Current vaccination schedule. Vaccination calendar
By order of the Ministry of Health Russian Federation No. 125 of March 21, 2014, a new national calendar of mandatory preventive vaccinations and a calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemiological indications were approved.
On a note
1.In new calendar compulsory preventive vaccinations of the Russian Federation introduced vaccination against hemophilic and pneumococcal infection.
2. The preventive vaccinations indicated in the calendar are mandatory. All other preventive vaccinations are used for epidemiological indications. That is, they are carried out, if necessary, against certain infections and certain categories of citizens, as well as depending on the place of residence (for example, against tularemia, anthrax, tick-borne encephalitis and others).
Let's talk about everything in more detail ...
How did the concept of "Vaccination calendar" come about?
It was introduced in the 40s of the last century due to the fact that the number of vaccines increased.
Each country now has its own national vaccination calendar.
There are differences national calendar compulsory preventive vaccinations in Russia from the calendars of other developed countries. The difference is that our calendar does not include mandatory preventive vaccinations against meningococcal and rotavirus infection, viral hepatitis A and chickenpox.
Why is vaccination against tuberculosis important?
Basic principles of vaccination
The first vaccination is carried out in maternity hospital on the 3-7th day of life with the BCG vaccine or BCG-M.
If for some reason the child did not receive a vaccination against tuberculosis in the first days of life, then he is further vaccinated according to the scheme: up to two months of life - without setting the Mantoux reaction, older than two months of life - only after the Mantoux reaction.
Why is hepatitis B virus vaccination important?
The hepatitis B virus is 100 times more infectious than the AIDS virus. Therefore, if a woman is a carrier of the hepatitis B virus, then the risk of passing it on to a child during childbirth is about 70-90%. During breastfeeding, as well as in close contact between the mother and the baby, the risk of transmission of the virus also remains quite high.
Of course, all expectant mothers are examined for the presence of the Australian antigen in their bodies, but the technique used does not detect it in 40% of cases.
Basic principles of vaccination
If the child is healthy, then he is vaccinated according to the general scheme: 0-1-6 months. When using combination vaccines, a second vaccine may be given at two or three months. The third vaccination is carried out no earlier than six months after the first.
However, the scheme is changing, if the baby is at risk: the mother is acutely ill or chronic form hepatitis B or there are intravenous drug addicts in the family.
In this case, the baby is vaccinated at birth, then at the age of one, two and twelve months (0-1-2-12 months).
Why is Haemophilus influenza and pneumococcal vaccination important?
Most common in children under five pneumococcal infection causes pneumonia (70-90% of all cases) and otitis media with perforation of the tympanic membrane (50% of cases), pneumococcal meningitis (5-15% of all cases).
From hemophilic infection children under the age of five are also most often affected. It leads to the development of bronchitis, osteomyelitis ( inflammatory process affecting the area of the inert brain), epiglottitis (inflammation of the epiglottis), arthritis.
Moreover, the disease is difficult and difficult to treat, leading to the development a large number complications: respiratory and / or heart failure, cerebral edema and others. Since these infections are resistant to almost all types of antibiotics, and the capsule of the pathogens themselves is too simple to the immune system could react to them in full force.
Moreover, it is important to immunize the baby as early as possible. Because the cells of maternal antibodies that the baby receives from mother's milk, protect against these two infections only up to the third month of life.
Basic principles of vaccination
The timing of vaccination corresponds to those indicated in the national calendar. Special attention given to children at risk (for example, often ill). If necessary, they are vaccinated according to an individual scheme.
Why is DTP vaccination and polio vaccination important?
Polio- a formidable disease, as it causes the development of paralysis, leading to the development of disability.
Diphtheria and tetanus- deadly infections. Tetanus leads to the development of severe general convulsions and respiratory disorders, often - to death. Diphtheria proceeds with a pronounced violation general condition (heat body, impaired consciousness and others), spasm of the laryngeal muscles (causes suffocation). Unfortunately, the outcome of the disease is often the death of the patient.
Whooping cough- a severe infection that causes the development of spasmodic paroxysmal cough, heart problems and other complications.
The vaccine is quite serious and not all babies tolerate it easily. Therefore, by this age, the baby must be examined by all specialists, and also undergo all examinations in accordance with the schedule of medical examinations.
Basic principles of vaccination
Vaccination is quite serious, not all babies tolerate it easily. Therefore, before her, it is necessary to examine the crumbs and make sure that he is absolutely healthy: general analysis blood, general urine analysis, examination by a neurologist, ultrasound of the brain.
After receiving the results and conclusions, the child is vaccinated. Then he receives a revaccination in accordance with the terms indicated in the national vaccination schedule.
Why is vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps important?
Measles, mumps and rubella are childhood infections. It would seem that there is nothing wrong with them. After all, our grandparents were ill with them in childhood. However, this is not the case, since infections can lead to the development of complications:
- Mumps. Sometimes deafness occurs, pancreatitis develops, or diabetes Type II, boys have infertility.
- Rubella. If a girl is not immune to rubella, then she can get this infection during pregnancy. What can lead to the formation congenital anomalies development in the fetus (defects of the heart, organs of vision and hearing, nervous system and others), miscarriage and some other consequences.
- Measles. Pneumonia, croup (inflammation and swelling of the laryngeal mucosa, leading to the development of suffocation), encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) and other complications develop.
Basic principles of vaccination
Before inoculation, the Mantoux reaction is put. The goal is to test the ability of the immune system to protect the child from tuberculosis after BCG in the hospital, as well as to make sure that the child has not contracted this dangerous infection.
72 hours after the manipulation, the result of the Mantoux test is assessed. The child is then vaccinated against measles, rubella and mumps.
Is it better to use imported or domestic vaccines?
To answer this question, let's take a quick look at some of the vaccines that are used in healthcare facilities.
Vaccination against tuberculosis in Russia it is carried out using the BCG and BCG-M vaccines. Each country uses its own vaccines (domestic), since they contain live attenuated vaccines, so they cannot be transported.
BCG-M contains a reduced amount of bacteria, therefore it is more weakened, but at the same time it develops sufficient immunity. In this regard, in recent times give preference to the BCG-M vaccine.
For vaccination against viral hepatitis B both domestic (for example, "Kombiotex") and imported (for example, "Engerix V") vaccines are used. They are absolutely safe, but even if they cause side effects, then with about the same frequency.
For vaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio both domestic vaccines and imported combined vaccines are used.
Domestic vaccines - whole-cell vaccines containing killed pertussis microorganisms, purified bacterial tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (DTP), as well as the surface antigen of viral hepatitis B ("Bubo-Kok").
Imported combination vaccines— acellular, containing only proteins of the pathogen and their toxoids (do not contain cells).
Therefore, domestic vaccines cause more side effects(mainly due to the pertussis component): high fever, seizures, and others.
When using domestic vaccines, the child receives from 18 to 21 injections. Whereas when using imported combined vaccines, their number is reduced to 13 (Pentxim) and 11 (Infanrix Hexa) injections. Since the imported vaccines include several components: Pentxim - against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, hemophilic infection, Infanrix Hexa - against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis, viral hepatitis B and hemophilic infection.
In medical treatment-and-prophylactic institutions, free domestic vaccines are used for healthy children, and imported vaccines for children with long-term medical withdrawals or allergic reactions. How doctors adhere to this principle depends on the specific medical treatment-and-prophylactic institution and the availability of imported vaccines.
If you have the financial ability, you can only vaccinate your child imported vaccine even if he is completely healthy.
The main absolute contraindications to vaccination
General contraindications for all vaccines
- Development of complications or severe reactions for the previous administration of the vaccine of this series: body temperature above 40C, convulsions, severe allergic reaction(anaphylactic shock, urticaria, Quincke's edema).
- Convulsions with normal temperature body.
- Pronounced decrease in immunity- for all vaccines containing live, weakened bacterial cells (eg BCG).
Contraindications for BCG and BCG-M
- The child's weight is 2000 grams or less.
- Children born to HIV-infected mothers until their HIV status is determined.
Contraindications for vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps
Availability severe forms allergic reactions (Quincke's edema, urticaria) to aminoglycoside antibiotics: gentamicin, kanamycin.
For vaccines produced in chicken embryos- an allergic reaction to chicken protein or quail egg(for example, the Priorix vaccine was produced in a chicken embryo cell culture).
Contraindications for hepatitis B vaccination
- Allergic reactions to baker's yeast (for example, Kombiotex vaccine is produced with baker's yeast).
- The child's weight is less than 1400 grams.
Contraindications for DPT
- Progressive diseases of the nervous system: multiple sclerosis, syringomyelia and so on.
- Convulsions without fever.
Exists temporary contraindications to vaccinations: acute viral or bacterial infection, diseases of the nervous system (for example, consequences birth injury) and other diseases. After recovery or the transition of the disease into remission (extinction of symptoms), the child is vaccinated.
So that the vaccine fulfills its purpose (the production of antibodies by the immune system to the injected vaccine) and does not lead to the development undesirable consequences, the child must be absolutely healthy at the time of vaccination!
How to prepare your child for vaccination?
What is the interval between vaccinations?
If vaccinations are of the same series, for example, against pneumococcal infection, then the interval between them should be at least one month, and for DPT - 45 days.
In all other cases, vaccination is possible even the day after the last vaccination, provided that the baby is absolutely healthy.
What to do if the vaccination calendar has shifted?
In this case, the child is vaccinated according to an individual schedule.
If necessary the child receives a catch-up vaccine, but from different series. That is, it is allowed to administer several vaccines on the same day, but in different parts of the body. Thus, the intervals between vaccinations are shortened. Since, if they are lengthened, then the quality of post-vaccination immunity is significantly lower.
For example, a child receives a vaccine against pneumococcal infection and viral hepatitis B on the same day. Then the first vaccine is injected into the muscle of one thigh, and the second - into the muscle of the other thigh.
To bathe or not bathe the child on the day of vaccination?
It all depends on the vaccine administered:
- Vaccination against tuberculosis. On the first day of the child, you cannot bathe, but you can only wash it away. The next day, the baby can be bathed, but avoiding rubbing the injection site.
- Vaccination against any other infection. The instructions indicate that it is allowed to bathe the child. However, it is better still to refrain from water treatments, as well as walking on the street in autumn-spring period of the year. Because the immune system makes antibodies to the injected vaccine. And any hypothermia can lead to the acquisition of insufficient post-vaccination immunity, or to a disease.
Preventive vaccinations are a complex topic with many pitfalls.
Therefore, vaccination must be approached individually and carefully in each case. Indeed, it is not uncommon for a child to be vaccinated according to an individual vaccination schedule due to the fact that he had long-term medical withdrawals or had a pronounced reaction to the previous vaccine administration. Therefore, the most chief assistant doctor - you. Because by telling in detail about your baby, you will help the doctor make the right decision.
After all main principle medicine - "Do no harm". With regard to vaccinations, it means the following: to vaccinate the baby correctly and on time, minimizing the likelihood of developing undesirable consequences, as well as getting good post-vaccination immunity, which will protect the baby from dangerous infections.
If you decide to refuse vaccinations for your child, the material on u-mom will be useful to you:
doctor-resident of the children's department
Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of June 27, 2001 N 229
"On the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications"
(as amended on January 17, 2006)
See Methodological instructions MU 3.3.2.1172-02 "The procedure for providing state municipal health organizations with medical immunobiological preparations within the framework of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications", approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation on November 14, 2002.
In accordance with the letter of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation of July 31, 2001 No. 07/7800-YUD, this order does not need state registration(information published in the Bulletin of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, 2001, N 9)
On the implementation of the provisions of this order, see the letter of the Department of State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 2510 / 12419-01-32 dated December 10, 2001
In order to implement the Federal Law "On Immunoprophylaxis of Infectious Diseases" dated 09.17.98 N 157-FZ and to ensure the epidemiological well-being of the population of the Russian Federation for infections controlled by means of specific prophylaxis, I order:
1. The heads of public health authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the chief physicians of the centers of state sanitary and epidemiological supervision in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation ensure the organization of preventive vaccinations from 01.01.2002 in accordance with the national calendar of preventive vaccinations
and a calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications .
See Methodological instructions MU 3.3.1.1095-02 "Medical contraindications to preventive vaccinations with drugs of the national vaccination calendar", approved by the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation of January 9, 2002 No.
2. State Research Institute for Standardization and Control of Medical Immunobiological Preparations named after L.A. Tarasevich, the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, by 01.11.2001, submit for approval to the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation the texts of instructions for the use of domestic and foreign vaccines in accordance with the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications.
3. Read the order of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia and the State Committee for Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision of Russia dated 03.06.96 / 21.05.96 N 226/79 "On the introduction of preventive vaccinations against hepatitis B" and the Ministry of Health of Russia dated 18.12.97 N 375 "On the calendar of preventive vaccinations" from 01.01.2002 expired.
4. Control over the implementation of this order shall be entrusted to the First Deputy Minister of Health of the Russian Federation GG Onishchenko.
Minister Yu. L. Shevchenko
By order of the Ministry of Health and social development RF of January 17, 2006 N 27, this annex is amended
On the territory of Russia, as in other civilized countries of the world, there is a vaccination schedule approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. According to him, routine vaccination against infectious diseases to all healthy children, from birth.
Within the framework of the national calendar, in the polyclinic at the place of residence, children are vaccinated free of charge, in accordance with the Order of March 21, 2011 No. 125H of the Ministry of Health.
In accordance with this law, vaccination is carried out voluntarily, but at the same time, it is the responsibility of health workers to explain to parents the need and importance of timely prevention of dangerous infectious diseases, to tell about a possible post-vaccination reaction and complications. If parents decide to refuse vaccination, the doctor is obliged to explain to them the possible Negative consequences such a refusal.
V Federal Law 323-FZ of November 21, 2011 spelled out the rights and obligations of citizens regarding medical interventions, including during vaccination. The law obliges before vaccination to sign a voluntary informed consent to the intervention or to officially refuse to vaccinate.
Voluntary informed consent or refusal of medical intervention
Voluntary informed consent or refusal to vaccinate must be in writing. The consent to the vaccination is signed by the parent or guardian of the child. The doctor must inform him about this procedure, talk about and the consequences possible complications planned vaccination.
The duty to explain to an adult in an accessible form about the dangers of refusing vaccinations falls on the doctor. If the parents still refuse to vaccinate, they write an official written refusal and one of them signs it with his personal signature. There are official forms approved by the Ministry of Health of Russia for voluntary consent or refusal medical intervention(Order No. 1177н dated 20.12.2012)
In addition to vaccination, informed voluntary consent may be required for diagnostic tests, medical procedures and drug administration.
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National vaccination calendar for 2016-2017
| Whom to vaccinate | Vaccination | Rules and procedure for vaccination |
| Newborn | Vaccination against viral hepatitis B | Vaccination is carried out in strict accordance with the instructions for vaccination of newborns. |
| Child's age 3-7 days | Tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) | BCG vaccine is used to form primary immunity. |
| Baby age 1 month | Boost vaccination against hepatitis B | Held for children at risk |
| Age 2 months | Third vaccination against hepatitis B | Done for at-risk children |
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|
First vaccination against pneumococcal infection | Children at risk |
| 3 months | First vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis and tetanus | According to the indications, the DTP or ADS vaccine is used |
| Age 3 to 6 months | First vaccination against haemophilus influenzae | Vaccination is carried out for children at risk |
| Child's age 4.5 months | Second DPT vaccination | For children who received their first vaccination at 3 months |
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Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection | In accordance with the rules of vaccination |
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First vaccination against polio | Used by inactivated vaccine |
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Second vaccination against haemophilus influenzae | For children who received their first vaccination at 3 months (for children at risk) |
| Age 6 months | Third DTP vaccination | Held for children who received the first two vaccinations at 3 and 4.5 months |
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Third Haemophilus influenza vaccination | For children at risk who received the first two vaccinations at 3 and 4.5 months |
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Third vaccination against polio | |
| Child's age 1 year | First vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella | According to the vaccination schedule |
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Fourth Hepatitis B Vaccination | According to the vaccination schedule for children at risk |
| 15 months | Revaccination against pneumococcal infection | According to the vaccination schedule |
| Child's age 18 months | First revaccination against whooping cough, diphtheria and tetanus | According to the vaccination schedule |
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According to the vaccination schedule | |
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Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae | According to the vaccination schedule |
| Baby age 20 months | Second revaccination against poliomyelitis | According to the vaccination schedule. Live vaccine used |
| Age 6 years | Revaccination against measles, rubella and mumps | Performed according to the vaccination schedule |
| Child's age 6-7 years | Repeated booster vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria | |
| Age 7 years | Revaccination against tuberculosis | The BCG vaccine is administered if the Mantoux reaction shows negative result |
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The third revaccination against polio | According to the vaccination schedule. A live vaccine is used. |
| 14 years old | Third booster vaccination against diphtheria and tetanus | Anatoxin with a reduced amount of antigens is used for vaccination |
| Adults from 18 years old | Revaccination against tetanus and diphtheria | It is carried out every 10 years since the last revaccination |
| All categories of the population under 55 | Hepatitis B vaccination | |
| Children from 1 to 18 years old, women up to 25 years old | Rubella vaccination | For those who have not received the vaccination and do not have information about vaccinations against this infection |
| All categories of the population up to 35 years old | Measles vaccination | According to an individual scheme. For those who did not receive vaccinations on the national schedule |
| For all age groups | Flu vaccination | Children from 6 months; students in grades 1-11; representatives of certain professions; pregnant women; pensioners over 60; conscripts; patients with chronic somatic diseases. |
Vaccination and revaccination concept
Vaccination can be either single or multiple. Doctors are vaccinated as many times as necessary to form a stable immunity to infection.
Revaccination- repeated vaccination, it is done after a certain period of time after the previous vaccination. Its purpose is to support the immunity already developed in the body.
Risk groups: who are they
The risk groups for viral hepatitis B include:
- children whose mothers have had hepatitis B during pregnancy;
- whose parents use drugs;
- if the family has a carrier of the hepatitis B virus or is sick with this disease.
Poliomyelitis and Haemophilus influenza risk groups
- children with immunodeficiency or HIV infection;
- with malignant diseases of the blood and hematopoietic organs;
- if HIV infection is detected in the mother;
- all toddlers in baby homes.
Vaccinations are not given to children with acute forms diseases (including colds), and within 2-4 weeks after recovery. Before vaccination, you need to pass tests and make sure that there are no abnormalities.
Summary
Changes are made to the national vaccination calendar every year, new diseases and vaccines are added, and the timing of vaccinations is changed. These changes are due to the results of the latest scientific developments, research and improvement of the composition of vaccines.
Adults have the right to decide for themselves whether they should vaccinate their child or not. This issue is especially acute for parents whose children are weakened or were born ahead of time have chronic somatic diseases. But do not be afraid: the pediatrician is obliged to draw up a vaccination schedule individually or to give a medical withdrawal from vaccinations for your child.
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