Greater horn of the hyoid bone in Latin. Great palatine canal

- (canalis palatinus major, PNA; canalis pterygopalatinus, BNA, JNA; syn. pterygopalatine canal) canal connecting the pterygopalatine fossa with oral cavity, formed by the connection of the palatine grooves of the upper jaw and the palatine bone, opens with a large palatine ... ... Big Medical Dictionary

pterygopalatine canal- (canalis pterygopalatinus, BNA, JNA) see Palatal canal large ... Big Medical Dictionary

Arteries of the neck and head. External carotid artery- External carotid artery, a. carotis externa, heading up, goes somewhat ahead and medially to the internal carotid artery, and then outward from it. First, the external carotid artery is located superficially, being covered by the subcutaneous muscle ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

palatine bone- Palatine bone, os palatinum, paired bone. It is a curved plate lying in the posterior part of the nasal cavity, making up part of the bottom of this cavity, the bony palate, palatum osseum, and the side wall. It distinguishes between horizontal and ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

skull base external- (basis cranii externa) the surface of the base of the skull, facing down. Section of the yaetea into front, middle and back. The anterior part of the base is represented by the bony palate, which is formed by two palatine processes of the upper jaws and two ... ... Glossary of terms and concepts on human anatomy

palatine sulcus large- (sulcus palatinus major, PNA; sulcus pterygopalatinus, BNA, JNA; syn. pterygopalatine sulcus) a groove on the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone and the nasal surface of the body of the upper jaw, forming a large palatine canal, in which passes ... ... Big Medical Dictionary

The palatine sulcus is large- (sulcus palatinus major, PNA; sulcus pterygopalatinus, BNA, JNA; syn. wing palatine sulcus) a groove on the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone and the nasal surface of the body of the upper jaw, forming a large palatine canal, in which passes ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

Pterygopalatine canal- (canalis pterygopalatinus, BNA, JNA) see Large palatal canal (Large palatal canal) ... Medical Encyclopedia

Head bones (skull) - … Atlas of human anatomy

Bones of the facial skull- The upper jaw (maxilla) (Fig. 59A, 59B) is steam room, participates in the formation of the orbit, oral and nasal cavities, infratemporal and pterygopalatine fossae. Combining both upper jaws together with the nasal bones limit the opening leading to the nasal cavity and ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

HUMAN ANATOMY- a science that studies the structure of the body, individual organs, tissues and their relationships in the body. All living things are characterized by four features: growth, metabolism, irritability and the ability to reproduce themselves. The combination of these signs ... ... Collier Encyclopedia

Departments of the spine

Figure number 7. Departments of the spine

Let's continue our tour of entertaining anatomy spine. So, the spinal column is part of the axial skeleton. This structure, unique in its supporting and shock-absorbing functions, not only connects the skull, ribs, pelvic girdle, but is also a container for spinal cord. The human spine consists of 32-34 vertebrae. Why are such approximate figures given? Because, as you remember, we are talking about the anatomy of an “average” person. But in fact, in the spine, as in any other living structure, there may be small quantitative (and qualitative) deviations, that is, individual characteristics buildings.

In this main part of the human axial skeleton, the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions are distinguished. Let us consider in more detail these departments and the most typical number of their vertebrae.

The cervical region is the most mobile. It contains 7 vertebrae. Latin name vertebrae cervicales- cervical vertebrae ( vertebra- vertebra; cervix- neck). AT medical documents the vertebrae of this department are marked with the Latin letter "C" - an abbreviation for the word cervicales, and the index assigned to the letter, for example C1, C2, C3, etc., means the number of the vertebra - the first cervical vertebra (C1), the second cervical vertebra (C2), etc.

These vertebrae have less load compared to the underlying departments spinal column, so they look more "miniature". special attention deserve the first two cervical vertebrae, which are significantly different from the others (they are also called atypical vertebrae). Although they are small in size, they are the most responsible workers who are responsible for the movable articulation with the skull. Almost like people who are close to the very top of the authorities and are responsible for ... Well, let's not talk about it.

Therefore, I and II cervical vertebrae have not only special form, differing in its structure from other vertebrae, but also personal names: atlas and epistrophy.

On magnetic resonance imaging (MPT) No. 1 - cervical region spine, in relatively normal condition.

The cervical spine should have a normally expressed physiological lordosis, there should be no hypolordosis or hyperlordosis, as well as kyphotic deformities.

Spinal cord width: sagittal > 6-7 mm

1. Sagittal size of the spinal canal at the level of:
C1 ≥ 21 mm
C2 ≥ 20 mm
C3 ≥ 17 mm
C4-C5=14mm

2. Height of intervertebral spaces:
C2< С3 < С4 < С5 < С6 ≥ С7

3. Width of the spinal canal: transverse diameter at the level of the legs: > 20-21 mm

Figure No. 8. The first cervical vertebra is the atlas (atlas). View from above

1 - vertebral foramen;
2 - posterior tubercle;
3 - rear arc;
4 - groove of the vertebral artery;
5 - opening of the transverse process;
6 - superior articular fossa;
7 - transverse process;
8 - lateral mass;
9 - tooth fossa;
10 - anterior tubercle;
11 - front arc.

Everyone probably heard the name Atlas in childhood from a cycle of ancient legends about the gods of Olympus. True, the legends about the latter remind me more of what the Roman poet Horace once said: "Decipimur specie recti", which means "We are deceived by the appearance of what is right." So, according to ancient Greek mythology, there was such a titan Atlant (brother of Prometheus), who, as punishment for participating in the struggle of the titans against the Olympic gods, held the heavenly vault on his shoulders by order of Zeus. In honor of Atlanta (gr. atlas) and the first cervical vertebra was named. It is curious that this vertebra is devoid of spinous and articular processes, does not even have a body and clippings. It consists of two arches, interconnected by lateral bone thickenings. Everything is as it happens with people in the vertical of power, they say, among the blind and crooked - the king. With its superior articular fossae, the atlas is attached to the condyles (bone protrusions that make up the articulation) of the occipital bone. The latter, so to speak, limit the degree of freedom (mobility) of the atlas, so that this vertebra knows its place and does not go beyond what is permitted.

Figure No. 9. The second cervical vertebra is an epistrophy (axial - axis). Back and top view

1 - tooth of the axial vertebra;
2 - posterior articular surface;
3 - upper articular surface;
4 - vertebral body;
5 - transverse process;
6 - opening of the transverse process;
7 - lower articular process;
8 - spinous process;
9 - arch of the vertebra

The second cervical vertebra is the epistrophy. So he was named by Andreas Vesalius, a doctor, the founder of scientific anatomy, who lived in the Renaissance. Greek word epistrepho means "to turn around". The Latin name for the second cervical vertebra is axis(axis), that is, axial. This vertebra is no less important than the atlas, if we talk with humor, then this is still that “dodgy goose”. It has a bone outgrowth - a tooth-like process (called the odontoid process), around which the atlas rotates along with the skull that articulates with it. If we draw parallels with human life, then the second cervical vertebra is similar to those people who stay in power due to compromising information on their superiors. It is not for nothing that people say, "this man sharpens his teeth at the authorities." Here he is, epistropheus, small, inconspicuous, but holding his whole head. However, no matter how these vertebrae are called, both of them constitute a unique mechanism, thanks to which a person can make various head movements, make the same turns, tilts, including beating with his forehead when he submits his petition to the authorities.

Figure #10. Typical cervical vertebra (C3-C7).
View from above
1 - vertebral foramen;
2 - arch of the vertebra;
3 - spinous process;
4 - upper articular process;
5 - lower articular process;
6 - transverse process;
7 - posterior tubercle of the transverse process;
8 - anterior tubercle;
9 - vertebral body;
10 - transverse hole

In general, the cervical region is a “special department” of vertebral employees, who are also responsible for the safety of the head. Due to its unique design and operation, the cervical region provides an opportunity for the head to follow, control (visually, of course) a fairly large part of the spatial horizon with the least mobility of the "working" organism as a whole. In addition, the transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae have special openings that are absent in other vertebrae. Together, these holes, in the natural position of the cervical vertebrae, form a bone canal through which the vertebral artery passes, supplying the brain with blood.

Photo No. 1. Model of the human cervical spine, which clearly shows how the vertebral artery passes through the holes in the transverse processes, thus forming a bone canal for the vertebral artery.

There are in the cervical spine and their "operators" - the articular processes that take part in the formation of the facet joints. And since the articular surfaces on these processes are located closer to the horizontal plane, in aggregate this significantly expands the capabilities of the cervical spine, provides more efficient head mobility, and allows achieving a greater twisting angle. However, the latter just became a vulnerable spot for the cervical region, given the low strength of the cervical vertebrae, their weight and degree of mobility. As they say, even the “special department” has its own “Achilles heel”.

You can find out exactly where the limits of your “special department” end, by the seventh cervical vertebra. The fact is that the length of the spinous processes (by the way, their ends are bifurcated, except for VII) increases from II to VII vertebra. The spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra is the longest and also thickened at the end. It is a very noticeable anatomical landmark: when the head is tilted, the tip of the most protruding spinous process is clearly felt on the back of the neck. By the way, this vertebra is called in Latin vertebra prominens- protruding vertebra. This is the same legendary "seven", thanks to which you can count your vertebrae with diagnostic accuracy.

The thoracic spine consists of 12 vertebrae. Latin name vertebrae thoracicae- thoracic vertebrae. latin word thorax- chest - derived from the Greek word thoraks- breast. In medical documents, the thoracic vertebrae are referred to as "Th" or "T". The height of the bodies of these vertebrae gradually increases from I to XII vertebrae. The spinous processes overlap each other in a tiled manner, covering the arches of the underlying vertebrae.

On MRI No. 2 - thoracic region in the "normal" state.

The thoracic region should have a normal degree of kyphosis (the angle of kyphosis according to Stagnara is formed by a line parallel to the T3 and T11 endplates = 25°).

The vertebral canal at the thoracic level has round shape, which makes the epidural space narrow almost along the entire circumference of the dural sac (0.2-0.4 cm), and in the area between T6 and T9 it is narrowest.

Sagittal size: T1-T11 = 13-14 mm, T12 = 15mm.
Transverse diameter: > 20-21 mm.
The height of the intervertebral discs: the smallest at the level of T1, at the level of T6-T11 approximately 4-5 mm, the largest at the level of T11-T12.

Figure No. 11. Thoracic vertebra. View from above
1 - arch of the vertebra;
2 - spinous process;
3 - transverse process;
4 - costal fossa of the transverse process;
5 - vertebral foramen;
6 - upper articular process;
7 - upper costal fossa;
8 - vertebral body

Also hallmark for most thoracic vertebrae is the presence on the lateral surfaces of the bodies of the upper and lower costal fossae for articulation with the heads of the ribs, as well as the presence of a costal fossa on the transverse processes for connection with the tubercle of the rib. Due to the specifics of its design, the small height of the intervertebral discs, this department is certainly not as mobile as the cervical region. However, it is intended for other purposes. The vertebrae of the thoracic region, together with the thoracic ribs, the sternum, form the bone base of the upper body - the chest, which is a support for the shoulder girdle, a receptacle for vital organs. It allows the use of intercostal muscles during respiratory movements. The connection of the thoracic vertebrae with the ribs gives this section of the spine greater rigidity due to the rib cage chest. So these vertebrae can be figuratively compared with people who work harmoniously and efficiently in one large team, clearly fulfilling their functions and duties.

On MRI No. 3 - lumbar spine. (In this “control” image, residual effects of the degenerative-dystrophic process in the L5-S1 segment are observed after the removal of a sequestered hernia of the intervertebral disc by vertebrorevitology.)

In the lumbar region, the shape of the spinal canal, created by the body and vertebral arches, is variable, but more often it is pentagonal. Normally, the spinal canal in the lumbosacral region is narrowed in the anteroposterior diameter at the level of the L3 and L4 vertebrae. Its diameter increases caudally, and the cross section of the canal acquires a shape close to triangular at the level of L5-S1. In women, the channel tends to expand in the lower part of the sacral region. The sagittal diameter decreases significantly from L1 to L3, is almost unchanged from L3 to L4, and increases from L4 to L5.

Normally, the anteroposterior diameter of the spinal canal is on average 21 mm (15-25 mm).

There is a simple and convenient formula for determining the width of the spinal canal:

normal sagittal size of at least 15 mm;
11-15 mm - relative stenosis;
less than 10 mm - absolute stenosis. A decrease in this ratio indicates a narrowing of the channel.

The height of the lumbar intervertebral discs is 8-12 mm, increases from L1 to L4-L5, usually decreases at the level of L4-S1.

The lumbar spine consists of the 5 largest vertebrae, which have massive, bean-shaped vertebral bodies and strong processes. The height and width of the vertebral bodies gradually increase from the first to the fifth vertebra. Latin name vertebrae lumbales- lumbar vertebrae, lat. lumbalis- waist. Accordingly, they are designated: the first lumbar vertebra - L1, the second lumbar vertebra - L2 and so on. The mobile lumbar spine connects the inactive thoracic region with the motionless sacrum. These are the real "hard workers", who not only experience significant pressure from the upper body, but also undergo serious additional stress throughout life, which was partially mentioned in the previous chapter.

Figure No. 12. Lumbar vertebra. View from above
1 - vertebral foramen;
2 - spinous process;
3 - arch of the vertebra;
4 - lower articular process;
5 - upper articular process;
6 - mastoid process;
7 - transverse process;
8 - pedicle of the vertebral arch;
9 - vertebral body.

Lumbar vertebrae can only be figuratively compared with hard-working peasants. In the old days in Russia (in the 15th century) there were such men who worked from dawn to dusk, and even drew a full tax. Tax in the old days meant a different tax, or rather state taxes, as well as the performance of state service. The state taxed the hard worker-peasant from all sides. In addition, he had to pull this tax not only for himself, but also for his family, at the rate of two souls per tax. Just a real lumbar vertebra with its loads. So after all, even according to the old laws, this peasant remained taxable from marriage until the age of 60 - “as long as a peasant, according to his years and health, was considered taxable.” And then he either switched to "semi-tax", or "a quarter of the tax", or even shifted. Directly common truth regarding the lumbar vertebrae and the spine as a whole in a negligent owner! While the spine is young, full of health and working tirelessly, the owner exploits it mercilessly. And as degenerative-dystrophic processes began in the spine, osteochondrosis began to develop, and so it starts to work at half strength, and then you look at a quarter of strength. Then it wears out completely. And the most interesting thing is that it is the lumbar region that wears out most often. Such is the life of the spine of the owner, who wastefully and carelessly spent his health: as they used to say in the old days, "and you had to get married at eighteen to sit down on the tax."

Drawing No. 13. The sacrum and tailbone. Front view.

Sacrum:
1 - the base of the sacrum;
2 - upper articular process;
3 - lateral part;
4 - anterior sacral openings;
5 - transverse lines;
6 - the top of the sacrum;
7 - sacral vertebrae.

Coccyx:
8 - coccygeal vertebrae;
9 - lateral outgrowths (rudiments of transverse processes);
10 - coccygeal horns (rudiments of the upper articular processes).

The sacral spine also consists of 5 vertebrae fused into one bone. Anatomical name in Latin: os sacrum- sacrum bone vertebrae sacrales- sacral vertebrae, which are designated respectively S1, S2, etc. It is curious that the word sacrum used in Latin to signify a secret (Pizdёzh. The word "sacer" means "sacred". It is used because this particular bone was used in sacrifices. And it was used because it is difficult to gnaw because of its structure. All other bones were safely cleaned by the priests http://www. etymonline.com/index.php?term=sacrum - H.B.) . This bone deserves such a name, given its structure, functions and the heavy loads that it withstands due to the vertical position of the body. It is interesting that in children and adolescents, the sacral vertebrae are located separately, only by the age of 17-25 they are tightly fused together with the formation of a kind of monolith - a large triangular structure. This wedge-shaped structure, with the base facing up and the apex facing down, is called the sacrum. The base of the sacrum (SI) has superior articular processes that articulate with the inferior articular processes of the fifth lumbar vertebra (LV). Also, the base has a protrusion directed forward - a cape. From the apex side, the sacrum connects to the first coccygeal vertebra (CO1).

In general, it should be noted that the relief of the sacrum is very interesting and in many ways mysterious. Its anterior surface is concave, has transverse lines (places of fusion of the vertebral bodies), four pairs of pelvic sacral foramens through which the spinal nerves exit. The back surface is convex. It has, respectively, four pairs of dorsal sacral foramina, five longitudinal ridges formed by fusion of the spinous, articular, transverse processes of the sacral vertebrae. On the lateral parts of the sacrum there are so-called articular ear-shaped surfaces designed for articulation with the pelvic bones. Behind these articular surfaces is the sacral tuberosity, to which the ligaments are attached.

Inside the sacrum passes the sacral canal, which is a continuation of the spinal canal. In the lower part, it ends with the sacral fissure, on each side of which there is a sacral horn (a rudiment of the articular process). The sacral canal contains the terminal thread of the spinal cord, the roots of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves, that is, nerve trunks that are very important for the body, which provide innervation to the organs of the small pelvis and lower extremities. In men, the sacrum is longer, narrower and steeply curved towards the pelvic cavity. But in women, the sacrum is flat, short and wide. Such anatomical structure the female sacrum helps the formation of a smooth inner surface female pelvis, necessary for the safe passage of the fetus during childbirth.

With its characteristics, structural features, functions, the sacrum in a figurative comparison resembles an ancient institution human society: a set of close people, united through the sacrament into a monolithic, strong family- a cell of society, a pillar of statehood. In general, people close to each other who perform not only reproductive function and are connected by a common life, but also united by a single responsibility, mutual assistance, coherence in life together and relationships.

The last, smallest section of the spine is the coccyx. If you treat this issue with humor, then you can figuratively say this about it: in the family, as they say, ... not without a rudiment. The coccyx is a real rudiment (from the Latin rudimentum- germ, fundamental principle) of the tail skeleton of animals. The anatomical name of the coccyx in Latin sounds like os coccygis- coccyx bone, vertebrae coccygeae- coccygeal vertebrae. In Latin coccyx interpreted as the word "cuckoo" (this designation came from the ancient Greek language), and in principle the bone was named that way, due to its resemblance to the cuckoo's beak.

Drawing No. 14. The sacrum and coccyx. Back view.

Sacrum:
1 - upper articular process;
2 - sacral canal (upper opening);
3- sacral tuberosity;
4 - ear-shaped surface;
5 - lateral sacral crest;
6 - medial sacral crest;
7 - median sacral crest;
8 - dorsal (rear) sacral openings;
9 - sacral horn;
10 - sacral fissure (lower opening of the sacral canal).

Coccyx:
11 - coccygeal vertebrae;
12 - lateral outgrowths;
13 - coccygeal horns.

The coccyx consists of 3-5 rudimentary vertebrae fused into one bone. They are designated as CO1, O2 and so on. It is curious that on early stages development human embryo has a caudal process, which sometimes persists after birth. However, for medicine this is not a problem: the tail can be easily removed without consequences for the body. In an adult, the coccyx is a single, inactive structure, which is similar in shape to a pyramid, directed upwards with its base, and downward and forward with its apex. Unusual view has the first coccygeal vertebra. Its small body articulates with the sacrum and has lateral outgrowths (rudiments of the transverse processes). And on the back surface of the body there are coccygeal horns (rudiments of the upper articular processes), which are directed upwards to the horns of the sacrum and are connected to them through ligaments. The remaining coccygeal vertebrae are small, have a rounded shape. There are many nerve endings in the surrounding tissues of the coccyx. The muscles and fascia of the perineum are attached to the coccyx. In women, the coccyx is more mobile; during childbirth, the dorsal deviation of the coccyx ensures the expansion of the birth canal. So this rudiment is not so useless as it seems at first glance.

Thus, we briefly examined the sections of the spinal column - this amazing design, which is optimally adapted for the vertical position of the body, works clearly and smoothly. But this is, so to speak, an overview as a whole. Now I would like to draw your attention to curious details from the same field of osteology (the study of bones), regarding important elements musculoskeletal system. The human spine is a segmental organ (the word "segment" comes from the Latin word segmentum- "line segment"). It consists of individual vertebrae, intervertebral discs located between them, as well as ligaments, joints.

- (foramen ischiadicum minus, PNA, BNA, JNA) a paired hole in the posterior lower part of the pelvic wall, formed by the lesser sciatic notch and the sacrotuberous ligament; through S. o. m. pudendal nerve, internal pudendal artery and vein re-enter ... ... Big Medical Dictionary

Joints of the bones of the girdle of the lower limb- Connection of left and right pelvic bones pubic fusion (simphisis ossium pubis) (Fig. 44) is formed by symphysial surfaces pubic bones, connected by an interpubic disk (discus intarpubicus) (Fig. 44). The connection is strengthened by ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

Inner group- Iliopsoas muscle (m. iliopsoas) (Fig. 90, 109, 129, 130) flexes the thigh in hip joint by rotating it outwards. In a fixed position, the hip flexes the lumbar and pelvis, tilting the torso forward. The muscle is formed in ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

BUTTOCKS- (synonymous ischial), regio glutaea (synonymous with nates, dunes). Region boundaries: top scallop ilium(crista ossis ilii), lower gluteal fold (plica natium), medial sacrum and coccyx, lateral line extending from the anterior ... ...

HERNIAS- HERNIAS. Contents: Etiology .................237 Prevention ..................239 Diagnosis ..... ..............240 Different kinds D..................241 Inguinal G..................241 Femoral G....... ...........246 Umbilical G … Big Medical Encyclopedia

TAZ- TAZ. Contents: I. Anatomy of the pelvis .................. 267 II. Pathology of the pelvis .................... 278 III. female pelvis................... 293 IV. Clinic narrow pelvis............... 306 I. Anatomy of the pelvis. Pelvis (pelvis), part of the skeleton that forms the so-called ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

HUMAN NERVES- HUMAN NERVES. [Anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nerve, see Art. Nerves in Volume XX; ibid. (Art. 667 782) drawings of human nerves]. Below is a table of nerves illuminating in a systematic order highlights anatomy and physiology of each ... ... Big Medical Encyclopedia

Hernia- (hernia) protrusion of an organ or part of it through holes in anatomical formations under the skin, into intermuscular spaces or into internal pockets and cavities. Amniotic hernia (h. amniotica), see Embryonic hernia. Femoral hernia (h.… … Medical Encyclopedia

Lumbosacral plexus- I Lumbosacral plexus (plexus lumbosacralis) plexus of the anterior branches of the lumbar and sacral spinal nerves. The lumbar plexus (plexus lumbalis) is formed by the anterior branches of the three upper lumbar, partially XII thoracic ... ... Medical Encyclopedia

internal iliac artery- Internal iliac artery, a. iliaca interna, departs from the common iliac artery and goes down into the cavity of the small pelvis, located along the line of the sacroiliac joint. At the level top edge greater sciatic foramen ... ... Atlas of human anatomy

HERNIA- honey. A hernia is a protrusion of an organ or part of it through holes in anatomical formations under the skin, into intermuscular spaces, or into internal pockets and cavities. Components of hernias Hernial orifice natural or pathological (formed in ... Disease Handbook