The work of F. Engels 'The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State'. Friedrich engels - the origin of the family, private property and the state

16.06.2019

Even invincible supermen need a vacation. Therefore, Razitel, a free agent of the Tellus intelligence service, went with his beloved wife to the peaceful and almost deserted planet Ardig to enjoy a vacation on the shore of the warm sea. But you can't escape fate, and the married couple suddenly found themselves on the edge of the confrontation between the two most powerful worlds of the Galaxy. This time it was about domination in Space, and in such a game any means are good ...

Vladimir Mikhailov
Ardig copper pipes

Chapter first

1

"Still, it's not in vain that our techies eat their bread and drink it down - I wonder what they drink it down with? Well, probably the same thing as we, sinners. Not in vain. Each new boat is a piece of work, smarter and smarter machines are becoming. If even now they can do without us, then tomorrow our brother will generally be sent to retire immediately after birth, so that their vanity does not interfere with progress. This is what we are heading for, brothers. But we haven’t come yet. So you’re not exact, virtual-cap, you will have to laze around for a while, although this is for you, I know that the knife is sharp, but be patient. Because you are a law-abiding creature with us and does not allow yourself to violate anything. And here we are not doing anything by this method You don’t know how, but I can. Because the rules and regulations that you are supposed to strictly adhere to were invented by people, and they - we - are still the highest authority for you, although, I think, not for long. I myself am a person and I know the price of us, and I also know that everything something thought up by one person by another can, and sometimes just has to bypass, as the situation requires it. Like now, for example. So once again I apologize - and this is where I end this dialogue with you, not even a dialogue - I am the only one who speaks, and you keep your mouth shut. Everything, hang up! "

This was the reasoning of Genus Tavrov, the commander-pilot-mechanic-crew of the long-range all-natural reconnaissance aircraft of the "Triolet" class, or rather, he did not even reason, but simply allowed the stream of consciousness to flow, mentally addressing the virtual captain of the "deuce", in front of the control panel of which the lieutenant was sitting now. Not because it was part of some kind of ritual: an apology to the ship for turning it off from the control system and taking everything upon yourself - there was no such ritual at all, had not yet been invented. And now you just had to turn off your consciousness from this very control process and rely entirely on the reflexes developed over the years of operations and training. Evaluating every action of your mind this time would mean taking the right path to failure: now all maneuvers were tempo and a delay even for a split second would lead to a breakdown. So a gymnast on the bar cannot linger at the top of the "sun" to think about the next action: it either continues automatically, or there is a fall, failure. In the meantime, let him act without thinking, and meanwhile, let him do whatever he wants - at least he remembers poems read for a long time, talks to a computer, not counting on an answer, or tries to figure out: did he forget to water the flowers before leaving home, or what is most likely , I forgot again. And the eyes, arms, legs, and most importantly - your microcomputer, your faithful mic, work at the right pace, performing the intended action.

And this action was a dashing and strictly forbidden maneuver of an exit from the Expanse, not only at the minimum distance from the planet planned for examination, but literally almost on its surface, not even in the upper layers of the atmosphere, but in dense, lower layers, at such an altitude on which aircraft is already starting the landing maneuver. But this exit was not needed at all for landing: Tavrov was not at all going to finish on this planet, he only wanted to make one round - and again go to the Expanse, leaving those who would have to witness such hooliganism in deep annoyance. The lieutenant needed this maneuver for several reasons.

The first of them, oddly enough, was the preservation of his own safety: if he went out into an ordinary space, he would have been noticed in advance, and measures would have been immediately taken to destroy him.

The fate of one ship, the Route Inspector with fourteen crew members, made me think so, the fact of the death of which (and, most likely, which) under unexplained circumstances became known literally yesterday. This, in fact, forced the Tellurian authorities to send a scout to the same area of \u200b\u200bspace - this time with only one person, to reduce the risk.

The celestial body, near which - or on which - the "Inspector" died, was one of the many dead, unfit for life on the outskirts of the planets and the second in a short time, where something unintended and inexplicable began to happen, namely, the emergence of life, nothing seemed to be justified. The changes obviously began not without the participation of people, moreover, according to some signs, it was people who were initiated thanks to some new opportunities. Epic! But the creators of the miraculous transformations clearly did not want not only the interference of outsiders in the process they had begun, but even their presence in space, at a distance from which it would be possible to observe what was happening. And in the case when someone tried to encroach on this desire of the reformers for solitude, they went to any lengths, up to the destruction of the violator of the boundaries established by them. At the same time, who these "they" were was still unknown: no one was in a hurry to declare himself a miracle worker.

But with such a maneuver, for which Tavrov was now preparing, while still in Prostor, no one - neither people nor automation - would even have time to figure out what, in fact, is happening, and even more so - to aim and use means of destruction. So the intruder ship had every chance of escaping, if not unnoticed, then at least unaffected.

That was the first reason. And the second was, in fact, the main goal of the planned action: during the flyby - to fix on video crystals everything that falls into the field of view of the equipment, first of all - the changes occurring on the surface, then - the technical means that, undoubtedly, should have appeared there for this very transformation, and which, as they hoped for Tellus, could then be identified, going out in this way to their manufacturer, and from him, through trade channels, in the end, to those who use them in these operations. And finally, since the deceased "Inspector" managed to report that there was a ship on the surface of the planet at that time, now one could hope, if not to catch the ship itself, then at least discover the place of its landing and takeoff and take off its characteristics, according to which later it will be possible to determine not only the class, but, if you are lucky, the name of the ship, as well as (having already returned to the Expanse) find out its route, since at the nodes of the co-space (as the Expanse was officially called until now), each maneuvering ship in a certain way changes the physics of this knot and this trace remains, although not forever, but for a time sufficient for its fixation. It was precisely such matters that the extensive department of the Service, Space Intelligence, was engaged in. And the all-natural intelligence officer belonged to this very department and was equipped with equipment for analysis - if not fundamental, comprehensive, then, in any case, it allowed to obtain the main characteristics of the ship being determined in express mode. This was the meaning of the expedition.

... Tavrov involuntarily sighed: the last seconds before the start of the maneuver, the crazy exit from the Expanse on the brink of disaster, were running out; they would not even be enough to check once again whether his personal mic turned on well, which, in fact, will conduct the operation - because the mic knew everything about the lieutenant better, including the speed of reaction and the speed of performing the necessary actions. He controlled the state of the pilot with the utmost precision, since he was, after all, inside this pilot; and besides - the mick knew everything concerning the operation, the virtual cap - no, the administration did not consider it necessary to enter all the information into it. In general, trusting computers with secrets, some believed, including Service General Ivanos, was a dangerous and unreliable business. And so…

Five, four, three ... Zero.

The hand itself, without the participation of the brain, worked. Field! An invisible cloud enveloped the ship. Move! Breakdown!..

Fog in the eyes. Dizziness. The smallest vibration not only of the body, but of the entire ship. As usual. And it's still scary. The blackness on the screens is a breakthrough through nothing. Nothing, everything is fine. Now a wonderful starry sky will appear on the monitors ...

The work of K. Marx and F. Engels "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State" is one of the main works of Marxism. This work provides a scientific analysis of the history of mankind in the early stages of its development, reveals the process of decomposition of a primitive communal society and the formation of a class society based on private property, shows the general features of this society, clarifies the features of the development of family relations in various socio-economic formations, reveals the origin and the essence of the state and proved the historical inevitability of its withering away with the final victory of a classless communist society.

F. Engels reviewed the development of views on family history from Bachoven to Morgan and added some sections, and also Engels reworked Morgan's economic justifications.

F. Engels's research Morgan made critical remarks that relate to this topic: “According to the materialist understanding, the defining moment in history is, ultimately, the production and reproduction of immediate life. But it itself is of two kinds. On the one hand, the production of livelihoods: food items, clothing, housing and the tools necessary for this; on the other hand, the production of man himself, the continuation of the race. The social order in which people live in a particular historical era of a particular country is determined by both types of production: the stage of development, on the one hand, labor, and on the other, the family. The less developed labor, the more limited the amount of its products, and, consequently, the wealth of society, the more strongly the dependence of the social system on tribal ties is. Meanwhile, within the framework of this structure of society based on tribal ties, labor productivity is developing more and more, and with it - private property exchange, property differences, the opportunity to use someone else's labor force and thus the basis of class contradictions: new social elements that have been trying for generations to to adapt the old social system to new conditions, until finally, the incompatibility of the one and the other leads to a complete revolution. The old society, based on generic icing, explodes as a result of the collision of newly formed social classes; its place is taken by a new society, organized into a state, the lower links of which are no longer clan, but territorial associations - a society in which the family system is completely subordinate to property relations and in which class contradictions and class struggle, which constitute the content of all written history, now freely develop up to our time. "

The study of the family begins in 1861, when Bachoven's work "Maternal Law" was published. The author put forward the following provisions in this work:

people originally had unrestricted sexual relations, which he designated with the expression "heterism",

such a relationship excludes any possibility of reliably establishing the father, and therefore the origin could be determined only along the female line - according to maternal law - as originally it was with all the peoples of antiquity;

as a result, women as mothers are the only known parents of the younger generation and they enjoyed respect and honor, which, according to Bachofen, reached the full domination of women;

Bachofen finds proof of these propositions in quotations from the classical literature of antiquity. The development of "heteroism" from maternal to paternal rights occurs, in his opinion, as a result of religious ideas, the emergence of new deities, new views, in the traditional gods, personifying old views, are pushed into the background first. Thus, not the development of the actual living conditions of people, but the religious reflection of these conditions in the heads of the same people, caused, according to Bachofen, historical changes in the mutual social position of men and women.

This book was written by Engels in two months. Analyzing the manuscripts of Marx, Engels discovered a detailed synopsis of the book of the American scientist L. G. Morgan "Ancient Society", compiled by Marx in 1880-1881. and containing a lot of criticism and its own provisions, as well as additions from other sources After reading the synopsis and making sure that Morgan's book confirms the materialist understanding of history and primitive society developed by Marx. Engels considered it necessary to write a special work, making extensive use of Marx's remarks, as well as some of the conclusions and factual material contained in Morgan's book. Engels saw this as "to a certain extent fulfillment of the will" of Marx.

Economic forces.

The socio - economic factors of development are based on primitive society, the Neolithic revolution, the social division of labor, the rise in labor productivity and tools, as well as the emergence of profit and private property.

Morgan was the first to try to bring in the prehistory of mankind into a certain system. This system consists of three main eras - savagery, barbarism, civilization. He divides each of these first two epochs into a lower, middle and higher stage in accordance with the progress of production and means of life.

Wildness.

The lowest stage. Childhood of the human race. People were still in the places of their original stay, in tropical forests. Fruits, nuts, roots served them as food; the main achievement of this period is the emergence of articulate speech.

The middle step. It begins with the introduction of fish food and the use of fire. But with this new food they became people independent of climate and locality; they could already have settled at a great distance. The settlement of new places and the constant striving for search, in conjunction with possession with fire, obtained by friction, delivered new means of nutrition.

The highest stage. It begins with the invention of the bow and arrow, thanks to which game became a constant food, and hunting became one of the usual branches of labor. Comparing with each other peoples who already know the bow and arrow, but are not yet familiar with the art of pottery, one can find some rudiments of settlement in villages, a well-known stage of mastering the production of means of subsistence: wooden vessels and utensils, hand-weaving stone tools. Fire and a stone ax already make it possible to make boats and make logs and planks for building a dwelling.

Barbarism.

The lowest stage. Begins with the introduction of the art of pottery. It owes its origin to the coating of wicker vessels with clay in order to make them fireproof.

A characteristic feature of this period is the domestication and breeding of animals and the cultivation of plants. The eastern continent, the so-called Old World, had almost all but one breeding animal and cereal species; the western mainland, America, of all tameable animals, only the llama, and of the cultivated grains, only one - maize. As a result of this difference in natural conditions and conditions, the population of each hemisphere develops according to its own scenario, and boundary signs at the boundaries of individual stages of development become different for each hemisphere.

The middle stage, In the east, it begins with the domestication of domestic animals, in the west - with the cultivation of edible plants with the help of irrigation and the use of buildings made of adobe and stone. The domestication of flocks and the formation of large flocks led to a shepherd's life. The cultivation of cereals was primarily caused by the need for feed for livestock and only later became an important source of food for people.

The highest stage. It begins with the smelting of iron ore and progresses to civilization as a result of letter writing and the application of writing it down to verbal creativity. This stage, independently passed only in the Eastern Hemisphere, is richer in success in the field of production than all the previous stages. It includes the Greeks of the heroic era, the Italian tribes shortly before the founding of Rome, the Germans of Tacitus, the Normans of the Viking times.

The invention of the iron plow, ax, shovel took place; thanks to this, agriculture has become in large size, field cultivation, an increase in vital supplies. The population also began to grow rapidly, becoming more dense in small areas, and the makings of a central government appeared. Iron tools appeared, metalworking, turning into artistic craft, the beginnings of architecture as an art, cities surrounded by battlements with towers, the Homeric era, all mythology - this is the main legacy that the Greeks transferred from barbarism to civilization.

3 Social factors.

Barbarism is the period of cattle breeding and agriculture, the period of mastering the methods of increasing the production of natural products with the help of human activity. Civilization - the period of introduction by further processing of products of nature, the period of industry and art.

Having arisen at the middle stage of savagery and continuing to develop at the highest stage, the clan, as far as the sources can judge, reaches its flourishing at the lowest stage of barbarism. The clan system is a simple organization that fully corresponds to the social conditions from which it arose. It is a naturally grown structure; he is able to settle all conflicts that may arise within such a society. The greatness of the tribal system, but at the same time its limitation, is manifested in the fact that there is no domination and enslavement. Within the tribal system, there is still no distinction between rights and obligations. The division of labor is of natural origin, it only exists between the sexes. A man fights, goes hunting and fishing, and manufactures the tools necessary for this. The woman works around the house and is busy preparing food and clothes. Everyone is the owner of the tools he has made and uses. The household is run on a communist basis by several, often many, families. Here, therefore, there is “property acquired by one's own labor,” invented by lawyers and economists of a civilized society, on which modern capitalist property is based. For some of the most advanced tribes - the Aryans, Semites, Turanians - the main branch of labor was first the domestication of livestock, and then the breeding behind it. The pastoral tribes separated from the rest of the barbarians - this was the first division of labor. At this stage of development, exchange could arise only in the nutria of the tribe. Initially, the exchange was carried out between the tribes through the tribal elders of each side. The main subject of exchange was cattle, cattle became the commodity by which all other commodities were valued.

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Summary

The first edition of this work was published in 1884 by Friedrich Engels. His work "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State" is based on factual material contained in the work of L. Morgan "Ancient Society".

Then, in 1891, F. Engels published a new edition of his work, with some additions, because seven years have passed since the first edition was published, and during these years great success has been achieved in the study of the primitive forms of the family.

In his work, Engels revised the data of Morgan and other scientists on this topic, made additions and expressed his point of view and his theory. Thus, F. Engels, in Morgan's study, made critical remarks that relate to this topic and wrote them down in the first preface of 1884: “According to the materialist understanding, the defining moment in history is ultimately the production and reproduction of immediate life. But it itself is of two kinds. On the one hand, the production of livelihoods: food items, clothing, housing and the tools necessary for this; on the other hand, the production of man himself, the continuation of the race. The social order in which people of a certain historical epoch of a certain country live is determined by both types of production: the stage of development, on the one hand, labor, and on the other, the family. The less developed labor, the more limited the amount of its products, and, consequently, the wealth of society, the more strongly the dependence of the social system on tribal ties is. Meanwhile, within the framework of this structure of society based on tribal ties, labor productivity is developing more and more, and with it - private property exchange, property differences, the ability to use someone else's labor force and thus the basis of class contradictions: new social elements that have been trying for generations to to adapt the old social system to new conditions, until finally, the incompatibility of the one and the other leads to a complete revolution. The old society, based on generic icing, explodes as a result of the collision of the newly formed social classes; its place is taken by a new society, organized into a state, the lower links of which are no longer clan, but territorial associations - a society in which the family system is completely subordinate to property relations and in which class contradictions and class struggle, which constitute the content of all written history, now freely develop up to our time. "

This work reveals the patterns of development of the primitive communal system, the main stages of its development and the reasons for its inevitable death. Here, in a dialectical connection, the processes of development and the emergence of the family, private property and the state, which led to the emergence of a class society, are shown.

The first chapter is called "Prehistoric stages of culture" and is subdivided into 3 main eras: savagery, barbarism, civilization. But in this work, only the first two eras are described, which within themselves are still divided into 3 stages of development - lower, middle and higher.

Let's briefly describe these 2 eras.

1. Wildness

· The lowest stage. Childhood of the human race. People were still in the places of their original stay, in tropical forests. Fruits, nuts, roots served them as food; the main achievement of this period is the emergence of articulate speech.

· Middle level. It begins with the introduction of fish food and the use of fire. But with this new food they became people independent of climate and locality; they could already have settled at a great distance. The settlement of new places and the constant striving for search, in conjunction with possession with fire, obtained by friction, delivered new means of nutrition.

· The highest level. It begins with the invention of the bow and arrow, thanks to which game became a constant food, and hunting became one of the usual branches of labor. Comparing with each other peoples who already know the bow and arrow, but are not yet familiar with the art of pottery, one can find some rudiments of settlement in villages, a certain stage of mastering the production of means of subsistence: wooden vessels and utensils, hand-weaving stone tools. Fire and a stone ax already make it possible to make boats and make logs and planks for building a dwelling.

2. Barbarity

· The lowest stage. Begins with the introduction of the art of pottery. It owes its origin to the coating of wicker vessels with clay in order to make them fireproof.

· The middle stage, In the east, it begins with the domestication of domestic animals, in the west - with the cultivation of edible plants with the help of irrigation and the use of buildings made of adob (raw bricks dried in the sun) and stone. The domestication of flocks and the formation of large flocks led to a shepherd's life. The cultivation of cereals was primarily caused by the need for feed for livestock and only later became an important source of food for people.

· The highest level. It begins with the smelting of iron ore and progresses to civilization as a result of letter writing and the application of writing it down to verbal creativity. This stage, independently passed only in the Eastern Hemisphere, is richer in success in the field of production than all the previous stages. It includes the Greeks of the heroic era, the Italian tribes shortly before the founding of Rome, the Germans of Tacitus, the Normans of the Viking times.

The invention of the iron plow, ax, shovel took place; thanks to this, agriculture became in large size, field cultivation, an increase in vital supplies. The population also began to grow rapidly, becoming more dense in small areas, and the makings of a central government appeared. Iron tools appeared, metalworking, turning into artistic craft, the beginnings of architecture as an art, cities surrounded by battlements with towers, the Homeric era, all mythology - this is the main legacy that the Greeks transferred from barbarism to civilization.

The second chapter is called "The Family", in which, based on the analysis of a huge amount of factual material, it is concluded that in primitive human society there was such a state when every woman belonged to every man and equally every man belonged to every woman. This was the period of the so-called group marriage, in which there was very little room for jealousy. This marriage can be called disordered.

And according to Morgan, from this primitive state of disordered relationships, it probably developed very early on:

1. Consanguineous family - the first stage of the family. Here marriage groups are divided by generations: all grandparents within the family are husbands and wives for each other, as well as their children, i.e. fathers and mothers; likewise, the children of the latter form the third circle of common spouses, and their children, the great-grandchildren of the former, form the fourth circle.

This type of family is already extinct. Even among the most savage peoples, about which history tells, it is impossible to find a single indisputable example of it. But that such a family should have existed, we are forced to recognize the Hawaiian system of kinship, which remains in force to this day throughout Polynesia and expresses such degrees of kinship that can arise only with this form of family; all further development of the family, which presupposes the existence of this form as a necessary initial stage, compels us to acknowledge this.

2. Punaluan family. It excludes parents and children from sexual intercourse, as well as brothers and sisters. From the Punaluan family, the institution of the gens arose. Genus is understood as a community of relatives who have one woman - an ancestor. In group marriage, of course, kinship could only be established along the female line.

According to Hawaiian custom, a certain number of sisters, of the same uterine or more distant degrees of kinship (cousins, second cousins, etc.), were the common wives of their common husbands, from which, however, their brothers were excluded; these husbands no longer called each other brother, and they were no longer supposed to be brothers, but "punalua", that is, a close comrade. Likewise, a number of brothers, of the same uterine or more distant degrees of kinship, were in common marriage with a certain number of women, but not their sisters, and these women called each other Punalua.

3. Paired family. In it, a man lives with one woman, but polygamy takes place, although rarely. The strictest loyalty is required from a woman for the entire time of cohabitation. The prohibition of marriage between relatives increases the resilience and development of the mental capacity of people.

"A woman among all savages and among all tribes standing on the lower, middle, and partly even the highest level of barbarism, not only enjoys freedom, but also occupies a very honorable position." The era of barbarism is distinguished by the presence of matriarchy. This is because women in communist households belong to the same genus, while men are different.

In the era of barbarism, herds of horses, camels, donkeys, cattle, sheep, goats and pigs appeared. This property multiplied and provided abundant milk and meat food. The hunt receded into the background. Slaves appeared. The emergence of slavery is due to the fact that human labor began to give a significant income, prevailing over the cost of its maintenance. At the same time, the husband became the owner of livestock and slaves.

Gradually, ancestral wealth passes into the ownership of the heads of families (herds, metal utensils, luxury goods and slaves). "Thus, as wealth grew, it gave the husband a more powerful position in the family than the wife, and generated, on the one hand, the desire to use this entrenched position in order to change the normal order of inheritance in favor of children." But this could not be, while the origin was considered by maternal law. It should have been canceled, and it was canceled. At the same time, the origin was determined not by the maternal, but by the male line, the right of inheritance through the father was introduced.

“The overthrow of maternal rights was a worldwide historic defeat for the female sex. The husband seized the reins of government in the house, and the woman lost her honorable position, was turned into a servant, into a slave of his lust, into a simple instrument of childbearing. "

4. Monogamous family. “It arises from a paired family, as explained above, at the borderline between the middle and the highest stage of barbarism; its final victory is one of the signs of the beginning of civilization. It is based on the domination of the husband, with the express purpose of having children whose descent from the father is beyond doubt, and this indisputable origin is necessary because the children must eventually take over the father's property as direct heirs. It differs from a pair marriage by the much greater strength of the marriage bond, which is now no longer divorced at the request of either party.

The emerging monogamy is nothing more than the enslavement of one sex to the other. F. Engels writes: "The first antagonism of classes that appears in history coincides with the development of antagonism between husband and wife during monogamy, and the first class oppression coincides with the enslavement of the female sex by the male."

So, we have three main forms of marriage, in general, corresponding to the three main stages of human development. Wildness corresponds to group marriage, barbarism to pair marriage, civilization to monogamy, supplemented by violation of marital fidelity and prostitution. Between paired marriage and monogamy, at the highest stage of barbarism, the dominance of men over slaves and polygamy are wedged.

"Monogamy arose as a result of the concentration of great wealth in one hand, namely, in the hands of a man and from the need to pass on these wealth by inheritance to the children of this man and not another."

Until the Middle Ages, there could be no question of individual sexual love. It goes without saying that physical beauty, friendship, the same inclinations, etc., awakened in people of different sexes the desire for sexual intercourse, which for both men and women was not completely indifferent with whom they entered into these intimate relationships. ... But from this to modern sexual love is still infinitely far away. Throughout antiquity, marriages were contracted by the parents of the parties to the marriage, who calmly put up with it.

Modern sexual love differs significantly from simple sexual attraction, from the eros of the ancients. First, it assumes mutual love in the beloved being; in this respect, a woman is on an equal footing with a man. Secondly, the strength and duration of sexual love are such that the impossibility of possession and separation seem to both sides to be a great, if not the greatest misfortune, they take a huge risk, even put their lives on the line in order only to belong to each other, which happened in ancient times unless only in cases of violation of marital fidelity. And, finally, a new moral criterion appears for condemning and justifying sexual intercourse, they ask not only whether it was marital or illegitimate, but also whether it arose out of mutual love or not.

In conclusion of the second section, F. Engels makes a forecast: “since the monogamous family has noticeably improved since the beginning of civilization, and is especially noticeable in modern times, it can at least be assumed that it is capable of further improvement until it is achieved gender equality. If a monogamous family in the distant future turns out to be unable to fulfill the demands of society, then it is impossible to predict in advance what character its successor will have. "

The third chapter is called "Iroquois genus", which describes the composition of the Iroquois genus, the specifics of this genus. For example, an interesting fact was noticed by Morgan, in the Iroquois family of the Seneca tribe there are eight genera that bear the names of animals 1) Wolf, 2) Bear, 3) Turtle, 4) Beaver, 5) Deer, 6) Kulik, 7) Heron, 8) Falcon ... Each genus has its own specific customs.

Several more genera form a phratry, so several phratries, if we take the classical form, form a tribe. The overwhelming majority did not go further than unification into a tribe. Their few tribes, separated from each other by vast border strips, weakened by eternal wars, occupied a huge space by a small number of people. Alliances between kindred tribes were concluded here and there in case of temporary necessity and disintegrated with its disappearance.

However, in some localities, originally related, but subsequently disunited tribes again rallied into permanent alliances, thus making the first step towards the formation of nations. In the United States, we find the most developed form of such a union among the Iroquois.

Thus, we see that the main unit is the clan, and from it there are already various clan associations: a phratry, a tribe, or even a union.

In the next, fourth chapter, we will learn a lot about the Greek gender.

The Greeks, like the Pelasgians and other tribal peoples, already in prehistoric times were organized according to the same organic series as the Americans: clan, phratry, tribe, union of tribes. The phratry might not exist, like the Dorians, the union of tribes could not be formed everywhere, but in all cases the genus was the main unit. At the time of their appearance on the historical arena, the Greeks stood on the threshold of civilization; between them and the American tribes, which were discussed above, lie almost two whole periods of development, in which the Greeks of the heroic era were ahead of the Iroquois. The Greek family, therefore, is by no means an archaic Iroquois family; the stamp of group marriage is beginning to noticeably fade away. The maternal right gave way to the paternal, the property of a wealthy heiress should have been transferred to her husband during her marriage, therefore, to another clan, the basis of all ancestral law was undermined, connections with this began to allow the girl to marry within her clan in the interests of preserving her the last of this property.

In the fifth chapter, Engels examines "The Emergence of the Athenian State." Which developed, partly transforming the organs of the tribal system, partly displacing them by introducing new organs and, in the end, completely replacing them with real bodies of state power. In the historical course of the development of events in Athens, the clan system collapsed before our eyes, losing its authority, thereby imperceptibly developing the state. Thanks to the division of labor, new groups and branches were formed, new bodies to protect interests were created, a public power appeared, against which the clan system could no longer resist, or rather, the clan system in this new society could no longer help society in connection with their new needs. And the state came to replace him.

To what extent the state, which had developed in its main features, corresponded to the new social position of the Athenians, is evidenced by the rapid flowering of wealth, trade and industry. The class antagonism on which public and political institutions now rested was no longer an antagonism between the nobility and the common people, but an antagonism between slaves and free, between protected and full citizens.

The emergence of the state among the Athenians is a highly typical example of the formation of the state in general, because, on the one hand, it occurs in a pure form, without any violent interference, external or internal, - the short-term usurpation of power by Peisistratus left no traces, - with on the other hand, because in this case a very highly developed form of the state, the democratic republic, arises directly from the tribal society and, finally, because we are sufficiently aware of all the essential details of the formation of this state.

Chapters: sixth, seventh and eighth tell us about the kind and origin of the state in Rome, among the Celts and Germans. These chapters tell us about their structure, about the family, about the laws by which they lived from generation to generation, and about how the life of society changed during the formation of the state. This is understandable and inevitable in the transition from one system to another. Unfortunately, not all states arose in the same way as Athens, i.e. without any violent interference. Suppose in Scotland the death of the tribal system coincides with the suppression of the uprising of 1745. And the Roman state turned into a gigantic complex machine exclusively for sucking the juices from its subjects. Taxes, state duties and various kinds of extortions plunged the mass of the population into ever deeper poverty, this oppression was intensified and made unbearable by extortion of governors, tax collectors, and soldiers. This is what the Roman state came to with its world domination, it based its right to exist on maintaining order inside and on protection from barbarians from outside, but its order was worse than the worst disorder, and the barbarians, from whom it undertook to protect citizens, the latter expected as saviors ... It follows from this that each nation has its own history, and its own transition to state power.

Summing up, F. Engels writes:

“Above we examined separately the three main forms in which the state rises on the ruins of the tribal system. Athens represents the purest, most classical form: here the state arises directly and predominantly from class antagonisms developing within the tribal society itself. In Rome, the tribal society turns into a closed aristocracy among the numerous, standing outside of it, powerless, but bearing the duties of the plebs; the victory of the plebs explodes the old tribal system and erects a state on its ruins, in which the tribal aristocracy and the plebs will soon disappear. Finally, for the German victors of the Roman Empire, the state arises as a direct product of the conquest of vast foreign territories, for domination over which the clan system does not provide any means.

The ninth section is called "Barbarism and Civilization". This final section is a generalization of the above, and is devoted to the general economic conditions that undermined the generic organization of society and, with the advent of civilization, completely eliminated it. Here we cannot do without extensive quotations from the work of F. Engels, since they summarize the results of what is stated in the work in a generalized form.

The genus, notes F. Engels, "reaches its heyday at the lowest stage of barbarism." “The greatness of the tribal system, but at the same time its limitations, are manifested in the fact that there is no place for domination and enslavement. Within the tribal system, there is still no distinction between rights and obligations ... ”.

In the future, for a number of advanced tribes, the main branch of labor was not hunting and fishing, but domestication, and then cattle breeding. "... this was the first major division of labor." An exchange of livestock began between the tribes. Cattle became the commodity by which all commodities were valued, ”he acquired the functions of money. The loom was invented and the smelting of metals began. The tools of production and weapons were rapidly improved.

The first major division of labor, together with an increase in labor productivity, and hence in wealth, and with an expansion of the field of productive activity, given the totality of given historical conditions, inevitably entailed slavery. From the first large social division of labor arose the first major division of society into two classes - masters and slaves, exploiters and exploited. "

The "wild" warrior and hunter was content in the house with the second place after the woman, the "more meek" shepherd, proud of his wealth, moved to the first place, and the woman was pushed back to the second. And she couldn't complain. The division of labor in the family served as the basis for the distribution of property between a man and a woman ... ”.

Wealth grew rapidly; it was the wealth of individuals. The production activities of people have expanded and become differentiated. “... A second major division of labor took place: the craft was separated from agriculture. "With the division of production into two main branches, agriculture and handicrafts, there is production directly for exchange, - commodity production, and with it trade, not only within the tribe and on its borders, but also overseas." "The difference between the rich and the poor appears along with the difference between free and slaves, with a new division of labor - a new division of society into classes." Exchange between individual producers becomes a vital necessity for society. There is a third most important division of labor - there is "a class that is no longer engaged in production, but only in the exchange of products." A class of merchants is created.

Together with the emergence of merchants, metal money appeared. This was a new means of domination, the commodity of commodities was discovered, which in a hidden form contains all other commodities. “Following the purchase of goods with money, there was a money loan, and with it - interest and usury.” In the same period, new land relations emerged. Previously, the land was the property of the clan. Now it began to belong to individuals with the right of inheritance, that is, private property. The land was sold and mortgaged.

"So along with the expansion of trade, along with money and monetary usury, land ownership and mortgages, the concentration and centralization of wealth in the hands of a small class rapidly took place, and along with this the impoverishment of the masses grew and the mass of the poor grew." The clan system turned out to be powerless in the face of new elements that had grown up without its assistance. “The tribal system has outlived its time. It was blown up by the division of labor and its consequence - the division of society into classes. It was replaced by the state.

Thus, “the state is a product of society at a certain stage of development; the state is the recognition that this society has become entangled in an insoluble contradiction with itself, split into irreconcilable opposites, which it is powerless to get rid of. And so that these opposites, classes with conflicting economic interests, do not devour each other and society in a fruitless struggle, this requires a force that would moderate the collision, keep it within the boundaries of "order." This power is the state.

Distinctive features of the state are the territorial division of subjects and public authority. To maintain public power, taxes are introduced, the state makes state debts. As a result, officials, as organs of society, stand above society.

Making a forecast for the future, in conclusion, F. Engels writes the following.

“So, the state does not exist forever. There were societies that did without it, that had no idea about the state and state power. At a certain stage of economic development, which was necessarily associated with the split of society into classes, the state became, by virtue of this split, a necessity. We are now approaching with rapid strides to a stage in the development of production at which the existence of these classes not only ceases to be a necessity, but becomes a direct obstacle to production.

Classes will disappear as inevitably as they inevitably arose in the past. With the disappearance of classes, the state will inevitably disappear. A society that organizes production in a new way on the basis of a free and equal association of producers will send the entire state machine where it will then be: in the museum of antiquities, next to the spinning wheel and the bronze ax. "

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Abstract on the work of F. Engels "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State"

compendium on F. Engels The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.docx

Abstract on the work of F. Engels "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State"

In his work, Engels revised the data of Morgan and other scientists on this topic, made additions and expressed his point of view and his theory. Thus, F. Engels, in Morgan's study, made critical remarks that relate to this topic and wrote them down in the first preface of 1884: “According to the materialist understanding, the defining moment in history is ultimately the production and reproduction of immediate life. But it itself is of two kinds. On the one hand, the production of livelihoods: food items, clothing, housing and the tools necessary for this; on the other hand, the production of man himself, the continuation of the race. The social order in which people of a certain historical epoch of a certain country live is determined by both types of production: the stage of development, on the one hand, labor, and on the other, the family. The less developed labor, the more limited the amount of its products, and, consequently, the wealth of society, the more strongly the dependence of the social system on tribal ties is. Meanwhile, within the framework of this structure of society, based on tribal ties, labor productivity is developing more and more, and with it - private property exchange, property differences, the ability to use someone else's labor force and thus the basis of class contradictions: new social elements that have been trying for generations to to adapt the old social system to new conditions, until finally, the incompatibility of the one and the other leads to a complete revolution. The old society, based on generic icing, explodes as a result of the collision of the newly formed social classes; its place is taken by a new society, organized into a state, the lower links of which are no longer clan, but territorial associations - a society in which the family system is completely subordinate to property relations and in which class contradictions and class struggle, which constitute the content of all written history, now freely develop up to our time. "

The first chapter is called "Prehistoric stages of culture" and are subdivided into 3 main eras: savagery, barbarism, civilization. But in this work, only the first two eras are described, which within themselves are still divided into 3 stages of development - lower, middle and higher.

Let's briefly describe these 2 eras.

Wildness

Barbarism

The middle stage, In the east, begins with the domestication of domestic animals, in the west - with the cultivation of edible plants with the help of irrigation and the use of buildings made of adob (raw bricks dried in the sun) and stone. The domestication of flocks and the formation of large flocks led to a shepherd's life. The cultivation of cereals was primarily caused by the need for feed for livestock and only later became an important source of food for people.

The second chapter is called "The Family" in which, based on the analysis of a huge amount of factual material, it is concluded that in primitive human society there was such a state when every woman belonged to every man and equally every man to every woman. This was the period of the so-called group marriage, in which there was very little room for jealousy. This marriage can be called disordered.

And according to Morgan, from this primitive state of disordered relationships, it probably developed very early on:

Consanguineous family - the first step of the family. Here marriage groups are divided by generations: all grandparents within the family are husbands and wives for each other, as well as their children, i.e. fathers and mothers; likewise, the children of the latter form the third circle of common spouses, and their children, the great-grandchildren of the former, form the fourth circle.

Punaluan family... It excludes parents and children from sexual intercourse, as well as brothers and sisters. From the Punaluan family, the institution of the gens arose. Genus is understood as a community of relatives who have one woman - an ancestor. In group marriage, of course, kinship could only be established along the female line.

Couple family. In it, a man lives with one woman, but polygamy takes place, although rarely. The strictest loyalty is required from a woman for the entire time of cohabitation. The prohibition of marriage between relatives increases the resilience and development of the mental capacity of people.

Monogamous family. “It arises from a paired family, as explained above, at the borderline between the middle and the highest stage of barbarism; its final victory is one of the signs of the beginning of civilization. It is based on the domination of the husband, with the express purpose of having children whose descent from the father is beyond doubt, and this indisputable origin is necessary because the children must eventually take over the father's property as direct heirs. It differs from a pair marriage by the much greater strength of the marriage bond, which is now no longer divorced at the request of either party.

On the work of K. Marx and F. Engels "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State"

On the work of K. Marx and F. Engels "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State"

F. Engels reviewed the development of views on family history from Bachoven to Morgan and added some sections, and also Engels reworked Morgan's economic justifications.

F. Engels's research Morgan made critical remarks that relate to this topic: “According to the materialist understanding, the defining moment in history is, ultimately, the production and reproduction of immediate life. But it itself is of two kinds. On the one hand, the production of livelihoods: food items, clothing, housing and the tools necessary for this; on the other hand, the production of man himself, the continuation of the race. The social order in which people of a certain historical epoch of a certain country live is determined by both types of production: the stage of development, on the one hand, labor, and on the other, the family. The less developed labor, the more limited the amount of its products, and, consequently, the wealth of society, the more strongly the dependence of the social system on tribal ties is. Meanwhile, within the framework of this structure of society, based on tribal ties, labor productivity is developing more and more, and with it - private property exchange, property differences, the ability to use someone else's labor force and thus the basis of class contradictions: new social elements that have been trying for generations to to adapt the old social system to new conditions, until finally, the incompatibility of the one and the other leads to a complete revolution. The old society, based on generic icing, explodes as a result of the collision of newly formed social classes; its place is taken by a new society, organized into a state, the lower links of which are no longer clan, but territorial associations - a society in which the family system is completely subordinate to property relations and in which class contradictions and class struggle, which constitute the content of all written history, now freely develop up to our time. "

The study of the family begins in 1861, when Bachoven's work "Maternal Law" was published. The author put forward the following provisions in this work:

people originally had unrestricted sexual relations, which he designated with the expression "heterism",

as a result, women as mothers are the only known parents of the younger generation and they enjoyed respect and honor, which, according to Bachofen, reached the full domination of women;

The lowest stage. Begins with the introduction of the art of pottery. It owes its origin to the coating of wicker vessels with clay in order to make them fireproof.

3 Social factors.

At the next stage, a large division of labor took place, together with an increase in labor productivity, and therefore wealth, and with an expansion of the sphere of productive activity, slavery was entailed. The first two classes, masters and slaves, arose from the first major division of labor. There was a need to attract labor. The war brought her: the prisoners of war began to be turned into slaves.

At the highest stage of barbarism, iron began to serve man. It has done field cultivation in larger areas. Wealth grew rapidly, but also as the wealth of individuals. The degree of diversity and perfection of crafts increased, such a varied activity could no longer be performed by one person. A second major division of labor took place: handicrafts were separated from agriculture. With the division of production into two large sectors, commodity production arises, and with it trade, and not in the nutria of the tribe, but with overseas countries. Gold becomes the predominant commodity - money, it is not yet minted, but exchanged by weight.

The difference between the rich and the poor appears along with the difference between free and slaves - with the new division of labor, a new division of society into classes arises. Differences in property between individual heads of families explode the old communist community wherever it survives; along with it disappears, and the joint cultivation of the land with the means of this community, arable land is provided for the use of individual families - first for a while and then forever. The individual family becomes the economic unit of society. The union of kindred tribes becomes everywhere a necessity, even their merging becomes necessary, and thus the merging of separate tribal territories into one common territory of the entire people. A popular assembly appears. The military leader, the council, the national assembly, form the organs of a clan society, developing into a military democracy. The war is becoming regular. The wealth of the neighbors arouses the greed of the peoples. They are barbarians: robbery seems easier to them than labor. The war, which was previously fought only to avenge attacks or to expand territories, takes the form of plunder, becomes a constant trade. No wonder the formidable walls rise around the cities: the grave of the tribal system gapes in their ditches, their towers are already reaching civilization. The same thing happens in the inside of society.

Plundering wars strengthen the power of the supreme commander, as well as his entourage; the customary election of their successors from the same families passes into hereditary power, the foundations of hereditary royal power are laid. The organs of the genus break away from their roots and gradually turn into civilization.

In these three epochs: savagery, barbarism and civilization, the process of gradual evolution in the social and political sphere of the social life of the tribal society is traced. Thus, antagonism and differentiation are manifested here.

Antagonism is one of the forms of contradictions, an irreconcilable struggle between different forces, classes, a struggle between different political systems. Since the emergence of society, since the era of savagery in civilization, there has been a struggle between classes in the slave, feudal, capitalist systems in the formations to socialism, it is significant that antagonism is resolved through the class struggle, the form of property. The content of antagonism is determined concretely by the historical conditions of their development.

Differentiation is the division in the process of evolution of a single group into two several groups, leading to the emergence of a new group. Inevitably accompanied by the emergence of a hierarchical system, forming classes, different types of power. Integration related; becomes more complex in its life manifestations, individual parts harmoniously complement each other and the possibility of evolution arises.

As a result of differentiation, a dismemberment of the social whole occurs, leading to the formation of a rationalization of norms, values, and relations. The cash constituents lead to the emergence of different classes and social roles. It is associated with the division of labor, the sphere of production, relationships in the inside of society, the allocation of individual spheres of society.

The tribal system has outlived its time. It was blown up by the division of labor and its consequence - the split of society into classes. It was replaced by the state.

Civilization strengthens all the types of division of labor that have arisen before it, through the opposition between town and country. A new class is being created - the merchants, this is a class that, without taking part in production, economically subordinates the producers to itself, becomes their intermediary and quickly acquires wealth. During the period of civilization, it subordinates production to itself, until periodic trade crises are created. Metallic money appears, minted coin - a new means of domination of the non-producer over the producer. A commodity of commodities was discovered, which turned into any commodity. Following the purchase of goods with money, money loans appear, and with them interest and usury.

The state is rising on the ruins of the tribal system. Athens represents a pure classical form: here the state arises directly and predominantly from class opposites developing within the tribal society. In Rome, the tribal society turns into a closed aristocracy, surrounded by a society with no rights. For the German conquerors of Rome, the state arises as a direct result of the conquest of vast foreign territories, for domination over which the clan system does not create any means.

So, the state is in no way a force imposed on society from the outside. The state is a product of society at a certain stage of development; the state is the recognition that society has become entangled, that nano-measurable opposites and classes have split apart. And so that these opposites do not devour each other, a force that stood above society is necessary, a force that tempered the collision, kept it within the boundaries of order. This force, originating from society, is the state.

Compared to the old tribal organization, the state differs in:

division of subjects of the state by territorial division

an institution of public authority that no longer directly coincides with the population organizing itself as an armed force. This special public power is necessary, because the self-acting force of the army has become impossible since the split of the population into classes.

There are contributions from citizens - taxes. They were not known to the gentile society, loans, government debts.

Since the state arose out of the need to keep the opposing classes in check; since it at the same time arose in these clashes themselves, the state is the most powerful political class, it exploits all other classes. The state is the organization of the possessing class to protect it from the poor.

So, the state does not exist forever. There were societies that did without him. At a certain stage of development, which was necessarily associated with the split of society into classes, the state became, by virtue of this split, a necessity. We are approaching a stage in the development of production when classes will become a hindrance to production. Classes will disappear as inevitably as they inevitably arose in the past. With the disappearance of classes, the state will also disappear. The society, which reorganizes production on the basis of a free and equal association of producers, will send the state machine to the museum of antiquity, next to a spinning wheel and a bronze ax.

Possessing public power and the right to collect taxes, officials become, like organs of society, above society. The free and free respect with which the organs of the clan society were treated is no longer enough for them, even if they could win it, they must earn respect through exceptional laws, by virtue of which they acquire holiness and inviolability. The most powerful monarch or statesman might have envied that not from the stick of the acquired respect that was shown to the most insignificant elder. The latter stands within society, while the former are forced to represent something outside and above it.

With the advent of civilization, the growth of wealth has become so enormous, its forms are so varied, its use is so extensive, and its management is so skillful that it is an irresistible force against the people. The pursuit of wealth alone is not the ultimate destination of mankind, if only progress does not remain in the future. If wealth is the only end goal, it threatens people with death. Democracy in government, brotherhood within society, equality of rights, universal education will sanctify the next, highest stage of society, to which experience, reason and science strive.

So, according to what has been said, civilization is a stage of social development at which the division of labor and the resulting exchange between individuals and the commodity production that unites both of these processes reaches full flourishing and produces a revolution in the entire former society.

Production at all other previous stages of social development was essentially collective, and consumption was likewise reduced to the direct distribution of products within large communist communities. This collective nature of production is carried out within the narrowest limits, but it entailed the dominance of producers over their production process, the product of production. They know what is done with the product: they consume it, it does not come out of their hands, and as long as production is carried out on this basis, it cannot outgrow the producers, it cannot generate forces alien to them, as it happens in the era of civilization.

The stage of commodity production, from which civilization begins, is economically characterized by:

The introduction of money, capital, usury;

The emergence of merchants as an intermediary class between producers;

The emergence of private ownership of land;

the emergence of slave labor as the dominant form of production.

So, the basis of civilization is the exploitation of one class by another, then all its contradictions occur in development. Every good for some is evil for others, every new emancipation of one class is a new oppression for another.

F. Engels "The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State" Moscow 1985.

From the edition: K. Marx, F. Engels; Selected works. In 3 volumes. T. 3. - M .: Politizdat, 1986, - 639 p. Published according to the text of the Works of K. Marx and F. Engels, ed. 2, v. 21, p. 28-178.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION OF 1884 PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION OF 1891 Chapter I. PREHISTORIC STAGES OF CULTURE Chapter II. FAMILY Chapter III. IROQUESIAN GOVERNANCE Chapter IV. THE GREEK GENUS Chapter V. THE RISE OF THE ATHENS STATE Chapter VI. GENUS AND STATE IN ROME Chapter VII. KIND OF CELTS AND GERMANIS CHAPTER VIII. FORMATION OF THE STATE IN THE GERMANS Chapter IX. BARBARRY AND CIVILIZATION Notes

Preface to the first edition of 1884

The following chapters represent, to a certain extent, the fulfillment of a will. None other than Karl Marx was going to present the results of Morgan's research in connection with the data of his - within certain limits, I can say ours - materialistic study of history and only in this way to clarify all their significance. After all, Morgan in America in his own way rediscovered the materialist understanding of history, discovered by Marx forty years ago, and, guided by it, came, when comparing barbarism and civilization, on the main points to the same results as Marx. And just as the sworn economists in Germany for years wrote off Capital just as hard as they stubbornly hushed it up, so did the representatives of "prehistoric" science in England with Morgan's "Ancient Society." (* 1) My work can only be in a weak degree to replace what my deceased friend was not destined to accomplish. But I have at my disposal, among his detailed extracts from Morgan (* 2), critical remarks, which I, in so far as it relates to the topic, reproduce here.

According to the materialist understanding, the defining moment in history is ultimately the production and reproduction of immediate life. But it itself, again, is of two kinds. On the one hand - the production of livelihoods: food items, clothing, housing and tools necessary for this; on the other, the production of man himself, the continuation of the race. The social order in which people of a certain historical era and a certain country live is determined by both types of production: the stage of development, on the one hand, labor, and on the other, the family. The less developed labor, the more limited the amount of its products, and, consequently, the wealth of society, the stronger the dependence of the social system on tribal ties. Meanwhile, within the framework of this structure of society, based on tribal ties, labor productivity is developing more and more, and with it - private property and exchange, property differences, the ability to use someone else's labor force and thus the basis of class contradictions: new social elements that for generations they try to adapt the old social system to new conditions, until, finally, the incompatibility of the one and the other leads to a complete revolution. The old society, based on generic associations, explodes as a result of the collision of the newly formed social classes; its place is being replaced by a new society, organized into a state, the lower links of which are no longer clan, but territorial associations - a society in which the family system is completely subordinate to property relations and in which class contradictions and class struggle, which constitute the content of all written history, are now freely unfolding right up to our time.

Morgan's great merit is that he discovered and restored in its main features this prehistoric basis of our written history and in the ancestral ties of the North American Indians found the key to the most important, hitherto insoluble mysteries of ancient Greek, Roman and Germanic history. His composition is not one day's work. For about forty years he worked on his material until he mastered it completely. But on the other hand, his book is one of the few works of our time that make up the era.

In what follows, the reader will generally easily distinguish between what belongs to Morgan and what I have added. In the historical sections on Greece and Rome, I did not limit myself to Morgan's data and added what was at my disposal. The sections on Celts and Germans are mostly mine; Morgan had here almost only second-hand materials, and about the Germans - except for Tacitus - only the low-quality liberal falsifications of Mr. Firmann. The business case, which was sufficient for the goals set by Morgan, but completely inadequate for my purposes, have all been reworked by me. Finally, it goes without saying that I am responsible for all those conclusions that are drawn without direct reference to Morgan.

Printed in the book: F. Engels."Der Ursprung der Familie, des

Privateigent-hums und des Staats ".Hottingen Zurich, 1884

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