Russian national vaccination calendar. Calendar of preventive vaccinations
In Russia, as in other civilized countries of the world, there is a vaccination calendar approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. According to it, the planned vaccination against infectious diseases All healthy children, starting from birth.
As part of the national calendar in the clinic at the place of accommodation, children are made free of charge, in accordance with the order of March 21, 2011 No. 125n of the Ministry of Health.
In accordance with this law, vaccination is carried out voluntarily, but at the same time, on the health workers there is a duty to clarify the parents and the importance of timely prevention of hazardous infectious diseases, to talk about a possible post-specific response and complication. If parents decide to abandon vaccination, the doctor is obliged to explain them possible negative consequences Such a refusal.
In the Federal Law 323-FZ of November 21, 2011, the rights and obligations of citizens relating to medical interventions, including during vaccination. The law obliges the vaccination to sign a voluntary informed consent to intervention or officially abandon the vaccination.
Voluntary informed consent or refusal of medical intervention
Voluntary informed consent or waiver of vaccination must be drawn up in writing. Consent to the vaccination signs the parent or guardian of the child. The doctor must inform him about this procedure, talk about and consequences. possible complications planned vaccination.
The duty in an affordable form to explain to the adult about the danger of refusal of vaccinations falls on the doctor. If parents still refuse vaccination, they write official written refusal and one of them signs his personal signature. There are official forms of forms approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia for voluntary consent or refusal medical intervention (Order No. 1177n dated December 20, 2012)
In addition to vaccination, informed voluntary consent may be required when conducting diagnostic research, conducting therapeutic manipulations and administration of drugs.
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National vaccination calendar for 2016-2017
| Whom to vaccinate | Vaccination | Rules and procedure for vaccination |
| Newborn | Vicination from viral hepatitis in | Vaccination is carried out in strict accordance with the instructions for vaccination of newborns. |
| Child age 3-7 days | Vaccine against tuberculosis (BCG) | BCG vaccine is used to form primary immunity. |
| Child age 1 month | Re-vaccination from hepatitis in | Conducted children from risk groups |
| Age 2 months | The third vaccination against hepatitis in | Made children from risk groups |
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First vaccination OT. pneumococcal infection | Children from the risk group |
| 3 months | First vaccination against diphtheria, cough and tetanus | According to the indications used vaccine DC or ads |
| Age from 3 to 6 months | First vaccination against hemophilic infection | Vaccination is carried out for children from risk groups |
| Child age 4.5 months | Second vaccination of DC | For children who received the first vaccination in 3 months |
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Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection | In accordance with the rules of vaccination |
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First Vaccination against Poliomyelitis | Used inactivated vaccine |
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Second vaccination against hemophilic infection | For children who received the first vaccination of 3 months (for children from risk groups) |
| Age 6 months | Third Vaccination DC | Conducted to children who received the first two vaccinations of 3 and 4.5 months |
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Third vaccination against hemophilic infection | For children from risk groups that received the first two vaccinations of 3 and 4.5 months |
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Third Vaccination against Poliomyelitis | |
| Child age 1 year | First vaccination against measles, epidemic parotitis and rubella | In accordance with vaccination schedule |
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The fourth vaccination against hepatitis in | In accordance with the vaccination schedule for children from the risk group |
| 15 months | Revaccination against pneumococcal infection | In accordance with vaccination schedule |
| Child age 18 months | First revaccination against cough, diphtheria and tetanus | In accordance with vaccination schedule |
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In accordance with vaccination schedule | |
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Revaccination against hemophilic infection | In accordance with vaccination schedule |
| Child age 20 months | Second revaccination against poliomyelitis | In accordance with the vaccination schedule. Live vaccine is used |
| Age 6 years | Revaccination against measles, rubella and epidemic parotitis | Conducted in accordance with the vaccination schedule |
| Child age 6-7 years | Revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria | |
| Age 7 years | Revaccination against tuberculosis | The BCG vaccine is introduced in case the reaction of Mantu showed negative result |
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Third revaccination against poliomyelitis | In accordance with the vaccination schedule. Live vaccine is used. |
| 14 years | Third revaccination against diphtheria and tetanus | For vaccination, anatoksin with a reduced number of antigens is applied |
| Adults from 18 years | Revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria | Held every 10 years since the last revaccination |
| All population categories up to 55 years | Hepatitis Vaccination in | |
| Children from 1 to 18 years old, women up to 25 years | Vaccination against rubella | For those who did not receive vaccination and does not have information about vaccinations from this infection |
| All categories of population up to 35 years | Core vaccination | According to an individual scheme. For those who did not receive vaccination on national schedule |
| For all age groups | Influenza vaccination | Children from 6 months; students of grades 1-11; Representatives of individual professions; pregnant women; pensioners older than 60 years; Conscripts; Patients with chronic somatic diseases. |
The concept of vaccination and revaccination
Vaccination can be both one-time and multiple. Doctors make vaccinations as much time as it is necessary for the formation of sustainable immunity to infection.
Revaccination - Re-vaccination, it is done after any time interval after the previous vaccination. Her goal is to support immunity already developed in the body.
Risk groups: who is included in them
The risk group on viral hepatitis in includes:
- children whose mothers during pregnancy suffered hepatitis B;
- whose parents use drugs;
- if the family has a hepatitis Virus medium or patient with this disease.
Risk groups for infection with polio and hemophilic infection
- children with immunodeficiency or HIV infection;
- with malignant diseases of blood and blood formation organs;
- if HIV infection has been detected from the mother;
- all kids in the houses of the child.
Vaccinations do not make children with sharp forms diseases (including colds), and within 2-4 weeks after recovery. Before vaccination, you need to pass the tests and make sure that there are no deviations.
Summary
The national vaccination calendar makes changes annually, new diseases and vaccines are added, the timing of vaccinations change. These changes are due to the results of the latest scientific research, research and improvement of vaccine composition.
Adults have the right to decide themselves, it is worth putting your child or not. Especially acute this issue is worth it for parents, whose children are weakened or born ahead of timehave chronic somatic diseases. But you should not fear: the pediatrician is obliged to make a vaccination schedule individually or give a medication from vaccinations for your child.
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Order of the Ministry of Health Russian Federation №125 of March 21, 2014 approved a new national calendar of mandatory preventive vaccinations and a calendar of preventive vaccinations in epidemiological indications.
On a note
1. B. new calendar Mandatory prophylactic vaccinations of the Russian Federation introduced vaccination against hemophilic and pneumococcal infection.
2. The preventive vaccinations specified in the calendar are mandatory. All other preventive vaccinations are applied by epidemiological indications. That is, under the need for individual infections and certain categories of citizens, as well as depending on the place of residence (for example, against Tularemia, Siberian ulcers, tick-borne encephalitis and others).
Let's talk about everything more details ...
How did the concept of "preventive vaccination calendar" appeared?
It was introduced in the 40s of the last century due to the fact that the amount of vaccines increased.
Now every country has its own national vaccine calendar.
Available Differences of the national calendar of mandatory preventive vaccinations of Russia From the calendars of other developed countries. The difference is that in our calendar there are no mandatory preventive vaccinations against meningococcal and rotavirus infection, viral hepatitis A and chickenpox.
Why is Vaccination against tuberculosis important?
Basic principles of vaccination
The first vaccination is carried out in maternity hospital On the 3-7 day of life of the Vaccine BCG or BCG-M.
If for some reason the child has not received vaccination against tuberculosis in the first days of life, then it is vaccinated according to the scheme: up to two months of life - without setting the reaction of Mantu, over two months of life - only after the reaction of Mantu.
Why is vaccination against viral hepatitis B important?
Hepatitis V is 100 times more contagious than the AIDS virus. Therefore, if a woman is a carrier of a hepatitis B virus, then the risk of transferring it to the child during childbirth is about 70-90%. During breastfeeding, as well as with a close contact of the mother with a child, the risk of transmission of the virus also remains quite high.
Of course, all future mothers examine the presence of an Australian antigen in them, but the method used in 40% of cases does not reveal it.
Basic principles of vaccination
If a baby health, then it is vaccinated by general scheme: 0-1-6 months. When using combined vaccines, the introduction of a second vaccine in two or three months is allowed. The third vaccination is carried out no earlier than six months after the first.
However, the scheme changes, if the crumb is in the risk group: Mother is pain sharp or chronic form Hepatitis B or in the family has intravenously drug addicts patients.
In this case, the baby is vaccinated at birth, then aged one, two and twelve months (0-1-2-12 months).
Why is vaccination against hemophilic and pneumococcal infection?
Most often in children under five years Pneumococcal infectionit causes pneumonia (70-90% of all cases) and medium otitis with perforation of the eardrum (50% of cases), pneumococcal meningitis (5-15% of all cases).
From hemophilic infection Children under five are also most often suffering. It leads to the development of bronchitis, osteomyelitis ( inflammatory process, affecting the bone marrow site), epigectitis (inflammation of the epiglotter), arthritis.
And the diseases occur hard and difficult to treat, leading to development large number Complications: respiratory and / or heart failure, brain swelling and others. Since these infections are resistant to almost all types of antibiotics, and the capsule of the pathogens themselves is too simple to the immune system Could respond to them in full force.
Moreover, it is important to immunize the crumb as soon as possible. Because the cells of the maternal antibodies that the crumb gets with mamin milkProtect from these two infections only to the third month of life.
Basic principles of vaccination
The timing of vaccination correspond to those indicated in the national calendar. Special attention It is paid to children from a risk group (for example, often sick). If necessary, they are vaccinated according to an individual scheme.
Why is the vaccination of ADC and vaccination against poliomyelitis?
Polio- Grozny disease, because causes the development of paralysis, leading to the development of disabilities.
Diphtheria and tetannik - Deathly dangerous infections. Tetanus leads to the development of severe common cramps and respiratory disorders, often to death. Diphtheria proceeds with a pronounced violation general status (heat Body, violation of consciousness and others), the spasm of the Gundan Musculature (causes a suffocation). Unfortunately, often the outcome of the disease is the death of the patient.
Whooping cough- severe infection, which causes the development of spasmodic paroxy cough, violations in the work of the heart and other complications.
The vaccination is quite serious and not all kids carry it easily. Therefore, the crumb to this age should be inspected by all specialists, as well as pass all the surveys in accordance with the schedule of medical examinations.
Basic principles of vaccination
The vaccination is quite serious, not all kids transfer it easily. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the crumb to examine and make sure that it is absolutely healthy: general analysis Blood, general urine analysis, inspection of a neuropathologist, cerebral ultrasound.
After receiving the results and conclusions, the child is vaccinated. Further, it receives revaccination in accordance with the terms specified in the national vaccination calendar.
Why is it important to vaccinate measles, rubella and vapotitis?
Cort, steam and rubella - children's infections. It would seem that there is nothing terrible in them. After all, our grandmothers and grandparents have sought them as a child. However, this is not because infections can lead to the development of complications:
- Parotitis.Sometimes the deafness comes, pancreatitis is developing or diabetes Type II, boys are infertility.
- Rubella. If the girl has no immunity to rubella, then it can get sick with this infection during pregnancy. What can lead to the formation congenital anomalies development of the fetus (vices of the heart, organs of vision and hearing, nervous system Both others), miscarriage and some other consequences.
- Measles.Pneumonia, croup (inflammation and swelling of the larynx mucous membrane, leading to the development of choking), encephalitis (brain inflammation) and other complications are developing.
Basic principles of vaccination
Before the vaccination, the reaction of Mantu is put. The goal is to check the ability to immune to protect the child from tuberculosis after BCG in the hospital, and also make sure that the child has not infected with this dangerous infection.
72 hours after manipulation, the result of the Mantu sample is estimated. Then the child is vaccinated against measles, rubella and epidemic parotitis.
It is better to use imported or domestic vaccines?
To answer this question, let's briefly get acquainted with some vaccines that are used in medical care-preventive institutions.
Vaccination against tuberculosis In Russia, it is carried out using the BCG and BCG-M vaccine. Each country uses its vaccines (domestic), as they contain lively weakened vaccines, therefore transportation is not subject to.
The BCG-M contains a reduced number of bacteria, so it is more weakened, but it produces sufficient immunity. In connection with this in lately Preference precisely the BCG-M vaccine.
For vaccination against viral hepatitis in Used as domestic (for example, "Kombiotex") and imported (for example, "Endzheriks in") vaccine. They are absolutely safe, but even if they cause side effects, then approximately with the same frequency.
For vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, cough and poliomyelitis Apply both domestic vaccines and imported combined.
Domestic vaccines - whole cells, containing killed cough microorganisms, purified bacterial tetanus and diphtheria (DFS), as well as the surface antigen of viral hepatitis B ("Bubo-Kok").
Imported combined vaccines Fineless, containing only proteins of the pathogenic microorganism and their anatoxins (do not contain cells).
Therefore, domestic vaccines cause more side Effects (mainly due to the pertussic component): high temperature, cramps and others.
When using domestic vaccines, the child receives from 18 to 21 injections. Whereas, when applying imported combined vaccines, their number is reduced to 13 ("Pentxim") and 11 ("Infanrix Hex") injections. Since the composition of imported vaccines includes several components: "Pentxim" - against a cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, hemophilic infection, "Infanrix Hex" - against a cough, diphtheria, tetanus, polio, viral hepatitis B and hemophilic infection.
In medical medical and preventive institutions for healthy children, free domestic vaccines are used for healthy children, and imported vaccines are applied for children with long-term medical outlets or allergic reactions. How adhere to the doctors of this principle depends on the specific medical care and preventive institution and the availability of imported vaccines.
If you have a financial opportunity, you can instill your child only imported vaccineEven if it is absolutely healthy.
Basic absolute contraindications for vaccination
Common contraindications for all vaccines
- Developed complications or pronounced reaction On the previous introduction of the vaccine of this series: body temperature above 40c, cramps, expressed allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock, urticaria, swelling of quinque).
- Cramps for normal temperature Body.
- Pronounced decrease in immunity - For all vaccines containing lively weakened bacteria cells (for example, BCG).
Contraindications for BCG and BCG-M
- Child weight 2000 grams and less.
- Children born from HIV-infected mothers, as long as their HIV status is defined.
Contraindications for measles vaccination, rubella and parotitis
Availability heavy Forms allergic reactions (swelling of quinque, urticaria) on the antibiotics of aminoglycosida row: gentamicin, kanamycin.
For vaccines that are produced on a chicken embryo - Allergic reaction to chicken protein or quail egg (for example, the Viorix vaccine is produced in the culture of chicken embryo cells).
Contraindications for vaccination against hepatitis in
- Allergic reactions to bakery yeast (for example, the Kombiotex vaccine is produced on bakery yeast).
- The weight of the child is less than 1400 grams.
Contraindications for DC
- Progressive diseases of the nervous system: multiple sclerosis, Siringomyelia and so on.
- Cramps without increasing body temperature.
Exist temporary contraindications to vaccinations: Acute viral or bacterial infection, diseases of the nervous system (for example, consequences generic injury) And other diseases. After recovery or the transition of the disease in the remission (the extinction of the symptoms) of the child is vaccinated.
In order for the vaccination to fulfill its purpose (the development of an immune system of antibodies to the introduced vaccine) and did not lead to development unwanted consequences, the child must be absolutely healthy at the time of vaccination!
How to prepare a child for vaccination?
Which interval must be observed between vaccinations?
If the vaccinations of one series, for example, against a pneumococcal infection, the interval between them should be at least one month, and for ADH - 45 days.
In all other cases, vaccination is possible even the day after the last vaccination, but provided that the kid is absolutely healthy.
What if the vaccination calendar moved?
In this case, the child is conducted by individual graphics vaccination.
If necessary the child gets a "catching" vaccinationbut from different episodes. That is, it is allowed to introduce several vaccines in one day, but in different parts of the body. Thus, the intervals between vaccinations are reduced. Since, if they are lengthened, the quality of post-specific immunity is significantly lower.
For example, a child in one day receives vaccination against pneumococcal infection and viral hepatitis V. Then the first vaccine is introduced into the muscle of one hip, and the second is in the muscle of another hip.
Bath or not bathe a child on vaccination day?
It all depends on the introduced vaccine:
- Vaccination against tuberculosis. On the first day of the child it is impossible to bathe, but you can only wash it. The next day, the baby can be bathed, but avoiding friction of the injection site.
- Vaccination against any other infection. The instructions indicate that the child is allowed to bathe. However, it is better to refrain on this day from water proceduresas well as walks on the street in autumn-Spring Period of the year. Since the immune system produces antibodies to the introduced vaccine. And any hypothermia can lead to the acquisition of insufficient post-specific immunity, or to the disease.
Preventive vaccinations - complex topichaving a lot of "pitfalls".
Therefore, it is necessary to approach the vaccination individually and weigly in each case. After all, the child is often vaccinated by the individual calendar of vaccinations due to the fact that he had long medical outlets or had a pronounced reaction to the previous introduction of the vaccine. Therefore chief assistant Doctor - you. Because, telling detail about your baby, you will help to accept the faithful decision.
After all chief Principle Medicine - "Do no harm". With regard to the vaccinations, he means the following: correctly and in time to instill a baby, minimizing the likelihood of unwanted consequences, as well as get a good post-specific immunity, which will protect the crumb from dangerous infections.
If you decide to abandon vaccinations for your child, material will be useful for Yu-mom:
children's Ordinator
Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of June 27, 2001 N 229
"On the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and a calendar of preventive vaccinations on epidemic testimony"
(With amendments of January 17, 2006)
See Methodical instructions MU 3.3.2.1172-02 "The procedure for providing state-owned municipal health organizations with medical immunobiological drugs in the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and a calendar of preventive vaccinations on epidemic testimony", approved by the head of the head of the Russian Federation on November 14, 2002
In accordance with the letter of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation of July 31, 2001 N 07/7800-SMD, this order does not need state registration (information was published in the Bulletin of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, 2001, N 9)
For the implementation of the provisions of this order, see the letter of the Gossen Epid Summer Department of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of December 10, 2001 N 2510/12419-01-32
In order to implement the Federal Law "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" of 17.09.98 N 157-FZ and ensuring the epidemiological well-being of the population of the Russian Federation on infections, controlled by means of specific prevention order:
1. Heads of health authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the chief doctors of the GosanaPidnadzor centers in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to ensure the organization of preventive vaccinations from 01/01/2002 in accordance with the national preventive vaccination calendar
and preventive vaccination calendar in epidemic testimony .
See Methodical Instructions MU 3.3.1.1095-02 "Medical Contraindications To conduct preventive vaccinations of the drugs of the National Calendar of vaccinations," approved by the Chief State Sanitary Nature Corporation of the Russian Federation of January 9, 2002
2. State Research Institute for Standardization and Control of Medical Immunobiological Drugs. L.A.Tarasievich Ministry of Health of Russia until 01.11.2001 to apply for approval to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Texts of instructions for the use of domestic and foreign vaccines in accordance with the national preventive vaccination calendar and preventive vaccination calendar in epidemic testimony.
3. To consider the order of the Ministry of Health of Russia and the State Committee of Russia from 03.06.96 / 21.05.96 N 226/79 "On the introduction of preventive vaccinations against hepatitis" B "and the Ministry of Health of Russia from 18.12.97 N 375" On the calendar of preventive vaccinations "from 01/01/2002 We have lost strength.
4. Control over the implementation of this order to shall be entrusted to the First Deputy Minister of Health of the Russian Federation G.G.onischenko.
Minister Yu.L. Shevchenko
Order of the Ministry of Health and social Development Of the Russian Federation of January 17, 2006, N 27 is a change in this application.