What are children who are in extreme conditions. Baby in a difficult life situation and the need for its socio-pedagogical accompaniment

01.10.2019

In modern Russia, in connection with the increase in the number of families in the crisis socio-economic situation, such a concept as children who were in a difficult life situation have become more common in pedagogy and psychology. At the moment, the problem of socio-pedagogical support of children in a difficult life situation is extremely relevant. It is due, first of all, the socio-economic crisis of the last decades, which significantly influence the situation of the younger generation and entailed negative phenomena in such decisions to develop teenagers of the spheres as a family, education, leisure, health. The content of the concept "Children, which was in a difficult life situation," has quite a lot of components. At the moment, children from socially unprotected and disadvantaged families that remained without care of parents, children with disabilities and developmental impairments, which have found themselves, are violated as a result of the established circumstances, which they cannot overcome independently or with the help of the family. As a result, it is necessary to define the concept of children, in a difficult life situation and their socio-pedagogical characteristics.

The child is a constantly growing and developing organism, on each age-related stage with certain morphological, physiological and psychological characteristics.

Each child in different periods of his life, as well as depending on the social conditions in which he may be on reasons independent of him can get into a difficult life situation, and will, accordingly, will need help and protect in varying degrees.

IG Kuzina considers the general concept of a difficult life situation as "situations objectively violating human social ties with his environment and conditions of normal life and subjectively perceived by him as difficult, as a result of which he may need to support and help social services to solve its problem "

N. G. Osuhov considers this concept as a situation in which "as a result of external influences or internal changes, there is a violation of the adaptation of the child to life, as a result of which he is not able to satisfy its basic vital needs through models and methods of behavior developed in previous periods life. "

After analyzing these approaches to the definition of a difficult life situation, and highlighting its general features, you can formulate the following definition: a difficult life situation is a situation that means the experience of a person who has been in a position that seriously affects his well-being, life safety and from which he is not always Able to exit yourself. In this case, he needs help. Children who are in a difficult life situation are especially needed. It is more difficult for them to find an acceptable way out of the situation. Given this fact, in socio-pedagogical accompaniment, it is necessary to predict and determine the most appropriate ways to assist the child who has fallen into a difficult life situation. The main goal of such accompaniment is to create the most optimal conditions for the life of the child and its upbringing.

Modern children have two main areas of activity, they are also the main institutions of influence on its education. This is the field of family and education system. The overwhelming majority of the child's problems arise precisely due to the influence of these two institutions.

For a child, the family is a medium in which the conditions for its physical, mental, emotional and intellectual development are developing. Family inability as a social institution to ensure the education and content of children is one of the most important factors for the emergence of the category of children in a difficult life situation [52, p.352].

We will highlight the most significant factors affecting family well-being, as a result of which children may have a difficult life situation.

The first factor is the bad material living conditions of the family. Families with children in Russia for a long time turn out to be the most depributed. The reasons are a high dependency load on able-bodied, lack of work at one of the parents due to child care, as well as lower earnings of young professionals. Significant indicators of the material living conditions of the family are the level of household income and housing security. It is important to note that bad indicators of material security are concentrated in the same households. Families living in bad housing conditions and have no sufficient money, have low chances of getting out of poverty, so they should be paid special attention to specialists from the prevention of family disadvantage and orphanhood.

The second factor affecting well-being is a loss of communication with the labor market. Families with children show a high degree of economic activity, and employment more often turn out to be among the poor. Increased poverty risk and as a result of family disadvantages, feel complete families with children in which a man is economically inactive. Families that have touched a long unemployment, incomplete families with children in which the parent has no work, also turn out to be among the poor. In incomplete families, women from an economic point of view perform the function that is characteristic of men in full families. Families with children in which there are unemployed, although they fall into poverty, but have a high chance of exiting it as a result of successful job search, unlike families in which a man is economically inactive.

The third factor is intimidate conflicts, the unfavorable psychological atmosphere in the family mistakenly assume that all families in which disagreements occur are a risk group, and children living in them, to the categories in a difficult life situation. Only children in a critical situation, in the situation of rigid conflicts with a lot of foundations, can be considered children who are in a difficult life situation. These children, of course, need help, and their families should certainly be to the target program for the prevention of social orphanhood.

Another not an unimportant factor influencing family well-being is the ill-treatment of the family. A big problem in the work on identifying and preventing families, where the cruel treatment of children is practiced, is that families themselves, both parents and children hide this fact: Parents - because they are afraid of punishment and condemnation, children - because their position is ashamed and feel fear.

The following factor is alcoholism and drug addiction. Alcoholism and drug addiction are the problems that, if they are not the causes of family disadvantaged, then it often happens. The child, falling on Wednesday dependent on alcohol or drugs, as a rule, has physical, psychological and social development problems. In addition, most children inherit this dependence and constitute a group of high risk on the formation of mental, neurological and somatic violations. The child is often escaped from parents suffering from addiction, on the street, but there is also an unfavorable environment and the influence of peers-in-laws. Such families focus in themselves and all other problems, as they lose touch with the labor market, do not have stable income.

There is also such a factor as an unfavorable family environment of children, risks of divorce, non-fulfillment of childcare duties. In Russian society, there is a sustainable opinion on the issue of who should be responsible for the upbringing of children. Despite the fact that the majority of respondents believe that the care of the child should fall on the shoulders of the family or at least should be divided between family and society, there are parents who shift responsibility with respect to the child of preschool age from a family to society. Parents, who believe that the care of children should be delegated to society, do not want to take responsibility for the education of children, and therefore, do not fully fulfill their parental responsibilities.

There is reason to assume that the most painful problems for families are critical of bad housing conditions and acute income shortages, followed by a high level of conflict in the family and only then all other types of unfavorable. In most cases, the critical position is conjugate with a combination of manifestations of disadvantage.

In the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the basic guarantees of the child's rights in the Russian Federation" formulated typical difficult life situations for a child associated with the family:

Death of parents.

Failure to parents take their children from social protection institutions, educational, medical and other institutions.

Independent termination by parents of parental duties towards his child.

Failure to comply with parents for one or another reasons for their duties towards their children.

Long absence of parents.

Limiting parents in parental rights. The decision is made by the court taking into account the interests of the child. It may take place on condition when leaving the child with parents or one of them is dangerous for a child in circumstances, from parents or one of them independent.

Deprivation of parental parents. It acts as a legislative measure for parents who are not fulfilling responsibilities towards its minor children, as well as abuse of parental rights.

The impossibility of parents for one reason or another to fulfill their parental responsibilities: serving the sentence; recognition them are incapable when they cannot perform duties in relation to their children; The crisis state of the family, not allowing her to perform parental responsibilities towards the child. In the cases set out, the child falls into guardianship and guardianship authorities - these are local governments, which are entrusted to protect the rights and interests of children left without parental care. The guardianship and guardianship authorities are designed to: identify children left without parental care; take such children registered; Select the forms of the device of children left without parental care. At the same time, they try to arrange them, primarily in the family. To this end, they facilitate the creation of adoptive, guardianship and other types of families; Patronizing the adoptive families to provide them with the necessary assistance; To promote the creation of the normal living conditions and education of the child in the receptional families, that is, to provide assistance from psychologists, teachers, social teachers, to promote the improvement of housing conditions, to control the terms of the maintenance of the child, the fulfillment of parental duties assigned to the adoption of parental duties on its upbringing and education. In case of non-fulfillment of their duties towards adoptive children, guardianship and guardianship authorities are obliged to take measures to protect their rights.

Based on the foregoing, we understand that a rather large number of factors provoking a child's difficult life situation come from his family. If at least one of the factors described above is present in the family, the risk of a difficult situation at the child is very high. Another important area of \u200b\u200bthe activity of the child is the educational sphere. Since it is one of the main in the activities of children, the possibility of a difficult life situation for the child is improved here.

One of the problems of the child, in a difficult situation, is a low level of socialization, that is, mobility limit, poverty of contacts with peers and adults, limited communication with nature and access to cultural values, etc. In modern schools, the main role is more likely to be given to the educational, rather than the socializing function, the school does not provide children with a necessary set of qualities that they need for full integration into society. The limitations of the school's activities determine the negative attitude of the majority of students to this Institute of Education, which does not give him the opportunity to show itself as a person. The reason for the emergence of a difficult situation in the life of children can be an unsatisfactory level of knowledge, and as a result, a large gap in progress between the best and worst students. It is very tightly connected with the self-esteem of the child's personality. As a consequence, children arise problems of different focus associated with deodeaptation in social relations at school. These problems in aggregate can lead to a difficult situation for a child.

V. A. Nikitin in his research describes socialization as a "process and result of the inclusion of an individual into social relations." It is important to keep in mind that socialization is a process that lasts a person throughout the human life. Therefore, one of the main goals of socialization is the adaptation of a person to social reality, which serves, the most possible condition for the normal functioning of society. At the moment, difficult life situations leading to a low level of socialization of the child can be attributed to: begging, homelessness and neglect, various types of deviating behavior, as well as disease and disability. Problems arising in the process of socializing such children are primarily social problems: insufficient forms of social support, unavailability of health, education, culture, domestic service. Among them, the problems of macro-, meso and micro levels can be distinguished. This complex of problems is solved by the efforts of the entire society and the state aimed at creating equal opportunities for all children.

In the Federal Law "On Basic Guarantees of the Child Rights in the Russian Federation", the term "children who are in a difficult life situation" are given, "these are children, orphans or children remaining without parental care; disabled children; Children with disabilities, that is, having disadvantages in physical and (or) mental development; Children - victims of armed and interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters; Children from families of refugees and forced migrants; Children - victims of violence; Children serving a sentence in the form of imprisonment in educational colonies; Children in special educational institutions; children living in poor families; children with behavior deviations; Children, the livelihood of which is objectively violated as a result of the circumstances and which cannot overcome these circumstances independently or with the help of the family. "

At the moment, in modern Russia, the problem of children's orphanhood, and especially social children's orphanhood, is very acute. If earlier it was children, whose parents died at the front, today today the vast majority of children raising in children's homes, orphanages, boarding schools, have one or both parents, that is, are social orphans, or orphans with living parents. In the federal law "On additional guarantees on social support for orphans and children left without parental care" children of orphans, these are "persons under the age of 18, who have died both or the only parent." Children left without parental care, these are "faces under the age of 18, which remained without the care of the only parent or both parents in connection with the deprivation of their parental rights, restricting them in parental rights, recognizing parents missingly missing, incapable, declared by their dead, Establishment by the fact of the fact of the loss by the face of parental care, serving the parents of punishment in institutions acting as a sentence in the form of imprisonment, finding in places of detention, suspected and accused of committing crimes, evasion of parents from raising their children or to protect their rights and interests, refusal Parents take their children from educational organizations, medical organizations, organizations providing social services, as well as if the only parent or both parents are unknown, in other cases of recognition of children left without parental care in the manner prescribed by law. "

It is worth paying attention to such a category of children who have fallen into a difficult life situation as children with disabilities or children with disabilities. The health of the population of Russia is in critical condition. The results of solid studies indicate a crisis of health from representatives of all age groups, especially in children. In Russia, as well as around the world, there is a tendency to grow children with disabilities. Based on the provisions of the Law No. 181-FZ and the Family Code of the Russian Federation, "under a disabled child is understood as a person who has not reached 18 years, which has a violation of health with a resistant disorder of the body's functions, due to diseases, consequences of injuries or defects, leading to restriction of vital activity and causing The need for social protection. " Children with disabilities in development are devoid of information available to their healthy peers receiving information: compounded in the movement and use of sensory canals of perception, children cannot master all the variety of human experience remaining outside the sphere of reach. They are also deprived of subjective-practical activities, are limited in gaming activities, which negatively affects the formation of higher mental functions. Violation, lack of development may arise suddenly after an accident, disease, and can develop and strengthen for a long time, for example, due to the effects of adverse environmental factors, due to a long-term chronic disease. Disadvantage, violation can be eliminated, fully or in part, medical and psychological and pedagogical, social means or decrease in its manifestation. At the moment, the Russian education forming a certain degree of tolerance towards children with disabilities has a humanistic orientation. We are created by networks of therapeutic and rehabilitation institutions, boarding schools, social assistance centers. Family and disabled child, sports and adaptive schools for disabled people. And yet, this problem remains relevant. A significant part of children with developmental deviations, despite the efforts taken by the Company in order to study and education, becoming adults, not prepared for integration into socio-economic life. At the same time, research results and practice indicate that any person who has a defect of development may, under appropriate conditions, become a full-fledged personality, develop spiritually, to ensure itself in material terms and be a useful society.

The following category of children who were in a difficult life situation are children - victims of armed and interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters (children in an extreme situation) are children who need care and help. They should be given the opportunity to learn, including religious and moral education, according to the wishes of their parents or, in the absence of parents, those persons who are responsible for the care of them. All necessary measures should be taken to facilitate the reunification of temporary disconnected families. Children under the age of fifteen years are not subject to recruitment in armed forces or groups and they are not allowed to participate in hostilities; Special protection envisaged for children under the age of fifteen years continues to apply to them if they are directly involved in hostilities, and capture. If necessary, and whenever possible, with the consent of their parents or persons who are primarily responsible for the care of them, measures are taken to temporarily evacuate children from the Military District in a safer district within the country, while maintaining their persons responsible for their security. And well-being.

The change in the general geopolitical picture of the world, the exacerbation of environmental, demographic and social problems, all this causes the emergence of such a category of children in a difficult life situation as children from families of refugees and forced displaced persons. Article 1 of the Federal Law "On Refugees" gives the following definition: "Refugee is a person who is not a citizen of the Russian Federation and which, due to well-founded concerns, become a victim of persecution on the basis of race, religion, citizenship, nationality, belonging to a specific social group or political convictions are outside the country of their civil affiliation and cannot use the protection of this country or does not wish to use such protection due to such concerns; Or, having no certain citizenship and being outside the country of its former ordinary residence as a result of such events, it cannot or does not want to return to it due to such fears. " From Article 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On forced Migrants", "A forced settlearer is a citizen of the Russian Federation, who left the place of residence due to the violence committed against his or his family or the prosecution, or as a result of the real danger, to persecution on the basis of racial or national affiliation, religion, language. " Citizens of the Russian Federation, who left the place of residence, as a result of pursuit of belonging to a certain social group or political beliefs are also recognized as forced migrants. The significance of the problems of families of refugees and internally displaced people in modern Russian society is updated in a wide variety of aspects of the life of the individual in the system of personality relations. It is known that with forced migration, the social adaptation of a person is seriously violated: from one natural and social medium, it moves to another, painfully breaking the many natural-anthropological ties and artificially creating such connections in a new place. As a result, refugee children often receive mental injuries, being witnesses to the murder or death of their parents close to. As psychologists testify, traumatic events leave a deep footprint in the psyche, which is last saved in his memory. All children who survived psychological shock suffer from his consequences. In addition to many physical and mental disorders, they also have a violation of the process of knowledge and behavior in society. The acuteness of violations and their manifestations is, as a rule, with the degree of cruelty of violence, the presence or absence of injuries of the child itself, as well as the loss or preservation of family support.

Children are most sustainable and driven unlike adults, and often become victims in various situations. They may be victims of home or school violence, to become victims of violence on the street.

Ppm Asanova highlights four main types of violence against children: physical violence, this kind of attitude towards a child, when it is deliberately placed in a physically vulnerable position when it deliberately cause corporal damage or does not prevent the possibilities of causing it; Sexual violence, this is the involvement of functionally immature children and adolescents in the sex actions that they do without understanding their fully, for which they are not able to give consent or who violate social and family roles; Psychological violence, this is a committed act in relation to the child, which slows down or harms the development of its potential abilities. The psychological violence includes such chronic aspects of behavior as humiliation, insult, bullying and riding of the child; Disranged, this is a chronic inability of a parent or care person to ensure the basic needs of a minor child in food, clothing, housing, medical care, education, protection and supervision. With physically disregard, the child can be left without the necessary nutritional age, it can not be dressed in weather. With emotional abandonment, parents are indifferent to the needs of the child, ignore it, there is no tactile contact. Neglecting may manifest itself in the launch of the child's health, the absence of the treatment necessary for it. Neglecting the formation of a child can be expressed in the fact that the child is often late for school, missing lessons, it remains to look after the younger children and so on. A common goal in working with children who experienced violence is to reduce and eliminate traumatic experiences, overcoming the sense of own inferiority, guilt and shame. In working with the child, it is important to maintain its ability to differentiate interactions with the surrounding people, to promote his personal development.

Recently, the increase in juvenile crime is constantly emphasized, there is an increasing cruelty and the sophistication of those who have been dedicated to adolescents, a significant rejuvenation of crime. One of the measures used as a punishment of a child for committing a crime is the deprivation of his freedom. Children sentenced by the court to punish in the form of imprisonment are sent to educational colonies for correction and re-education. However, according to statistical data, many of those who left the sentence, repeatedly commit a crime. All minors serving a sentence in the form of imprisonment in educational colonies also represent the category of children in a difficult life situation. Adaptation is one of the important aspects arising from the deprivation of the freedom of the child. In a educational colony, the concept of adaptation should be considered in a broad aspect. Since it is from the conditions of serving a sentence: strict, ordinary, lightweight or preferential, the essence of the problem will depend, since when switching from some conditions to others, even in the limits of one colony, a social environment, the routine of the day, labor and training activities, assessment of prospects The desire of the pupil. Almost every convicted teenager is noted in one degree or another emotional tension, dissatisfaction with the life situation, reduced emotional background, as well as any disorder. Finding into an educational colony, the teenager learns what is the routine of the day, the rules of behavior. That is why sleep disorders, lethargy, passivity, fast fatigue. A great place in general anxiety teenagers occupy all sorts of fears, the feeling of incomprehensible threat related to this insecurity. The main goal of socio-pedagogical accompaniment is assistance in the adaptation of the child in the educational colony, and its end result is a safe entry into the team, the emergence of a sense of confidence in relations with members of the team, satisfaction with its position in this system of relationships.

Thus, from the foregoing, we understand that the problem of children in a difficult life situation is at the moment rather sharply. Therefore, there is a need for a special attitude towards such children, that is, the need for socio-pedagogical support. Depending on the causes of the difficult life situation, the child, and its socio-pedagogical features, there is a need to choose the individual work technology. To date, there are many studies aimed at ensuring that it becomes more effectively to prepare and the use of technologies for socio-pedagogical support of children who were in difficult life situations.

Children in a difficult life situation. In the Federal Law "On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation" provides a list of children in a difficult life situation.

Children left without parental care;
disabled children;
Children with disabilities, i.e. having disadvantages in physical and (or) mental development;
Children - victims of armed and interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters;
Children from families of refugees and forced migrants;
Children in extreme conditions;
Children - victims of violence;
Children serving a sentence in the form of imprisonment in educational colonies;
Children in educational organizations for students with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior in need of special conditions of education, training and requiring a special pedagogical approach (in special educational institutions of open and closed type);
children living in poor families;
children with behavior deviations;
Children, the livelihood of which is objectively violated as a result of the circumstances and which cannot overcome these circumstances independently or with the help of the family.

Each of the listed groups of children in a difficult life situation requires special care and protection from state authorities and local self-government. The specifics of the concerns and devices of these children, their social adaptation and rehabilitation, requires, as a rule, special legal regulation.

Children left without parental care. Among children who are in a difficult life situation, the greatest part are children remaining without parental care. Federal Law dated December 21, 1996 No. 159-FZ "On additional guarantees on social support for orphans and children left without parental care" to such children include persons under the age of 18, which remained without the care of the only parent or both parents in connection With certain circumstances:

Deprivation of parental rights parents, restricting them in parental rights;

recognizing parents missingly absent, incapable (limitedly capable), declared by their dead;

- the establishment of the fact of the fact of the loss by the face of parental care;
- serving the parents of punishment in institutions that perform a sentence in the form of imprisonment, while in places of detention of suspects and accused of committing crimes;
- evasion of parents from the upbringing of their children or from protecting their rights and interests;
- the refusal of parents to take their children from educational organizations, medical organizations, organizations providing social services;
- in case the only parent or both parents are unknown;
- In other cases, the recognition of children remaining without parental care in the manner prescribed by law.

Statistical data

In 2014, 61,621 children deprived of parental care were revealed in Russia, which is 10% less compared to 2013.

Additional guarantees of social support law also extends to orphans and individuals from among orphans and children left without parental care.

Orphans- These are also children who are actually left without parental care due to the death of both or the only parent. To people from the number of orphans and children left without parental care, the law ranks faces aged 18 to 23 years old who need additional guarantees of social support, who, when they were under the age of 18, did both or the only parent , as well as which remained without the care of the only or both parents.

The device of children remaining without parental care. Children left without parental care, you must first provide the necessary accommodations. In accordance with family legislation, the protection of children, their rights and interests is assigned to the custody and guardianship bodies (Art. 121 of the RF IQ). Therefore, it is the custody and guardianship authorities elect forms of children's device, left without parental care. To the number of such forms refers to the transfer of a child:

- in a family on education (adoption (adoption));
- in the family under custody or guardianship;

in the adoptive family either in cases stipulated by the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, in an institutional family.

In the absence of the possibility of a device in the family, the child is temporarily transferred to the organization for orphans and children left without parental care, all types (educational, medical organizations, organizations providing social services). Children in these institutions are in full state security. The norms of material support of orphans and children who remained without care of parents studying and educating federal state educational institutions approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 07.11.2005 No. 659.

The order of the device of children remaining without parental care is regulated by family law. The field of social security rights includes issues of social support for such children.

Adopted (adopted) children are equated in personal non-property and property rights and responsibilities for native children. The consolidaters are engaged in their content and upbringing.

Children transmitted under custody (guardianship) live and raised in the family of the guardian (trustee), which takes care of them. Such a form of the device of children who were deprived of parental care, as a receptional family, is provided by Art. 152-153.2 SC RF. The content and education of children in the receiving family is based on the contract concluded between persons who want to become adoptive parents, and the guardianship authority. The rules for creating a receptional family, as well as a number of other documents regulating the issues of guardianship and guardianship, approved by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 05/18/2009 No. 423 "On individual issues of the implementation of guardianship and guardianship for minor citizens".

One-time allowance for the transfer of a child to education in the family. The device of children left without parental care is accompanied by a measure of social support, as a one-time allowance for the transfer of a child to education in the family.

The right to this allowance for the transfer of a child to the education in the family (adoption, the establishment of guardianship (guardianship), transfer to the education of children who remained without parental care) has one of the adoptive parents, guardians (trustees), adoptive parents. The transfer of a child to education in the family is possible if the child remained without the actual care of his parents, without parental care.

In the case of transmission to education in the family of two or more children, the allowance is paid for each child.

A one-time allowance for the transfer of a child to education in the family is paid in the same amount as a one-time allowance at the birth of a child - from February 1, 2016 it is 15 512.65 rubles.

In the case of adoption of a disabled child, a child over the age of seven years old, as well as children who are brothers and (or sisters), the benefit is paid in the amount of 100,000 rubles. For each such child (from February 1, 2016 - 118 529.25 rubles. Taking into account indexation).

Other payments when transferring a child to family education. In accordance with the law, the responsibility of guardianship and trustees are performed, as a general rule, free. However, the guardianship and guardianship authority on the basis of the interests of the ward is entitled to conclude an agreement on the implementation of guardianship or guardianship on paid conditions with the guardian or trustee. The fee of the guardian or trustee can be paid at the expense of income from the property of the ward, funds of third parties, as well as the funds of the budget of the subject of the Russian Federation.

Adopted parents in relation to the child adopted on their education or children are right and fulfill the obligations of the guardian or trustee on the basis of the concluded agreement. The amount of remuneration due to adoptive parents, the amount of funds for the maintenance of each child, as well as social support measures provided by the reception family, depending on the number of children adopted on the upbringing, are determined by the contract on the admission family in accordance with the laws of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Stipulated by the legislation of the subjects of the Russian Federation, the measures of social support for children transferred to adoption (adoption), for education in the family (under custody, guardianship, in the foster family) may include a monthly allowance for the maintenance of a child transmitted to family education (under custody, guardianship, in the foster family); a one-time allowance for a child when transferring to a family education (iodine custody, guardianship, in a foster family), with adoption (adoption); Monthly fee of guardians, receiving parents.

Children under guardianship (guardianship) or transferred to the adoptive family retain the right to alimony, pensions, benefits and other social benefits.

Features of the family-type orphanage. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the organization of family-type children's homes. The family-type children's house is formed on the basis of the family, if both spouses expressed a desire to take up at least five years and no more than 10 children aged from birth to 18 years. To create such a kindergarten, it is required to account for the opinion of all jointly residing family members. Children are transferred to such an orphanage, taking into account the opinion of the child, and from 10 years of age - only with his consent.

The family-type children's house is created by the decision of the executive authority of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation or local government. The relationship between the founder and the family-type kindergarten is built on the basis of the contract concluded between them. Children's home family type is funded by the founder based on the norms of ensuring educational institutions for educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care.

At the educators of the family-type orphanage, the terms of labor removal, the provision of annual leaves, as well as benefits and guarantees established for employees of educational organizations for orphans and children left without parental care are applied. The educators of the family type of orphanage enjoy the predominant right to receive vouchers for children, including free, in the sanatorium, wellness camps, as well as holiday homes and sanatoriums for collaboration with children and treatment.

Social support of children left without parental care. The federal law "On additional guarantees on social support for orphans and children left without parental care" indicates the main areas in which social support for such children: education, medical care, property and housing rights, employment and employment are carried out.

Education. For orphans and children left without parental care, people from among orphans and children left without parental care, the law establishes free training on the preparatory departments of educational institutions of higher education and the free receipt of the second secondary vocational education under the training program for qualified workers.

In case of receipt of secondary vocational education or higher education for full-time education at the expense of the budget, they are credited to complete government support before the completion of training (including in the case of age of 23 years).

Along with full state support, they are paid scholarships (in accordance with the Federal Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"), an annual allowance for the acquisition of educational literature and written accessories in the amount of three-month scholarships, as well as 100% wages accrued during production training and industrial practice.

Graduates who arrive at vacation time, weekends and holidays in the organization in which they were trained, by solving their management bodies, can be credited to free food and accommodation for the period of their stay in them.

Graduates are also once provided at the expense of organizations in which they studied and (or) were kept, brought up, clothing, shoes, soft equipment and equipment for approved standards, as well as a one-time monetary benefit of at least 500 rubles. At the request of a graduate, a monetary compensation may be issued in the amount necessary to purchase these items, or such compensation can be listed on the account of a graduate in the bank.

When providing such studies academic leave for medical reasons, the full state security is maintained for the entire period, they are paid scholarship. The organization in which they are trained, contribute to the organization of their treatment.

During the period of training (at the expense of the federal budget), they are provided by free travel on urban, suburban, in rural areas on intra-district transport (except for a taxi), as well as free travel once a year to the place of residence and back to the place of study. For students at the expense of the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation or local budgets, preferential passage is established by legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Medical service. Children-orphans and children left without parental care, as well as people from among orphans and children left without parental care, guaranteed free medical care (including high-tech), carrying out workshop, recovery, regular medical examinations, the provision of vouchers Wellness camps, Sanatorium-resort organizations in the presence of medical testimony, as well as payment for travel to the place of treatment and back.

Property and housing rights. Children-orphans and children left without parental care, people from among orphans and children left without parental care who have no right or the possibility of living in a residential premises, the executive authority of the subject of the Russian Federation, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is the place of residence of these persons In the manner prescribed by the legislation of this subject of the Russian Federation, the well-maintained residential premises of the Specialized Housing Fund under contracts for hiring specialized residential premises are provided. Residential premises are provided but the achievement of age of 18 years, as well as in the event of the acquisition of full legal capacity to achieve majority.

Employment and employment. Job-seekers for the first time and registered in the state employment service in the status of unemployed children-orphans, children left without parental care, persons from the number of orphans and children left without parental care is paid to unemployment benefits within six months in the size of the average Wages, which established in the Republic, Territory, Areas, Cities Moscow and St. Petersburg, Autonomous Region, Autonomous District. Employment services during the specified period are carried out by professional orientation, send for professional training or obtaining additional vocational education, organizes employment of the dike category. Employees - orphans and children left without parental care, people from among children-orphans and children left without parental care released from organizations due to their liquidation, reduction in the number or staff, employers (their successors) are required to ensure due Own funds necessary vocational training with their subsequent employment in this or other organizations.

The laws and other regulatory legal acts of the subjects of the Russian Federation carry out a detailed regulation of the social support measures provided for by the Federal Law of the Social Support of Children and Children, which remained without parental care, and additional measures can be established.

Social support for non-versatile, streets, which are in a socially dangerous position. Social support for this category of children in a difficult life situation is carried out in the implementation of activities for the prevention of neglect and uniforms of minors. These relations are governed by federal law of 24.06.1999 No. 120-FZ "On the basics of the system of prevention of neglect and offenses of minors". As the main tasks of the prevention of hopelessness and offenses of minors, this law proclaims, in particular, the socio-pedagogical rehabilitation of minors in a socially dangerous position, as well as ensuring the protection of the rights and legitimate interests of minors. The solution of the tasks assigned to the bodies and institutions of the system of prevention of hopelessness and offenses of minors, which include the bodies of the social protection of the population, the management authorities in the field of education (federal, subjects of the Russian Federation, local self-government), guardianship and guardianship authorities, Youth, health management bodies, employment authorities.

See: Articles 153, 153.1 of the RF IC.

See: Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of March 19, 2001 No. 195 "On the Children's House of Family Type".

That is, if they are not tenants of residential premises but contractual hiring or members of the family of residential premises under a social hiring agreement, either owners of residential premises, as well as if their accommodation previously occupied residential premises is recognized as impossible.

Production inventory
Request interdepartmental
Total floor area
Address reference
Industrial object
Servicemen
Road economy
Descent leading railway track
Mobilization task
Fitters
Cryptustrial
Production activities

Children in a difficult life situation

It is obvious that from a woman left alone, education of such a child requires exorbitant efforts. Characteristic features of families with disabled children:

low income: Care for a sick child requires, in addition to large material costs, a large number of personal time, so many have to abandon high-paying work in favor of working with a more flexible schedule and convenient location;
isolation from society: the complexity to attend entertainment and activities due to the insufficient readiness of society to accept children with disabilities and poor technical advantages for the needs of persons with disabilities;
difficulties in obtaining education and profession.

To implement educational and professional activities, special children need special conditions.

Children in a difficult life situation

In the future, such children experience difficulties in communication, their general development makes it difficult, decreases academic performance and interest in life. Children who fell into extreme conditions, qualified assistance of psychologists in overcoming post-traumatic stress disorder is necessary.
4. Children subjected to violence, including in the family, a child with whom severely accepted, from an early age lives with deep injury. The cause of injury is a child, as a rule, carefully hides from others, pain from injury can torment him the entire subsequent life.
Types of violence:

physical violence when the child is beaten, and traces of beatings can remain on the body, or do not feed,
sexual violence
psychological violence, when the child is humiliated in every way, isolate, he is lying and threatened.

The concept of "difficult life situation".

The most terrible can be violent violence against him in the family when it seems to him that no one will never protect him, no one complain. After all, tormentors are his closest people, parents who for personal reasons have become alcoholics, drug addicts, religious fanatics or mentally unhealthy people.

A great role in such situations is played by an anonymous telephone confidence where children can call, without experiencing fear of exposure. To report on situations of violence in the family, whose witnesses we become, can and should all: relatives, neighbors, school psychologists and teachers.

5. Children serving a sentence in the form of imprisonment in educational colonies; Children in special educational institutions as a rule, for such children are characterized by the desire to deviate in behavior, or deviant behavior, i.e.

Children in difficult life situations are:

Important

Children without parental care The number of orphans increases directly proportionally to a decrease in socio-economic well-being in the country. Kids remain without parental care for a number of reasons.

Most often - this is deprivation of parental rights. Causes of deprivation of parental rights:

non-fulfillment of parental duties or abuse them
the presence of domestic violence
the presence of chronic drug addiction or alcoholism in the family,
the parent of the crime against the life and health of his child is either a spouse / spouse.

Thus, children can stay without parental care and get to the orphanage, if the family stay becomes dangerous for their lives. The primary task of society is the early detection of families who fall into the risk group, help such families and their support, the desire to preserve the blood family for the child.

Features of working with children located in a difficult life situation

Certain styles of family relationships leading to the formation of the asocial behavior of minors should be distinguished: - disharmonious style of educational and intra-family relations, combining, on the one hand, indulgence of the child's desires, hyperex, and on the other - provoking the child to conflict situations; or characterized by an assertion in the family of double morality: for the family - some rules of conduct, for society - completely different; - Unstable, conflict style of educational influences in an incomplete family, in a divorce situation, for a long time of the sifting residence of children and parents; - Asocial style of relations in a disorganized family with systematic use of alcohol, drugs, immoral lifestyle, criminal behavior of Lei, manifestations of a low-width "family cruelty" and violence.

Concepts and essence of a difficult life situation

Traditionally, the main criterion for the correspondence of the child to the "difficult" is in the overwhelming majority of cases, poor performance and non-compipline. This is the consequence of the difficult for the child, in which he turns out to be in the school team from the very beginning of study.

Attention

The main experiences of the child themselves are becoming the main experiences of the child, his personal attitude towards the teacher surrounding his classmates, himself. The child becomes "difficult" when there is a coincidence, the imposition of negative external influences, failures at school and pedagogical mistakes of teachers, the negative impact of family life and intra-family relations.

In other words, the child falls out of the sphere of education immediately in many units and is in the zone of active negative influences.

Dubna State Social Protection Office

Heavy childhood is not always the worst. Bad childhood is a street, nonlaskaya, in which the child has lost, as an unnecessary thing. The "difficult" baby is the one who is difficult. That is how it is necessary to understand what happens to him. "Hard" it is not only for adults, but first of all for himself. The "difficult" child is the suffering, going into search of heat and caress. Disadvantaged and almost doomed. He feels it. All "difficult" children, as a rule, did not have a benevolent, caring environment in a family or at school.

Initially, difficulties with adaptation, lack of abilities, and then reluctance to learn led these children to inorganizations, disorders of discipline. Hard to the child itself. This is his unsatisfied need to be such as everyone, to be loved, desirable, causing.

The fact that these children at home and in the class are rejected, even more gives them among other children.

Children in a difficult life situation

The effects of violence:

children develop alarm and various fears,
children may be subject to the feeling of guilt, try shame,
children do not know how to navigate in their feelings and emotions,
in adulthood, children often face a number of difficulties in creating their own family.

The main role in the help of victims of violence is played early identifying this difficult situation. It is necessary to closely treat the children around us to notice that the child may be depressed, upset.
First of all, it refers to the parents of the child. For parents it is extremely important to be in close contact with their children. It is very helpful to discuss with the child than he does outside the house, with whom it communicates, while it is important to maintain a trusting relationship so that he does not hesitate to tell at home if someone behaves with him not as it is accepted in his family.

Children in a difficult life situation

The causes of difficult life situations in children of one of the main reasons for the emergence of the category "Children in a difficult life situation" are family disadvantage, namely:

drug addiction or alcoholism in the family;
low material security, poverty;
conflicts between parents and relatives;
cruel treatment of children, domestic violence.

Causes of family disadvantage

Reproduction of patterns of interaction and behavior adopted in the parent family.
The fatal intention of life circumstances, as a result of which the entire structure and condition of the family's existence changes. For example, a sudden death, the disability of someone from family members.
Changes in the surrounding world, entailing changes in each family system.
For example, an economic crisis, war, etc.

Children in a difficult life situation 1.

Kuzina I.G. Considers the general concept of a difficult life situation as "situations objectively violating human social ties with his environment and conditions of normal life and a subjectively perceived as complex, as a result of which he may need to support and help social services to solve its problem"

Osuhov N.G. Considers this concept as a situation in which "as a result of external influences or internal changes, a violation of the child's adaptation to life, as a result of which he is not able to satisfy its basic vital needs through models and ways of behavior developed in previous periods of life."

For a child, the family is a medium in which the conditions for its physical, mental, emotional and intellectual development are developing. Family inability as a social institution to ensure the upbringing and content of children is one of the most important factors for the emergence of the category of children in a difficult life situation.

We will highlight the most significant factors affecting family well-being, as a result of which children may have a difficult life situation.

Death of parents.

Failure to parents take their children from social protection institutions, educational, medical and other institutions.

Independent termination by parents of parental duties towards his child.

Failure to comply with parents for one or another reasons for their duties towards their children.

Long absence of parents.

Deprivation of parental parents. It acts as a legislative measure for parents who are not fulfilling responsibilities towards its minor children, as well as abuse of parental rights.

Nikitin V.A. In its study, describes socialization as a "process and the result of incorporating an individual in social relations." It is important to keep in mind that socialization is a process that lasts a person throughout the human life. Therefore, one of the main goals of socialization is the adaptation of a person to social reality, which serves, the most possible condition for the normal functioning of society. At the moment, difficult life situations leading to a low level of socialization of the child can be attributed to: begging, homelessness and neglect, various types of deviating behavior, as well as disease and disability. Problems arising in the process of socializing such children are primarily social problems: insufficient forms of social support, unavailability of health, education, culture, domestic service. Among them, the problems of macro-, meso and micro levels can be distinguished. This complex of problems is solved by the efforts of the entire society and the state aimed at creating equal opportunities for all children.

Children are most sustainable and driven unlike adults, and often become victims in various situations. They may be victims of home or school violence, to become victims of violence on the street. Hard life violence children

Asanova MD Selects four main types of child violence: physical abuse, this kind of attitude towards a child, when it is deliberately placed in a physically vulnerable position, when it deliberately cause bodily damage or does not prevent the possibility of its causation; Sexual violence, this is the involvement of functionally immature children and adolescents in the sex actions that they do without understanding their fully, for which they are not able to give consent or who violate social and family roles; Psychological violence, this is a committed act in relation to the child, which slows down or harms the development of its potential abilities. The psychological violence includes such chronic aspects of behavior as humiliation, insult, bullying and riding of the child; Disranged, this is a chronic inability of a parent or care person to ensure the basic needs of a minor child in food, clothing, housing, medical care, education, protection and supervision. With physically disregard, the child can be left without the necessary nutritional age, it can not be dressed in weather. With emotional abandonment, parents are indifferent to the needs of the child, ignore it, there is no tactile contact. Neglecting may manifest itself in the launch of the child's health, the absence of the treatment necessary for it. Neglecting the formation of a child can be expressed in the fact that the child is often late for school, missing lessons, it remains to look after the younger children and so on. A common goal in working with children who experienced violence is to reduce and eliminate traumatic experiences, overcoming the sense of own inferiority, guilt and shame. In working with the child, it is important to maintain its ability to differentiate interactions with the surrounding people, to promote his personal development.

In domestic and international practice there is an expression - a difficult life situation meaning the experiences of a person who has in a position that seriously affects its well-being, life safety and from which he is not always able to exit with honor (can not find a deserve to exit). In this case, he needs the help of the state, society. Children who are in a difficult life situation are especially needed. It is more difficult for them to find an acceptable way out of the situation. Given this fact, the state is trying to predict and determine the most appropriate ways to assist the child who has fallen into a difficult life situation. The main goal of the state (society) to create the most optimal conditions for the life of the child and its upbringing.
In the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Basic Guarantees of the Rights of the Child in the Russian Federation" of July 24, 1998 No. 124-FZ, Art. 1 Formulate typical difficult life situations for the child, in which the state undertakes to provide him with the necessary assistance. These include the loss of parental care. Such a phenomenon may occur in some cases:
a) the death of parents;
b) the refusal of parents to take their children from the institutions of social protection of the population, educational, medical and other institutions;
c) independent termination by parents of the fulfillment of parental duties in relation to their child (self-esteem from child education);
d) non-fulfillment by parents for one or another reasons for their duties towards their children (for example, for health reasons - the danger of infecting the child, etc.);
e) long lack of parents (for example, a long business trip);
e) restriction of parents in parental rights. The decision is taken by the court taking into account the interests of the child. It may occur provided when leaving a child with parents (one of them) is dangerous for a child in circumstances, from parents (one of them) independent (mental disorder or other chronic disease, a host of difficult circumstances and others);
g) deprivation of parental parents. It acts as a legislative measure for parents who are not committed to its minor children, as well as abuser-solid rights.
The duties of parents include:
children's content;
creating normal conditions for their livelihoods;
be legitimate by their representatives and to defend their rights and interests in all institutions without special powers;
raising them.
The deprivation of parental parents is aimed at protecting the rights of children raising in the family, to protect them from ill-treatment and other abuse from parents. It can be carried out only by court decision. Parents deprived of parental rights lose all rights based on the fact of kinship with the child, but are not exempt from the duty of its content. If such a parent does his behavior for the child it is impossible to accommodate with him, then it can be evicted without providing other residential premises. If the parental rights of both parents are deprived of the parental rights, the child is transferred to the care of guardianship and guardianship bodies;
h) the impossibility of parents for one reason or another to fulfill their parental responsibilities:
serving punishment;
recognition of them are incapable when they can not carry out responsibilities for their children (physical opportunities or mental disabilities);
the crisis state of a family that does not allow her to fulfill parental responsibilities towards the child (the unemployment and forcedity to search for work, severe material conditions);
and) children in the states in which they need special professional assistance and (or) protection:
disability. We are talking about children who are equated with disabled children. They need special (correctional), correctional compensatory development, training and education;
disadvantages in mental and (or) physical development. Such children also need special (correctional), correctional-compensatory development, training and education;
victims of armed and interethnic conflicts, environmental and man-made disasters, natural disasters. In this case, a complex of medical, psychological, pedagogical and social measures to assist the child is needed;
children in the composition of families of refugees and internally displaced persons, found as extreme conditions;
children - victims of violence. Such a phenomenon can be observed in the family when the abuse of parental rights is. It is to use their rights to the detriment of children (for example, creating obstacles in learning, declining to begging, theft, prostitution, drinking alcohol or drugs, etc.);
children who are serving a sentence in the form of imprisonment in the re-nutritious colony;
children in a special educational institution;
children, the livelihood of which is objectively violated as a result of the established circumstances, which independently cannot be overcome, including the family.
In the cases set out, the child falls into guardianship and guardianship authorities - local governments, which are entrusted to protect the rights and interests of children left without parental care.
12 - 5887
The custody and guardianship authorities are designed:
identify children left without parental care;
take such children registered;
select the forms of the device of children left without parental care. At the same time, they try to arrange them primarily in the family. To this end, they facilitate the creation of adoptive, guardianship and other types of families;
carry out the patronization of adoptive families, to provide them with the necessary assistance (receiving vouchers in the summer camps, holiday homes, sanatorium; device of children in schools, creative teams); facilitate the creation of normal living conditions and education of the child in adoptive families (assistance of psychologists, teachers, social teachers; promoting the improvement of housing conditions);
control over the conditions of the child's content, the implementation of parental duties assigned to the adopted family and education.
In case of non-fulfillment of their duties towards adoptive children, guardianship and guardianship authorities are obliged to take measures to protect their rights.