment of transport, utility services, provision of medical, legal and social assistance; preferential supply of food and essential goods; support in the field of educational services, employment, entrepreneurship.

Conclusion

After studying this problem, analyzing and comparing the points of view of researchers and authors of various publications, we came to the following conclusions:

1. The family is a component of the social structure of any society that performs many social functions and plays an important role in social development, and is also one of those social formations that has a significant impact on social life in virtually all its areas: from the economy to spiritual culture. Through the family, generations of people are replaced, the continuation of the family is carried out in it, primary socialization and the upbringing of children take place. Because of this, it has a strong influence on a person from birth to death, but its most significant role is at the initial stage of the life path, when the mental, emotional-volitional, spiritual and moral foundations of the personality are laid. Therefore, now, first of all, great attention is paid to the formation and development of a young family.

2. The textbook "Fundamentals of Social Work" gives the following definition of a young family - this is a family in the first three years of life after marriage, at the initial stage of its development, at the stage of realization of marital debt. In it, the usual phenomenon of discovering a more complex person in another is manifested, and the “grinding” of characters begins, i.e. whole lifestyle change. Tolerance, gradualism, consistency, the ability to yield in a quarrel - without such qualities, the period of "grinding" characters becomes much more difficult and complicated. But “lapping” is only the beginning of the formation of a family structure and relationships between spouses. The following problems are the distribution of roles in the family, the development of established skills for joint resolution of issues, the problem of "power" in the family, planning family life, free time and leisure, resolving various conflicts, etc. A young couple learns much of the above for the first time and, as a rule, independently, by the “trial and error” method. Therefore, depending on how young spouses can find a common language, build relationships based on love, respect, mutual understanding, their ability to get out of conflict situations, quickly and easily solve their problems and overcome the difficulties that stand in their way will depend on their further development. family life and the development of society as a whole.

3. On their way of life, a young family has to face various difficulties in everyday life. Even in the best of relationships, quarrels and conflicts can arise between spouses, so they must master the culture of dispute and conflict resolution. Spouses should not forget about respect for each other, they need to learn to listen and understand each other, as well as be able to give in and compromise. But there are situations in life that a young family is not able to cope with on their own, at such moments they need outside help. A young family can receive the necessary assistance from a social worker whose work is aimed at solving numerous problems of a psychological, social, moral, medical and pedagogical nature that the family faces in everyday life. There are also various family services that regulate marriage and family relations within the framework of social work with the family, ensure that the family performs its various functions optimally, improves intra-family relations, and harmoniously develops the personality of the spouses and the life of the family as a whole.

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