Is schizophrenia inherited or not? Diseases transmitted through the male line
Hello dear blog readers. Again, I am glad to welcome you to the pages of this resource. I get a lot of questions from women who are just planning their pregnancy. Many are interested to know, twins are inherited through which line? What other conditions will add to the chances of a "double" pregnancy? What needs to be done to have twins?
If we turn to history, we see the ambiguous attitude of different peoples to the birth of twins.
The Inca tribes revered male twins as the sons of the god of Lightning. And among the ancient Indians and aborigines of South America, when twins were born, this was considered proof of the wife's infidelity and her connection with an unclean spirit.
The North American Indians treated the twins very tenderly and respectfully, accepting them as a gift from the gods. But the ancient inhabitants of Japan, the Aions, were afraid to get infected from such women and were expelled from the tribe.
"Virus" of multiple pregnancy
With the development of science, it became clear that it was impossible to get infected with multiple pregnancies, as the Ions thought. Let's find out?
- The greatest influence is exerted by the genetic factor - I will talk about this in more detail below;
- The mother is about 35 years old. The likelihood gradually rises from puberty and peaks at around 35, then slowly declines;
- Repeated childbirth;
- Mom's nationality. Who can have twins more often than others? In the first place - black women, then white, then Asians. If you live in Nigeria, you are 10 times more likely to have twins than a mom from China;
- Nutrition - it has been noticed that twins are born more often among the fair sex. An interesting fact is also that the champions in the number of twins from Nigeria consume yams. This vegetable contains a large amount of a special substance similar to the female hormone estrogen;
- Time of conception - most often double fertilization occurs in spring or summer. The length of daylight hours directly affects the production of gonadotropin, which enhances the work of the ovaries;
- Stop taking hormonal drugs;
- Passage of the now popular method of conceiving children "from a test tube" (IVF).
It is important that all these factors only affect the likelihood of having twins among fraternal twins. In identical ones, it is constant and amounts to 3 cases per 1000 pregnancies.
Where do twins come from?
When a fertilized egg divides into two (three, etc.) equal parts, identical twins appear. The likelihood of such pregnancy is not inherited. This is very similar to the cloning process. Their fabrics are identical in all respects.
There is no scientifically proven theory of why a monozygote is divided into several parts, and two embryos are formed.
Where do twins come from?
Fraternal twins result from the ability of the uterus to produce multiple eggs at the same time. That is, these are just brothers and sisters born at the same time. The reason for this ability lies in the hyperovulation gene.
If a mother has twins, then her chances of having a multiple pregnancy are about twice that of an ordinary woman. She is 3-4 times more likely to give birth to twins after twins. For example, Madalene Granate from Italy gave birth to triplets 15 times.
It is curious, but facts are known when completely different men were the fathers of twins during a dizygotic pregnancy. It sounds incredible though. It's just that the fusion of the male and female cells happened on different days.
So, one American woman, being married to a white man, fell in love with a black handsome man. Surprisingly, the woman became pregnant by both men and gave birth to two boys - a white and a black one. 
The difference between the two fertilizations is usually no more than 7 days, because after this period the woman's hormonal background will not allow another fertilized egg to be implanted.
Some women believe that the ovaries take turns functioning. In fact, one of them can ovulate several cycles in a row, or both ovaries at the same time. There may be several waves of ovulation with a time difference of no more than 7 days.
Heredity
The genetic factor most of all affects the likelihood of becoming a double mom. Where do the legs grow from in the myth that the gene for hyperovulation is transmitted through the female line?
There is no doubt that only the female body has the ability to ovulate. In this case, nothing depends on the man. And if he himself is from twins, only his daughter can have a multiple pregnancy.
The combination and pattern of mother and father has a great influence. How many generations does it take? If the grandmother had a multiple pregnancy, then the granddaughter has a great chance of giving birth to twins, that is, after a generation. But this theory has not yet received scientific confirmation.
There are 3 hypotheses about how a man can influence the birth of twins:
- The semen may contain special enzymatic substances that break the egg into several parts. This concept runs counter to the notion that the ability to conceive twins only passes through the female line.
- Disorders in the mother's RNA that lead to mutations in developing cells.
- Changes at the level of genes in the embryo can make the other half repel, considering it foreign. As a result, two babies are formed.
I hope this information was useful and you have fewer "blank spots" in this thread. If you have any questions, please contact me in the comments. Don't forget to subscribe to updates.
Goodbye!
Always yours, Anna Tikhomirova
Text: Evgeniya Keda, consultant - Alexander Kim, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Emeritus of Moscow State University
Once, the famous English writer Bernard Shaw was approached with an unusual request - a fan persuaded him ... to make her a child. “Just imagine, the baby will be as beautiful as me and as smart as you!” she dreamed. "Madam," Shaw sighed, "what if it turns out the other way around?"
Of course, this is a historical anecdote. But surely modern science can predict with a high probability what exactly is inherited from parents, what a son or daughter will inherit - the ability for mathematics or for music.
What is inherited: the role of chromosomes
From the school curriculum in biology, we remember for sure that the gender of a child is determined by a man. If the egg is fertilized by a sperm carrying the X chromosome, a girl is born, if the Y chromosome is a boy.
It has been proven that the X chromosomes carry genes that are more responsible for the appearance: the shape of the eyebrows, the shape of the face, the color of the skin and hair. Therefore, it is logical to assume that boys with one such chromosome are more likely to inherit the appearance of their mother. But the girls who received it from both parents may be equally like both the mother and the father.
Expert comment: “In fact, the X chromosome that boys receive is only one of 46 in the genetic code. And all 46 chromosomes have genes that are responsible for a variety of traits. So the boys don't necessarily look like their mothers. ”
! Most likely to be transmittedby inheritance: height, weight, fingerprints, predisposition to depression.
! With a low probability of being transmittedby inheritance: shyness, temperament, memory, food addictions.
What is inherited: the strong wins?
In the same textbook it is clearly written: genes are divided into dominant (strong) and recessive (weak). And every person equally has both.
For example, the brown-eyed gene is dominant and the light-eyed gene is recessive. Brown-eyed parents are more likely to have the same dark-eyed baby. However, one should not think that the appearance of a blue-eyed descendant in such a family is completely excluded. Both mom and dad can carry the recessive gene for light-eyed and pass it on at the moment of conception. Chances, of course, are few, but they are. Moreover, not one gene, but a whole group, is responsible for each trait on the part of the parent, and the combinations here are multivariate.
Strong, most often inherited genes include dark and curly hair, large facial features, a massive chin, a humped nose, and short fingering. For two blondes, the toddler is likely to be blond. But the brunette and the blond have dark blond (the average color between mom and dad). Sometimes, quite unexpectedly, the child inherits the traits of distant relatives. There is nothing surprising in this, probably, in previous generations, these genes lost in an unequal struggle, but here they turned out to be dominant and won.
Does the crumb look nothing like you at all? Take a closer look. Perhaps he has your facial expressions: he also wrinkles his forehead when he thinks, protrudes his lip when offended. Tell me, is he copying you? Yes and no. It is noticed that blind children, who have never seen their relatives, nevertheless quite accurately repeat their gestures and facial expressions.
Probably, many have noticed that the first child of the same parents is a spitting image of dad, the second is unusually similar to mom, and the third is a copy of grandfather. In this case, we are talking about the splitting of genes. The environment and family are the same, but the combinations of genes obtained by siblings are completely different.
Expert comment:“The parents themselves are unlikely to be able to figure out what will be inherited by the child. It is not at all necessary that the dark-haired mom and dad will have the same dark-haired child, and the fair-haired ones will have a fair-haired one. In this case, the genealogy of a person, the history of ancestors on both sides, has a great influence. A specialist geneticist will help to figure it out, but he will also have to delve deeply into the family tree ”.
What is inherited: the appearance of the child
Growth is also difficult to predict. If the parents are very tall, the baby, most likely, will also grow from the Kolomna verst. Dad is big and mom is petite? The child will probably stop at the average. However, proper baby nutrition, adequate sleep for the child, active sports, and even the climate have a big impact.
The issue of planning children is extremely exciting. In addition, modern couples want to know and control everything in advance. For example, the gender of the child, the sign of the zodiac, and someone really wants to give birth to twins.
This is where questions arise as to how to contribute to this, through which line twins are transmitted, etc. We'll figure out.
Twins and twins - what's the difference?
Twins and twins are two different concepts, although pregnancy in both cases is called multiple. The fact is that twins are identical babies, and twins are fraternal babies.
Twins
In order for twins to be born, it is necessary that during one ovulation in a woman's body two eggs ripen at once, each of which would be fertilized by two different sperm. During twin gestation, each fetus is protected by a separate placenta. A “couple” can consist of a boy and a girl, be of the same sex, children can be very similar to each other in appearance, but in the same way they can be completely different.
Twins
Twins are more unique than twins. At the very beginning, one egg is fertilized naturally, after which it is split into two, sometimes more, embryos. Why this happens, scientists cannot say for sure. The genetic material in such fruits is exactly the same, when the babies are born, they will look very similar in appearance.
What are the chances of having twins?
There is no unequivocal answer to this question, since various factors contribute to the maturation of several eggs at once:
- hormones;
- age;
- repeated pregnancy;
- taking contraceptives;
- race, etc.
Moreover, not all factors are fully understood.
Hormones
One of the reasons for the conception of twins is the presence of the follicle-stimulating hormone - FSH. It regulates the maturation of the follicle in the ovary. Before ovulation begins, its level usually rises, which leads to the release of the egg.
The older the woman, the higher the FSH level.
Age
We are smoothly moving on to another important factor that is important for the birth of several children at the same time. After 35 years and somewhere before 40, there is a peak in FSH levels, which is why women of this age often have a couple of babies at once.
How to conceive twins naturally?
How to conceive twins
How to get pregnant with twins
How to give birth to twins
We deliberately become pregnant with twins
Plus, with age, the female body no longer produces eggs every month, and there is nothing wrong with that - as nature intended. The hormones that are not wasted in the cycle when the egg does not mature begin to work during the next ovulation. This leads to the release of two or three eggs at the same time.
Number of pregnancies
When a woman becomes pregnant a second, third time, etc., she has a much better chance of conceiving twins. If a woman has already given birth to twins, next time she can also give life to another charming "couple".
Contraceptives
There are cases when, after the abolition of hormonal contraceptives, girls became pregnant with twins or triplets.
Artificial insemination
With the development of medical technology that helps infertile couples acquire desired children, twins are being born more often. The procedure after which "double" happiness appears is called in vitro fertilization, or IVF for short. For greater reliability and success of this method, a woman is implanted with several fertilized eggs at once, and it happens that they all take root. Race
Twins are much more common in dark-skinned girls than in fair-skinned girls. In last place for the chances of getting pregnant with twins are Asian women.
As you know, ecology has a direct influence on the possibility of childbearing, i.e. the degree of environmental pollution. Naturally, the cleaner the air around a potential mom, the better. However, the situation with the birth rate of twins sometimes defies any logic: in some highly polluted areas of our planet, not a single case of the birth of twins has been recorded, in others it is the norm.
Poor nutrition, i.e. a meager and unbalanced diet, a lack of important elements entering the body along with food, also does not contribute to the appearance of twins. This trend has been observed in countries experiencing economic crises.
They also say that mothers are discharged from maternity hospitals with twins in their arms from March to May, i.e. these babies were conceived in summer, when the daylight hours are longest. It is at this time that the hormone gonadotropin is actively produced, which stimulates the production of all the same eggs.
Are twins inherited?
However, of all the above reasons for the birth of several babies at the same time, the heredity factor is leading, when a woman is genetically predisposed to multiple pregnancy.
So when are twins inherited?
Do twins appear every generation?
The most common theory is that twins appear after a generation, but this is not entirely true.
The so-called "hyperovulation gene" can indeed be inherited, and who, if not a girl, inherits it. From men, this gene can also be passed on to the future generation, but ovulation is a process that occurs exclusively in the female body. It turns out that if a mother gives birth to twin sons, their children will not necessarily be born in pairs. If one of the twin men has a daughter, when the time comes, she may well become pregnant with twins, i.e. history will repeat itself in a generation. This is where the legs of this delusion come from.
It turns out that on the female line, a girl from each next generation can give birth to several children at once, especially when she herself has twins.
What to do to give birth to twins?
Modern science has well-founded reasons for the appearance of twins, so there are methods to increase the chances of giving birth to twins.
Based on the information received, we can conclude that if a woman is already raising one child, the second time her happiness can become "double". If the age is also close to 35 and beyond, when FSH (see above) reaches its peak, the probability only increases.
Summer vacation, in extreme cases, the spring period, will also be a good period for the conception of several fruits at once. It is also recommended to reduce the number of intercourse, i.e. resort to prolonged abstinence. Then the man accumulates more semen.
If your beloved is from the Middle East or Africa, the chances of twins are not small, these peoples often give birth to twins.
You can go to a healing spring in the village of Velyka Kopan, in the Transcarpathian region (Ukraine). According to the villagers, thanks to the source, children are constantly born in pairs here. The village of Denisovka in the Rostov region is famous for the same.
Of course, no matter what method is described, the hyperovulation gene, which is inherited by women, gives the greatest chance of becoming a mother of many children at one time.
So carefully study your family history and, just in case, the history of your husband - nature is so unpredictable!
What is inherited from parents?
Text: Evgeniya Keda, consultant - Alexander Kim, Doctor of Biological Sciences, Professor Emeritus of Moscow State University
Once, the famous English writer Bernard Shaw was approached with an unusual request - a fan urged him to make her a child. “Just imagine, the baby will be as beautiful as me and as smart as you!” she dreamed. "Madam," Shaw sighed, "what if it turns out the other way around?"
Of course, this is a historical anecdote. But surely modern science can predict with a high probability what exactly is inherited from parents, what a son or daughter will inherit - the ability for mathematics or for music.
What is inherited: the role of chromosomes
From the school curriculum in biology, we remember for sure that the gender of a child is determined by a man. If the egg is fertilized by a sperm carrying the X chromosome, a girl is born, if the Y chromosome is a boy.
It has been proven that the X chromosomes carry genes that are more responsible for the appearance: the shape of the eyebrows, the shape of the face, the color of the skin and hair. Therefore, it is logical to assume that boys with one such chromosome are more likely to inherit the appearance of their mother. But the girls who received it from both parents may be equally like both the mother and the father.
Expert commentary: “In fact, the X chromosome that boys receive is only one of 46 in the genetic code. And all 46 chromosomes have genes that are responsible for a variety of traits. So the boys don't necessarily look like their mothers. ”
Most likely inherited: height, weight, fingerprints, predisposition to depression.
With a small likelihood of inherited: shyness, temperament, memory, eating habits.
What is inherited: the strong wins?
In the same textbook it is clearly written: genes are divided into dominant (strong) and recessive (weak). And every person equally has both.
For example, the brown-eyed gene is dominant and the light-eyed gene is recessive. Brown-eyed parents are more likely to have the same dark-eyed baby. However, one should not think that the appearance of a blue-eyed descendant in such a family is completely excluded. Both mom and dad can carry the recessive gene for light-eyed and pass it on at the moment of conception. Chances, of course, are few, but they are. Moreover, not one gene, but a whole group, is responsible for each trait on the part of the parent, and the combinations here are multivariate.
Strong, most often inherited genes include dark and curly hair, large facial features, a massive chin, a humped nose, and short fingering. For two blondes, the toddler is likely to be blond. But the brunette and the blond have dark blond (the average color between mom and dad). Sometimes, quite unexpectedly, the child inherits the traits of distant relatives. There is nothing surprising in this, probably, in previous generations, these genes lost in an unequal struggle, but here they turned out to be dominant and won.
Does the crumb look nothing like you at all? Take a closer look. Perhaps he has your facial expressions: he also wrinkles his forehead when he thinks, protrudes his lip when offended. Tell me, is he copying you? Yes and no. It is noticed that blind children, who have never seen their relatives, nevertheless quite accurately repeat their gestures and facial expressions.
Probably, many have noticed that the first child of the same parents is a spitting image of dad, the second is unusually similar to mom, and the third is a copy of grandfather. In this case, we are talking about the splitting of genes. The environment and family are the same, but the combinations of genes obtained by siblings are completely different.
Expert commentary: “The parents themselves are unlikely to be able to figure out what will be inherited by the child. It is not at all necessary that the dark-haired mom and dad will have the same dark-haired child, and the fair-haired ones will have a fair-haired one. In this case, the genealogy of a person, the history of ancestors on both sides, has a great influence. A geneticist will help to figure it out, but he will also have to delve deeply into the family tree ”.
What is inherited: the appearance of the child
Growth is also difficult to predict. If the parents are very tall, the baby, most likely, will also grow from the Kolomna verst. Dad is big and mom is petite? The child will probably stop at the average. However, proper baby food also has a big impact. and sufficient sleep for the child, and active sports, and even the climate.
Expert commentary: “Human growth is determined not only by genes, but also by many other factors. The environment in which the parents themselves grew up plays an important role. The conditions for the development of the child himself are of no less importance. ”
What is inherited: the character of the child
But all this concerns the appearance. And the character? He certainly combines heredity and upbringing. The adopted child often adopts the traits of the parents who took him into the family. So try to show your best qualities in communication with offspring. It is, of course, not the character of the child that is inherited. a type of nervous system. For example, irascibility and irritability can be caused by a weak type of the nervous system, its inability to withstand even the most common stimuli. But if the parents from birth crumbs pay attention to this, the problem can be solved.
They are inherited and the ability to draw, dance, music, sports, and even taste and color preferences. But why then do they say: "Nature rests on the children of a genius"? Yes, talent can be inherited, but it still needs to be developed. And brilliant, passionate parents often have too little time for children.
Expert commentary: “Character traits are determined by the interaction of genes with the type of nervous system and the influence of society. If one of the parents has a pronounced ability, for example, for art, most likely, the children will inherit them. But deprive the potential Raphael of the opportunity to pick up a pencil and paints, and the talent will be buried in the ground. Any talent first of all needs attention and development ”.
10 traits that are inherited
What a person will be depends on the environment and on heredity. Genetics affects the development of intelligence. height, weight, eye color, ability. But there are other, less obvious, gene influences.
Stress in children. with stress in parents - it happens to all people of different ages. And how the younger generation deals with it depends on genetics. Stress resides in the hippocampus (the part of the brain that is responsible for emotions and the transition from short-term memory to long-term memory). When a person experiences a stressful situation, their hippocampus grows or shrinks. The more risk genes a person has, the more this part of the brain shrinks. And this gives a negative effect from the experienced situation. If a person has few risk genes, then stress can affect a person positively. In addition, prenatal memory affects a child's susceptibility to stress. If mom was prone to stress during pregnancy. then the child will be predisposed to them.
DESIRE TO TRAVEL
Some people are ready to spend their last money on a dress or shoes, while others - on travel. The urge to wander is embedded in the DRD4-7R gene. It is he who regulates a person's need for travel. And, oddly enough, according to statistics, it is present only in 20% of the population.
It would seem that difficult in driving a car? Just don't run over people or crash into other cars. But the ability to drive a car is also associated with genetics. The researchers found that driving skills depend on BDNF (brain neurotrophic factor), which is responsible for memory, reaction speed and other communication between brain cells.
Bad habits are a problem in society of any nationality. Whether a person will be susceptible to drugs depends on 50% of heredity, to smoking - 75%. Moreover, genes decide 60% whether a person will be addicted to tobacco, and 54% whether he can quit smoking.
PENDING TO VIOLENCE
Aggression in children can be caused by both external factors, nak and heredity. Scientists from Finland carried out genetic analysis of about 900 criminals and found two genes responsible for aggression. Carriers of this set of genes are 13 times more violent than ordinary people.
Absolutely all people are lazy. Sometimes it is appropriate - after all, we are not robots and we need rest. But some people are more lazy than others. And thanks should be said to genetics. Laziness genes exist, and this has been proven by scientists. They collected two groups of rats - more active and more passive. And then they found out that they have differences at the genetic level.
The best way to lose weight after childbirth and generally get in shape is the advice of a geneticist. No diets - trust heredity. General tips for losing weight do not help everyone, but diets based on genetic characteristics will definitely be effective.
Scientists have found that musical taste is partly shaped by heredity. Genetics influences the musical preferences of people under 50 by 55%, and after 50 the figure drops to 40 and the environment has a greater influence.
Maybe love at first sight exists, but it also has an imprint of heredity. The choice of a partner is influenced by a group of MHC genes (major histocompatibility complex). Thanks to him, we choose lovers with the opposite MHC, which gives us a better chance of having healthy children.
Children's fears have age gradation. If in infancy the crumbs are afraid to be alone, then after the child goes to school and begins to communicate with a large number of people, he has social phobias. But some fears can be inherited. Scientists conducted an experiment on mice. With the help of an electric current, they instilled in them a fear of the smell of cherries. Then the experimental mice began to breed and their offspring were also afraid of cherries from birth.
Based on materials from toptenz.net
Genetic diseases transmitted by inheritance
How often, after the birth of a child, we hear "The baby has a mother's eyes" or "The child has gone all over to his father." We are accustomed to the fact that genetically parents pass on to the baby their appearance, eye and hair color, birthmarks, and even character and habits. But besides this, parents can pass on to their baby a lot of different genetic diseases. Recently, parents who are serious about planning pregnancy turn to a geneticist to immediately reveal their genetic "potential". A geneticist can fully demonstrate your genetic health, moreover, genetic analysis is able to identify hereditary diseases that you carry from your ancestors, but which have never manifested themselves in the process of your life and the life of your parents. In this article, we will discuss the importance of medical genetic diagnosis, as well as talk about the most common inherited diseases.
What is genetic inheritance?
Each gene in our body contains a unique DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid. Moreover, each gene carries a kind of code for a specific trait. The genes of the father and mother are connected in pairs, while one gene in a pair can be suppressive (dominant), the other is suppressed (recessive). If the mother or father carries a pathological gene in themselves, then it must be passed on to the child. Moreover, if only the mother or only the father is the carrier of the diseased gene, then the risk is halved in comparison if both parents carry this diseased gene.
In accordance with the above, if the diseased gene is suppressive, then the child will develop a hereditary disease, if the gene is suppressed, then the child will simply be a carrier and pass it on to his future children. Moreover, if in the future the carrier meets a partner who is also just a carrier, the chance to "reward" the child with a diseased gene is already 50%. Therefore, very often some diseases do not manifest themselves for several generations, and then suddenly appear.
In reality, the risk of developing a genetic disease in a child is only 3-5%. However, it is worth noting factors such as poor ecology, poor nutrition, stress, hormonal disorders, etc. - all this can cause a genetic error.
Unfortunately, there are genetic diseases that manifest themselves in almost every generation, i.e. always have a suppressive gene. Such diseases include diabetes, psoriasis, obesity, hyper- and hypotension, epilepsy, schizophrenia, atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, etc.
There are also diseases that appear delayed, i.e. not immediately after birth, but after 30-40 years.
Today, there are more than 3000 genetic diseases that are inherited, and very often it is hereditary diseases that lead to miscarriages in the first trimester. 60% of spontaneous miscarriages are attributable to the hereditary factor. Therefore, many women have been trying to get pregnant for many years, but either it does not work out, or the pregnancy always ends in miscarriage. Long-term examinations do not give any results until a woman seeks a geneticist.
It should be noted that hereditary diseases can be of different types depending on the type of chromosomes - recessive, dominant, multifactorial, X-chromosomal recessive and chromosomal. Accordingly, the disease will manifest itself under certain conditions, for example, if both hereditary genes are recessive, or, conversely, dominant.
What diseases are inherited?
This is just a small part of the diseases that we can pass on to our children. Be sure to think about the health of your child and the health of his children and, before getting pregnant and giving birth, undergo a medical genetic examination.
Medical genetic examination
The examination begins with a consultation with a geneticist - he is interested in your pedigree, which family member was sick with, and he also examines future parents for external signs (some genetic diseases manifest themselves like this).
Prenatal diagnosis can also include genetic testing. Depending on the stage of pregnancy, doctors perform amniocentesis, placentocentesis, cordocentesis, and biopsy. Here, for analysis, either amniotic fluid cells, blood from the umbilical cord, villi or chorionic epithelium are taken.
Is cancer inherited?
There is hardly a family that has not had cancer deaths in any generation. Hence, a reasonable question arises - how high is the probability of transmitting this disease to a child? Unfortunately, there is still no answer to this question. Doctors still cannot understand the true nature of the origin and development of this disease, since in addition to hereditary factors, external factors are of great importance, for example, an elementary viral infection or ordinary immunostimulants can provoke cell degeneration. It is worth remembering that literally everything can affect the development of this disease - genetic predisposition, ecology, chemical exposure, hormones, viruses, radiation of various kinds (ultraviolet, X-ray, microwaves, etc.), etc. To protect yourself from cancer, in fact until possible.
Summarize
The genetic testing process does not take long. Your blood is enough for analysis.
Genetic diseases transmitted by inheritance. Medical genetic examination
Causes of occurrence
Our genes tend not only to accumulate information, but also to change it, acquiring new qualities. This is mutation. It occurs quite rarely, about 1 time in a million cases, and is transmitted to descendants if it occurs in the germ cells. For individual genes, the mutation rate is 1: 108.
Mutations are a natural process and form the basis of the evolutionary variability of all living things. They can be useful and harmful. Some help us to better adapt to our environment and way of life (for example, opposed thumb), others lead to disease.
The occurrence of pathologies in genes is increased by physical, chemical and biological mutagenic factors. Some alkaloids, nitrates, nitrites, some food additives, pesticides, solvents and petroleum products have this property.
Among the physical factors are ionizing and radioactive radiation, ultraviolet rays, excessively high and low temperatures. The biological causes are rubella, measles, antigens, etc.
Genetic predisposition
Parents influence us not only by our upbringing. It is known that some people are more likely to develop certain diseases than others due to heredity. A genetic predisposition to disease occurs when a relative has a genetic disorder.
The risk of a particular disease in a child depends on his gender, because some diseases are transmitted only through one line. It also depends on the race of the person and on the degree of relationship with the patient.
If a child is born to a person with a mutation, then the chance of inheriting the disease will be 50%. The gene may well not manifest itself in any way, being recessive, and in the case of marriage with a healthy person, its chances of being passed on to descendants will already be 25%. However, if the spouse also owns such a recessive gene, the chances of its manifestation in offspring will again increase to 50%.
How to identify the disease?
The genetic center will help to detect the disease or predisposition to it in time. This is usually found in all major cities. Before taking the tests, a consultation with a doctor is carried out to find out what health problems are observed in relatives.
Medical genetic examination is carried out by taking blood for analysis. The sample is carefully examined in the laboratory for any abnormalities. Parents-to-be usually attend such consultations after pregnancy. However, it is worth coming to the genetic center during its planning.
Hereditary diseases seriously affect the mental and physical health of the child and affect life expectancy. Most of them are difficult to treat, and their manifestation is only corrected by medical means. Therefore, it is better to prepare for this even before conceiving a baby.
Down Syndrome
One of the most common genetic diseases is Down syndrome. It occurs in 13 cases out of 10,000. This is an anomaly in which a person has not 46, but 47 chromosomes. The syndrome can be diagnosed immediately at birth.
Among the main symptoms are a flattened face, raised corners of the eyes, a short neck, and lack of muscle tone. The auricles are usually small, the cut of the eyes is oblique, and the skull is irregular.
In sick children, concomitant disorders and diseases are observed - pneumonia, acute respiratory viral infections, etc. Exacerbations may occur, for example, hearing loss, vision, hypothyroidism, heart disease. With Downism, mental development is slowed down and often remains at the level of seven years.
Constant work, special exercises and medications greatly improve the situation. There are many known cases when people with a similar syndrome could well lead an independent life, find work and achieve professional success.
Hemophilia
A rare hereditary disease that affects men. Occurs once every 10,000 cases. Hemophilia is untreated and results from a change in one gene on the sex X chromosome. Women are only carriers of the disease.
The main characteristic is the absence of a protein that is responsible for blood clotting. In this case, even minor trauma causes bleeding that cannot be easily stopped. Sometimes it manifests itself only the next day after the injury.
Queen Victoria of England was a carrier of hemophilia. She transmitted the disease to many of her descendants, including Tsarevich Alexei, the son of Tsar Nicholas II. Thanks to her, the disease began to be called royal or Victorian.
Angelman syndrome
The disease is often called happy doll syndrome or Parsley syndrome, as patients have frequent outbursts of laughter and smiles, and chaotic hand movements. With this anomaly, sleep and mental development disorders are characteristic.
The syndrome occurs once in 10,000 cases due to the absence of some genes in the long arm of chromosome 15. Angelman's disease develops only if the genes are absent on the chromosome inherited from the mother. When the same genes are missing on the paternal chromosome, Prader-Willi syndrome occurs.
The disease cannot be completely cured, but it is possible to alleviate the manifestation of symptoms. For this, physical procedures and massages are carried out. Patients do not become completely independent, but during treatment they can serve themselves.
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Secrets of genetics: what children inherit from their parents
Now, if it would be possible to sort the parental genes during pregnancy! The good ones - take, the bad ones like a nose with a potato - discard. And by the way & hellip How to live without mystery and the ability to create your own life, despite even genes?
The famous American geneticist Robert Plomin said: Each of us is an absolutely unique spiritual and genetic experiment that will never be repeated. This cannot but flatter and cause a desire to pass on their best genetic uniqueness to future offspring. Let's figure out what exactly our children can inherit from us, how to properly develop their hereditary abilities.
My light, mirror, tell me!
With everything to do with a child's appearance, the math is simple. There are two types of genes - dominant and recessive. The first type neutralizes the effect of the second. That is, if dad has brown eyes, and mom's are blue, then, most likely, the baby will go to dad with the color of his eyes! The dominant traits of genetics also include dark skin, freckles, a round face, dimples on the chin and cheeks, thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, a humped nose, full lips and so on ... If both dad and mom are carriers of a recessive trait, for example, blue and gray eyes, the winner will be determined in the course of a fair fight. Unfortunately, the outcome of this fight cannot be predicted.
It is interesting! If there were no red-haired relatives in the family, and then, for no reason at all, a red-haired baby is born, do not immediately recall the joke about the neighbor. Nature makes exceptions!
Geniuses are not born!
According to Richard Nisbett, professor of social psychology at the University of Michigan, IQ depends on heredity by less than 50%. That is, no one will give guarantees that the genes of genius parents will be inherited by their offspring. And if, nevertheless, they do, it is not a fact that they will show themselves: the influence of the environment in which the child is brought up is too great. By the way, the environment is divided into two types: general family (makes family members similar to each other) and individual (makes family members different from each other).
Wednesday and IQ
Numerous studies show that in childhood, the family environment has the greatest influence on a child's intelligence. Starting from pre-adolescence, the influence of genetics and the individual environment increases significantly. That is why in early childhood communication with a child is of great importance, even if the child himself does not yet know how to speak.
It is interesting! Women who exercise during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to a gifted baby! Breastfeeding also stimulates an increase in IQ (by about six points).
Inherited talent
Pythagoras was right when he said: Not every tree can carve Mercury. The converse is also true: even the most unique genes can simply decay and wither away if a person falls into an inadequate environment. Scientists insist that each of us has genes for some kind of giftedness. The main thing is to provide them with the right soil to grow. The famous German musician Johann Sebastian Bach had 10 children, and they all played music. But Bach is alone!
It is interesting! According to the conclusions of scientists, human creativity is least of all dependent on heredity. That is, each person has the opportunity to discover some abilities and develop them, regardless of whether his parents were people of art or not.
Formation of character
If the character was inherited, then sisters with brothers in demeanor would be like two peas in a pod, right? Congenital shyness or the inclinations of a leader from the cradle - all this, of course, happens in life. But both the first and the second quality is not a constant constant for the rest of your life. For example, the famous comedian Jim Carrey admitted: I know it's hard to believe, but in my youth I was extremely shy and shy. To madness. The most terrible year for me was my first year at the university, when I was an absolute outsider and no one, I repeat, no one even wanted to talk to me. If it were not for the painstaking work on myself, on my character, I'm not sure if I could have done anything in this life.
Accept and love your child for who they are. And do not forget that the genes of a quiet grandfather are not a sentence at all.
It is interesting! The character of a person is influenced by the period of intrauterine development. If mommy at this time surrounds the baby with a good mood and warmth, talks to him, and even better - sings, then the child, therefore, will be born more harmonious.
Health and heredity
Scientists have long confirmed the existence of hereditary diseases (these include, for example, manic syndrome, schizophrenia, dementia and mental retardation). Such diseases are caused by various chromosomal and gene mutations. This is bad news. But there is also a good one: a hereditary predisposition to a certain disease does not always develop into a disease. Geneticists say that under favorable conditions, the mutated gene may not show its aggressiveness. It is important to remember that a healthy lifestyle is the best prevention! This law is also true in cases where parents are in good health. Even with such a seemingly ideal heredity, the baby's health can be undermined if you do not follow his lifestyle.
Now, if it would be possible to "sort" parental genes during pregnancy! The good ones - take, the bad ones, like "potato nose" - discard. But by the way ... How to live without secrets and the ability to create your own life, regardless of even genes?
The famous American geneticist Robert Plomin said: "Each of us is an absolutely unique spiritual and genetic experiment that will never be repeated." This cannot but flatter and cause a desire to pass on their best genetic "uniqueness" to future offspring. Let's figure out what exactly our children can inherit from us, how to properly develop their hereditary abilities.
My light, mirror, tell me!
With everything to do with a child's appearance, the math is simple. There are two types of genes - dominant and recessive. The first type neutralizes the effect of the second. That is, if dad has brown eyes, and mom's are blue, then, most likely, the baby will go to dad with the color of his eyes! The dominant features of genetics also include dark skin, freckles, a round face, dimples on the chin and cheeks, thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, a humped nose, full lips, and so on ... If both father and mother are carriers of a recessive trait, for example , blue and gray eyes, the "winner" will be determined in the course of an honest "fight". Unfortunately, the outcome of this “fight” cannot be predicted.
It is interesting! If there were no red-haired relatives in the family, and here, for no reason at all, a red-haired baby is born, do not immediately recall the joke "about the neighbor." Nature makes exceptions!
Geniuses are not born!
According to Richard Nisbett, professor of social psychology at the University of Michigan, IQ depends on heredity by less than 50%. That is, no one will give guarantees that the genes of genius parents will be inherited by their offspring. And if, nevertheless, they do, it is not a fact that they will show themselves: the influence of the environment in which the child is brought up is too great. By the way, the environment is divided into two types: general family (makes family members similar to each other) and individual (makes family members different from each other).
Wednesday and IQ
Numerous studies show that in childhood, the family environment has the greatest influence on a child's intelligence. Starting from pre-adolescence, the influence of genetics and the individual environment increases significantly. That is why in early childhood communication with a child is of great importance, even if the child himself does not yet know how to speak.
It is interesting! Women who exercise during pregnancy are more likely to give birth to a gifted baby! Breastfeeding also stimulates an increase in IQ (by about six points).
Inherited talent
Pythagoras was right when he said: "Not every tree can be used to carve Mercury." The converse is also true: even the most unique genes can simply decay and wither away if a person is placed in an inadequate environment. Scientists insist that each of us has genes for some kind of giftedness. The main thing is to provide them with the right "soil" for "growth". The famous German musician Johann Sebastian Bach had 10 children, and they all played music. But Bach is alone!
It is interesting! According to the conclusions of scientists, human creativity is least of all dependent on heredity. That is, each person has the opportunity to discover some abilities and develop them, regardless of whether his parents were people of art or not.
Formation of character
If the character was inherited, then sisters with brothers in demeanor would be like two peas in a pod, right? Congenital shyness or the inclinations of a leader from the cradle - all this, of course, happens in life. But both the first and the second quality is not a constant constant for the rest of your life. For example, the famous comedian Jim Carrey admitted: “I know it's hard to believe, but in my youth I was extremely shy and shy. To madness. The most terrible year for me was my first year at the university, when I was an absolute outsider and no one, I repeat, no one even wanted to talk to me. If it were not for the painstaking work on myself, on my character, I am not sure if I could have done anything in this life. "
Accept and love your child for who they are. And do not forget that the genes of a quiet grandfather are not a sentence at all.
It is interesting! The character of a person is influenced by the period of intrauterine development. If mommy at this time surrounds the baby with a good mood and warmth, talks to him, and even better - sings, then the child, therefore, will be born more harmonious.
Health and heredity
Scientists have long confirmed the existence of hereditary diseases (these include, for example, manic syndrome, schizophrenia, dementia and mental retardation). Such diseases are caused by various chromosomal and gene mutations. This is bad news. But there is also a good one: a hereditary predisposition to a certain disease does not always develop into a disease. Geneticists say that under favorable conditions, the mutated gene may not show its aggressiveness. It is important to remember that a healthy lifestyle is the best prevention! This law is also true for cases when parents have "good" health. Even with such a seemingly "ideal" heredity, the baby's health can be undermined if you do not follow his lifestyle.
Genetic passport
Thanks to the achievements of genomics, each person can get their own genetic passport, in fact, a genetic "decoding" of their organism. Such a passport may indicate a tendency to disease, as well as a genetically determined attitude towards various sports, a list of harmful products, unfavorable climatic conditions, and unacceptable working conditions.