How many elementary particles are there in the universe?
Trick riddles - riddles with the usual question and a non-standard answer. At first glance, the answer may seem strange and incorrect, but if you read the riddle more carefully and think about the answer, it will turn out to be quite logical. Trick riddles are usually not without a sense of humor. They not only develop quick wits and out-of-the-box thinking, but they are also fun. Tell trick riddles to your friends and family, and have fun and rewarding time.
On the Soccer game the same person always came. Before the start of the game, he guessed the score. How did he do it?
Answer: Before the start of the game, the score is always 0: 0
77961
More than an hour, less than a minute.
Answer: Second (hand of some watch models)
Tag. Anna
46799
What language is spoken in silence?
Answer: Sign language
133311
Why is the stop valve red on trains and blue on airplanes?
Answer: Many will say, "I don't know." Experienced people will answer: "There is no stop-cock on airplanes." In fact, the plane has a stop valve in the cockpit.
Makarova Valentina, Moscow
31368
The boy paid 11 rubles for a bottle with a cork. A bottle costs 10 rubles more than a cork. How much does a cork cost?
Answer: 50 kopecks
Orlov Maxim, Moscow
39853
One french writer I really disliked the Eiffel Tower, but I always dined there (on the first level of the tower). How did he explain this?
Answer: This is the only place in the whole huge Paris, from where it is not visible
Borovitsky Vyacheslav, Kaliningrad
37358
In which city did they hide man's name and the side of the world?
Answer: Vladivostok
Mezhuleva Julia
43076
Seven sisters are at the dacha, where each is busy with some business. The first sister is reading a book, the second is preparing food, the third is playing chess, the fourth is solving Sudoku, the fifth is doing the laundry, the sixth is caring for the plants. And what does the seventh sister do?
Answer: Plays chess
Alexey Gobozov, Sochi
43141
What do they often walk on, but rarely ride?
Answer: Up the stairs
171804
It goes uphill, then downhill, but remains in place.
Answer: Road
133897
Which word has 5 "e" and no other vowels?
Answer: Migrant
Radaev Evgeniy, Petrozavodsk
39488
Two people come up to the river. Off the shore is a boat that can only hold one. Both men crossed over to the opposite bank. How?
Answer: They were on opposite shores
25 25, Vladivostok
29795
Vasily, Peter, Semyon and their wives Natalya, Irina, Anna have been together for 151 years. Each husband is 5 years older than his wife. Vasily is 1 year older than Irina. Natalya and Vasily are together for 48 years, Semyon and Natalya are together for 52 years. Who is married to whom, and how old is whom? (Age must be expressed in whole numbers).
Answer: Vasily (26) - Anna (21); Peter (27) - Natalia (22); Semyon (30) - Irina (25).
Chelyadinskaya Victoria, Minsk
18262
Jackdaws flew, sat on sticks. They sit down one at a time - an extra jackdaw, if they sit down two at a time - an extra stick. How many sticks were there and how many jackdaws were there?
Answer: Three sticks and four jackdaws
Baranovsky Sergey, Polotsk
24848
Where is it found that a horse jumps over a horse?
Answer: In chess
)))))))) Renesmee, L.A
34770
Which table has no legs?
Answer: Diet
Boyko Sasha, Wolf
29378
Do not write anything or use a calculator. Take 1000. Add 40. Add another thousand. Add 30. Another 1000. Plus 20. Plus 1000. And plus 10. What happened?
Answer: 5000? Wrong. The correct answer is 4100. Try using a calculator.
Ivanova Daria, Daria
32632
How can a person stay awake for 8 days?
Answer: Sleep at night
Sone4ka0071, Sosnogorsk
33115
What animal do people walk on and cars drive by?
Answer: zebra
kostryukova tanya, saransk
25786
In what word is “no” used 100 times?
Answer: Moans
muslimova sabina, dagestan (derbent)
30731
What is an elephant without a nose?
Answer: Chess
prokopyeva xenia, moscow
26665
Mr Mark was found murdered in his office. The cause was a bullet wound to the head. Detective Robin, examining the scene of the murder, found a cassette recorder on the table. And when he turned it on, he heard the voice of Mr. Mark. He said, “This is Mark. Jones just called me and said that in ten minutes he would be here to shoot me. It's useless to run. I know this tape will help the police arrest Jones. I can hear his footsteps on the stairs. Here the door opens ... ". The detective's assistant offered to arrest Jones on suspicion of murder. But the detective did not follow the advice of his assistant. As it turned out, he was right. The killer was not Jones, as the tape said. Question: why did the detective have suspicions?
Answer: The cassette tape in the recorder was revised at the beginning. Moreover, Jones would have taken the cassette.
Katarina, Moscow
10727
Sherlock Holmes was walking down the street, and suddenly he saw a dead woman lying on the ground. He walked over, opened her bag and took out her phone. Tel. in the book, he found her husband's number. He called. Is talking:
- Come here urgently. Your wife is dead. And after a while my husband arrives. He looks at his wife and says:
- Oh, honey, what happened to you ???
And then the police come. Sherlock points a finger at the woman's husband and says:
- Arrest this person. It was he who killed her. Question: Why did Sherlock think so?
Answer: Because Sherlock didn't tell her husband the address
Tusupova Aruzhan
18786
Two fifth-graders Petya and Alyonka walk from school and talk.
“When the day after tomorrow becomes yesterday,” said one of them, “today will be as far from Sunday as the day that was today, when the day before yesterday was tomorrow. What day of the week did they talk?
Answer: Sunday
Piggy, Ololoshkino
13878
There is a rich house and a poor one. They are burning. Which house will the police put out?
Answer: Police do not extinguish fires, firefighters extinguish fires
77709
Which path has no one ever walked or traveled?
Answer: Milky Way
Tikhonova Inessa, Aktyubinsk
22860
How many years of the year?
Answer: one (summer)
MAXIM, Penza
27976
What cork can not be used to plug any bottle?
Answer: Road
volchenkova nastya, moscow
23312
In what word "hid" the drink and the natural phenomenon?
Answer: Grapes
anufrienko dasha, khabarovsk
22777
What sign should be placed between 6 and 7 for the result to be less than 7 and greater than 6?
Answer: Comma
Mironova Violetta, Saratov
20188
Without which nothing ever happens?
Answer: Untitled
Anyutka, Omsk
23584
Union, number then preposition -
That's the whole charade.
And so that you could find the answer,
It is necessary to remember about the rivers.
Answer: and-sto-k
Nazgulichka, Ufa
16298
What is the strongest muscle in the human body?
Answer: The popular opinion is language. In fact - the gastrocnemius and chewing muscles.
Anonymous
17883
You can tie it, but you cannot untie it.
Answer: Conversation
Dasha, Chelyabinsk
21826
To what mere mortal does the president even take off his hat?
Answer: Hairdresser
Nastya Slesarchuk, Moscow
20568
How to put 2 liters of milk in a liter jar?
Answer: Turn it into curd
Anonymous
17944
Once upon a time there lived one orphan girl, she had only two kittens, two puppies, three parrots, a turtle and a hamster with a hamster, which was supposed to give birth to 7 hamsters. The girl went for food. She walks in a forest, a field, a forest, a field, a field, a forest, a forest, a field. She came to the store, but there was no food there. Goes further, forest, forest, field, field, forest, field, forest, field, forest, field, field, forest. And the girl fell into the hole. If she comes out, dad will die. If she stays there, my mother will die. You cannot dig a tunnel. What should she do?
Answer: She is an orphan
I am Yulechka, Omsk
14046
They are metallic and liquid. What are we talking about?
Answer: Nails
babicheva alena, moscow
14840
How to write "duck" in 2 cells?
Answer: In the 1st - the letter "y", in the 2nd - a point.
Sigunova 10 years old Valeria, Zheleznogorsk
20414
Name a word in which one letter is a prefix, the second is a root, the third is a suffix, and the fourth is an ending.
Answer: Gone: y (prefix), w (root), l (suffix), a (ending).
Malets Daniel
14409
Guess the riddle: who has the heel behind the nose?
Answer: Shoes
lina, donetsk
17352
There were 20 people on the bus. At the first stop 2 people got off and 3 people got in, at the next - 1 got out and 4 got in, at the next - 5 got out and 2 got in, at the next - 2 got out and 1 got in, at the next - 9 got out and no one got in, at the next - 2 more came out. Question: how many stops were there?
Answer: The answer to the riddle is not so important. This is a puzzle with an unexpected question. While you are telling the riddle, the guessing person begins to count the number of people on the bus in his mind, and at the end of the riddle by asking about the number of stops, you will stump him.
39433
Husband and wife lived. The husband had his own room in the house, which he forbade his wife to enter. The key to the room was in the dresser of the bedroom. So they lived for 10 years. And so the husband went on a business trip, and the wife decided to go into this room. She took the key, opened the room, turned on the light. The wife walked around the room, then she saw a book on the table. She opened it and heard someone open the door. She closed the book, turned off the light and closed the room, put the key in the dresser. It was the husband who came. He took the key, opened the room, did something in it and asked his wife: "Why did you go there?"
How did the husband guess?
Answer: My husband touched the light bulb, it was hot.
SLEPTSOVA VIKUSYA, OMSK
11882
There were husband and wife, brother and sister, and husband and brother-in-law. How many people are there?
Answer: 3 people
Arkharov Mikhail, Orekhovo-Zuevo
14730
Completely this name sounds Danuta. How does it sound abbreviated?
Answer: Dana
Hanukova Danuta, Bryansk
12815
The river that "fits" in the mouth?
Answer: Gum
Bezusova Anastasia, Settlement Overyata
The child's logic should work! Do not prevail over creative activity, but be in harmony and balance with it. Therefore, like Creative skills, the ability to think logically needs to be developed in children.
And those logical riddles with answers that we have collected for you on this page, we hope they will help you with this. Some of these puzzles are very simple, they are for swinging or for very little ones. Others are more difficult. Although, of course, not as difficult as for adult children. But the kids will still not be able to cope with them without your help and without answers. Help them, don't be too serious! 🙂
However, enough talk, to the point!
1) Anya's grandmother has a grandson Seryozha, a cat Fluff, a dog Bobik. How many grandchildren does a grandmother have?
Answer: (One)
2) The thermometer shows plus 15 degrees. How many degrees will two such thermometers show?
Answer: (15)
3) How to correctly say: “I don’t see the white yolk” or “I don’t see the white yolk”?
Answer: (The yolk cannot be white)
4) The truck was driving to the village. On the way, he met 4 cars. How many cars were driving to the village?
Answer: (One)
5) My father's child, not my brother. Who is this?
Answer: (Sister)
6) There are 4 oranges in the vase. Question: how to divide these 4 oranges between the four boys so that each boy gets one orange, and so that 1 orange remains in the vase?
Answer: (Leave the fourth orange in the vase)
7) Twelve brothers
They roam one after another,
Do not bypass each other.
Answer: (Months)
8) The famous magician says that he can put a bottle in the center of the room and crawl into it. Like this?
Answer: (Anyone can crawl into the room)
9) What kind of comb should not be combed?
Answer: (Petushin)
10) My name is Misha. My sister only has one brother. What is the name of my sister's brother?
Answer: (Misha)
11) Can it rain for two days in a row?
Answer: (No, there is night between them)
12) Which month is the shortest?
Answer: (May, since there are only three letters in it)
13) Say a word that contains 40 vowels.
Answer: (Forty, namely forty "A")
14) There are 8 benches in the park. Three painted. How many benches are there in the park?
Answer: (Eight remained so)
15) There are 25 coconuts in a box. The monkey stole all the nuts except 17. How many nuts are left in the box?
Answer: (17 nuts left)
16) Which hand is better for stirring tea?
Answer: (It is best to stir the tea with a spoon)
17) Each of the 5 sisters had two brothers. How many brothers were there in total?
Answer: (Two brothers)
18) You are ahead of the skier who was in second position. Where are you now?
Answer: (Having overtaken the skier, you take his place, namely the second)
19) The hostess needs to bake 6 pies. How can she cope in 15 minutes, if only 4 pies are placed in the pan, and the pie must be baked on each side for 5 minutes?
Answer: (first, put 4 pies and fry them for 5 minutes, then turn over 2 pies, and remove 2, then put 2 new pies and fry for another 5 minutes. After that, remove 2 ready-made pies, fry all the rest)
20) Where did Moses end up when the candle went out?
Answer: (In the dark)
21) The magician has 2 bags: one contains cards, and the other contains balls. Each of the bags is signed: one with cards is true, the other with balls is knowingly false. On 1 it says: "There are no balls in this bag"; on 2 - "Balls and cards are here". What bag is the card in?
Answer: (cards in the first bag)
22) What can't you pick up by the tail from the floor?
Answer: (Ball of thread)
23) The 12-storey building has an elevator. Only 2 people live on the first floor, from floor to floor the number of residents doubles. What's the most pressing button in the elevator in this house?
Answer: (button on the first floor)
24) The loaf was cut into three pieces. How many incisions were made?
Answer: (Two cuts)
25) Who walks while sitting?
Answer: (A chess player walks while sitting)
26) A saucepan was placed on the edge of the table, tightly closed with a lid, so that two-thirds of the pan hung from the table. After a while, the pan fell. What was in it?
Answer: (There was ice in the pan)
27) The more you take from it, the more it becomes ... What is this?
Answer: (This is a pit)
28) Which wheel does not spin when turning right?
Answer: (Spare wheel)
29) There was a husband and wife, a brother with a sister, and a brother-in-law with a son-in-law. How many are all?
Answer: (Three)
30) What does half an orange look like the most?
Answer: (For the second half of an orange)
31) What can you cook but not eat?
Answer:( Lessons)
32) Two boys played checkers for 2 hours. How long did each of the boys play?
Answer: (Two hours)
33) What are all people on earth doing at the same time?
Answer:( Get older)
34) How can a thrown egg fly four meters and not break?
Answer:( You need to throw an egg more than four meters, then the first four meters it will fly whole)
35)
What can travel the world while staying in the same corner?
Answer:( Postage Stamp)
36)
There is a known story about little boy which, having received new year gift, asked my mother: “Please take off the lid. I want to stroke a present. " What is this gift?
Answer: (This gift turned out to be turtle)
37)
What kind of dishes do they not eat from?
Answer: (From empty.)
38) If it rains at 12 o'clock in the morning, can we expect that in 72 hours there will be sunny weather?
Answer: (No, in 72 hours it will be midnight again)
39) Which elephant has no trunk?
Answer: (The chess bishop does not have a trunk)
40) What are we eating for?
Answer: (We eat at the table)
41) Four birches grew, On each birch - four large branches, On each large branch - Four small branches, On each small branch - Four apples. How many apples are there?
Answer: (None, since apples cannot grow on birches.)
42) Grandma was walking to Moscow, three old men met her, the old men had a sack each,
and in each bag - a cat. How much went to Moscow?
Answer: (Only the grandmother went to Moscow, but the old people went the other way.)
43) When black cat the easiest way to get into the house?
Answer: (The easiest way for a cat to get into the house is when the door is open.)
44) What question cannot be answered "yes"?
Answer: (Yes, you cannot answer the question "Are you sleeping?")
45) A flock of ducks was flying: two in front, two behind, one in the middle and three in a row. How many are there in total?
Answer: (Three ducks flew)
46) A flock of birds flew, sat down by two on a tree - one tree remained; sat down one by one - one was not enough. How many birds and how many trees?
Answer: (Three trees and four birds)
47) What road do they drive for six months and walk for six months?
Answer: (By the river)
48) What is always increasing and never decreasing?
Answer: (Person's age)
49) How to make four of three sticks without breaking them?
Answer: (Add the number 4. from them.)
50) The grandmother was carrying a hundred eggs to the market, and the bottom fell. How many eggs are left in the basket?
Answer: (Not a single one was left: after all, the bottom fell)
51) They knock, knock - they don't tell you to get bored.
They walk, they walk, and everything is right there.
Answer: (Clock)
52) Why do birds fly?
Answer: (Birds fly through the air.)
53) Irina dreamed of a chocolate bar, but 10 rubles were not enough for her to buy. Lesha also dreamed of a chocolate bar, but he lacked only 1 ruble. The children decided to buy at least one chocolate bar for two, but they still lacked 1 ruble. What is the cost of a chocolate bar?
Answer: (The cost of a chocolate bar is 10 rubles. Ira had no money at all)
54) What cannot magnify a magnifying glass in a triangle?
Answer: (A magnifier in a triangle cannot increase the angles)
55) What will happen to the crow when she turns 7 years old?
Answer: (She will go to the eighth year)
56) If you only had one match and entered a room with a kerosene lamp, fireplace, and gas stove, what would you light first?
Answer: (Match)
57) How to correctly say: “I do not see the white yolk” or “I do not see the white yolk”?
Answer: (The yolk cannot be white)
58) How many peas can fit in one glass?
Answer: (Not at all, because peas do not go)
59) Under the roof - four legs,
Over the roof - soup and spoons.
Answer: (Table)
60) What is lighter than 1 kg of cotton wool or 1 kg of iron?
Answer: (They weigh the same)
These are so interesting logic riddles for kids. We hope you like it. but in general, the collection we have - a feast for the eyes! Check it yourself, you won't regret it!
You can enter the main building of the university completely free. There are no watchmen here. In general, everything is open here - go wherever you want. And this despite the fact that the university may well be considered a historical relic: Duke Ludwig IX founded it back in 1472.
In fact, the university is huge, 55 thousand people study here. - Cosmologist Vyacheslav Mukhanov is torn between my questions and the requests of the photographer to take one or another majestic pose.
Do you feel at home here?
Well, to some extent, I will always remain an outsider. If you want to be considered your own, you need to speak without an accent, you need to grow up here in order to learn some generally understandable local context - like simple questions in the program "Who wants to be a millionaire?" - No.
Do you like Munich?
Munich - the city is just suitable size: not too large and not too small. Here good kitchen, prepare simply and tastefully. After all, too sophisticated things become boring. Of course, there are no ideal places: the best coffee in the world is made in Italy, but you cannot find a good croissant there, and the French will never make such coffee - in general, there is no place on Earth where you can get a good croissant with good coffee.
But I travel a lot. It's good to be a professor: once a week I give a lecture, one semester is three months, the second semester is three months, and the rest of the time is free.
But what about thinking about the structure of the UniversesNoah?
In theoretical physics, one rarely comes across good tasks, which, in principle, are resolved. Even an artist finds it easier - he found his own style and draw. And here you are like a gold digger: you found something once, and then nothing has been found for ten years. Well, you can always sprinkle some scientific articles, but this is not interesting.
Where is the edge of the world
We are sitting in an office among the shelves with books on astrophysics, next to a blackboard covered with beautiful incomprehensible formulas. Vyacheslav Mukhanov smokes cigarette after cigarette, now and then jumps up from the table and grabs chalk to draw "quantum fluctuations", "event horizon" and other furious concepts. He has to repeat many things several times - the cosmological puzzle does not form in my head.
In this room can be born at any moment of time new universe... - Mukhanov looks around the room, as if checking how many new Universes were born while we were talking. - If the expansion is picked up by dark energy, then the small universe, which was formed as a result of quantum fluctuations, can become absolutely huge. We just don't see it, because the door that connects us with it has colossal small scales.
Stay! not so fast! You are one of the creators modern painting Universe, that is, you know about it almost more than anyone else. So I want you to tell in order what the Universe looks like as a whole, how does it look “from above”?
In fact, cosmology began a hundred years ago, when it was established that some of the smudged specks in the photographs of the starry sky are separate galaxies. In the 1920s, Friedman wrote two articles about the fact that the universe can expand, estimated its age - now it is known for sure: 13.7 billion years - and the total mass.
All these stars that we see in the sky belong to our Galaxy, there are about 100 billion of them in total. If light is sent from one end of the galaxy, it will travel to the other end in about 100,000 years. And between two galaxies, light travels on average for 3 million years. There are also 100 billion galaxies in our Universe - you see, everything is very simple.
And how do we know that there are 100 billion galaxies - do we see the entire Universe?
We see the nearest galaxies, we can measure the distance between them and we can estimate how many galaxies are in a given volume. And we see the brightest objects close to the edge of the universe.
Is it like the end of the earth?
We are talking about the edge of the visible universe, which is at a distance of 13.7 billion light years. The signal travels at a maximum at the speed of light. The maximum distance we can see today is the speed of light times the lifetime of the universe. Every year, light comes to us from more and more distant regions, and we can see a little more. If we live for a few more billion years, we will see a bunch of galaxies.
Ball or leaf?
If you imagine the universe as a surface balloon, which someone once began to inflate - after all, we must see it all, because its area is finite, and it inflates more slowly than the speed of light ...
No, the universe is most likely homogeneous and infinite, and to see it all, you need an infinite amount of time. Instead of a ball, imagine an endless rubber plane that is stretching all the time, the distance between any two points on it increases. It was infinite at the very beginning, but then the distance between different points it was much, much less, there was much more energy density and incredible temperature.
Why do we think the universe is infinite?
This is already speculation, some kind of approximation of what we know today, the most natural hypothesis. The "Big Universe" is most likely infinite and has existed for an infinitely long time. If we lived for billions of billions of years, we would see a much larger piece of the universe, which in structure can be very different from our piece.
Pundits seem to write that at the beginning of time there was a singularity and the entire "rubber sheet" was one point, a cosmic egg and all that.
It's better not to talk about the singularity anymore, this concept is outdated. Imagine that all 100 billion galaxies were originally placed in space the size of a matchbox. But this is a conventional box, it was not separated from the rest of the world, there was the same infinite space around, in each matchbox which had enough energy to give birth to 100 billion galaxies. And all this infinity is expanding, or maybe new and new "balls" are being born inside it all the time - local Universes, similar to ours.
Stop, stop, we already agreed that the universe was infinite from the very beginning.
After all, this is an area of speculation. Maybe she was endless, or maybe she was small ball, which was formed by accident and stretched to a huge scale. What we can say for sure is that as a result of the dominance of dark energy, a rapid inflation of the universe took place, and the universe that we see today was formed.
When did inflation start?
It was very early, a tiny fraction of a second after the birth of the universe. Inflation was caused by dark energy, which then disintegrated and formed ordinary particles: quarks, photons, neutrinos - everything we know. The distribution density of these particles was different, and because of this, under the influence of gravity, they began to combine into larger structures.
Observations and predictions
I am a professor, I have a department - the third part of the floor is here for me and my employees, - says Mukhanov. - Previously, the entire university had one professor of theoretical physics, now there are seven. Because they began to give money after the atomic, and then the hydrogen bomb was made. Now they give by inertia: what if we do something else like that. After all, for a long time no one has seriously studied cosmology; people who have already done something useful have switched to it. In Russia - Zeldovich, Sakharov, Ginzburg, that is, the creators of atomic and thermonuclear bombs. They knew a bunch of things that normal physicists didn't know because they were classified.
But how are the bomb and cosmology related?
For example, it was known that in the observable universe 25% helium. But where does it come from? Only as a result of thermonuclear reactions. Thermonuclear reactions occur in stars, but to get such a figure, the stars need to shine a hundred times stronger than they do now, so that the sky is a hundred times brighter. Therefore, they came to the conclusion that this substance was formed shortly after the birth of the Universe, and it must have been very hot. All the most interesting things in the history of the Universe happened in the first minutes and fractions of a second.
Let's go back to the birth of the universe again. What do we know about how it all started?
There are two possibilities here. One possibility is that you have formed out of nothing a small ball with a mass of 10 5 degrees of a gram, and as a result of inflation, 10 55 grams of matter were born from dark energy, per 100 billion galaxies. The second possibility is that maybe before that moment there was some kind of infinite Universe, but in this infinite Universe some piece was picked up by inflation and formed what we see today.
This means that now we can see that aboutemanated from our piece of the universe over the past 13.7 billion years?
The universe became optically transparent only 100 thousand years after its birth. Before that, it was too dense, and all the light was absorbed by matter, its particles, photons, scattered among protons, neutrons, electrons. Before that, the space was filled with free electrically charged particles, but here they formed neutral hydrogen atoms. Light passes through them much easier, and at this moment the Universe becomes transparent.
And what can we observe in the Universe 100 thousand years old?
We can see how the substance was distributed. And we can see this with the help of the relic radiation. It was discovered in 1964 by accident. Now the temperature of this radiation is only three degrees, and earlier, 100 thousand years after the birth of the Universe, it was three thousand degrees. Even earlier, three minutes after birth, a bunch of thermonuclear bombs exploded in the Universe, as a result of which helium was formed. You know, in a thermonuclear bomb, energy is released when protons and neutrons form helium. So, the substance in the Universe is 75% hydrogen, 25% helium, the rest of the elements are presented in absolutely negligible quantities.
And how do we know about what happened to the Universe before that?
You cannot see anything directly. Hypotheses are put forward, predictions are made on their basis. By testing these predictions, we confirm or refute hypotheses. One of the predictions of the inflationary theory is that the density of matter in the Universe is such that the geometry of space is flat. For a long time, this prediction contradicted observations, and only after the discovery of dark energy did everything fall into place.
So you expected something like this?
Expectation was expected, but it was contrary to what they saw, and facts are a stubborn thing. When in the 80s we created theories about what it was, we did not even hope that our theories could in principle be verified. But over the past 30 years, there has been a colossal breakthrough in cosmology. It all started with COBE, the Cosmic Background Explorer experiment, for which Smoot won the 2006 Nobel Prize. Examining the relict radiation, they found that the Universe at the age of 100 thousand years was not so uniform - the temperature in different places varied by one thousandth of a percent.
Then there was nothing, no galaxies, no stars. It was a mixture of gases - hydrogen and helium. But their density in one place was not exactly the same as in another, there were variations of one thousandth of a percent. Insignificant, but as the Universe expanded, the inhomogeneities intensified, and thanks to them stars, galaxies and all other structures were formed.
From quanta to galaxies.
But why did these small irregularities arise?
For me, this is just the most basic, fundamental issue that I have been dealing with. This is my main scientific result, which I received while still a student.
Did you receive the award for it?
Tomalla? Yes. So, where did these heterogeneities come from? We assumed that in the nascent Universe in the first fractions of a second after the Big Bang there was also dark energy... This is another dark energy, it is not directly related to the current one, but it was also responsible for the accelerated expansion of the Universe. During this acceleration, inhomogeneities were formed from quantum fluctuations.
Ever heard of the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle? By the way, he studied here. If you take smallest piece matter, you will not be able to fix it, localize it, it will seem to tremble - this is the so-called quantum uncertainty. This trembling of every piece of matter leads to the fact that you have small, small irregularities, the so-called vacuum oscillations, vacuum fluctuations, quantum fluctuations.
Well, that's if I take it. Will he tremble by himself too?
Will be on its own.
That is, this very electron by itself - it cannot be said about it that it is in some place and moves with some speed: it does not do that.
Yes, these are quantum fluctuations, they are associated with the fact that an electron can manifest itself both as a particle and as a wave. They are significant only at the scale of the atom, but if we combine this model with the model of inflation - the accelerated expansion of the young Universe and the dominance of early dark energy - they just amplify enough to form inhomogeneities in the density of matter, thanks to which stars and galaxies will then appear. Such is the leap from events in the microcosm to the formation of galaxies.
Dark beginnings
"Dark" - does it mean "unknown what"?
Yes, we introduce dark energy as a hypothetical construction to amplify these fluctuations by 50 orders of magnitude. 50 orders of magnitude is inconceivably many. This dark energy possessed the property of anti-gravity. When the universe was born, it consisted of dark energy, and the force now known as gravity then acted as anti-gravity - this is called the stage of inflation, accelerated expansion.
Then a phase transition took place - ordinary matter was formed from dark energy. The substance has gravity, which begins to slow down expansion. Like driving a car: first we accelerated, and then we put on the brakes. But now they have discovered dark energy again, which again began to dominate, and now the expansion of the Universe is starting to accelerate again. And for this dark energy, which is responsible for today's acceleration of the universe, just got the Nobel Prize.
Let's add to this dark matter - dark, because we do not directly see it. But we can measure the gravity emanating from it and on this basis say that it also enters galaxies and accumulates there.
And where is it located, how is it distributed?
It is also unevenly distributed. Well, around the Earth, let's say, it accumulates more, due to the fact that the Earth has a gravitational field. And a substance called dark energy is a kind of condensate that is evenly distributed throughout the Universe and does not accumulate anywhere. The density of this dark energy in our room is very low, such as if I placed one proton in 1 cubic meter. It permeates the entire Universe, but due to its low density, its influence is significant only for large scales.
What else can you say about dark matter?
It is five times more than the matter that we know. It is concentrated in galaxies, forming corona around galaxies and their clusters.
And if we weigh the Earth or the Sun, how much does this dark matter contribute to their mass?
Very few. Inside the Earth, the density of ordinary particles is much greater than the density of this dark matter. Particles of dark matter do not form such clumps as particles of ordinary matter, because they do not participate in electromagnetic interactions.
What is known about the particles that make up dark matter?
They seem to be quite heavy, at least a thousand times heavier than a proton. There are a lot of experiments in which they try to find these particles, to see directly.
Is there only one kind of particles or maybe different?
Unknown. Naturally, the simplest thing is to assume that it is one kind of particle. But nature does not always follow the principle of simplicity.
Maybe there the whole world with their structures and dark men?
No, no electromagnetic interactions complex structures do not form.
If we ever get technically proficienteating this dark energy, will we have anti-gravity?
Well, there is very little of her around. After all, we also feel gravity only from giant objects such as the Earth. And the density of distribution of dark energy is still much less than the density of matter, so we will not be able to accumulate it in sufficient quantities.
Why do we say that now there is only one dark energy? Maybe there are a lot of them now, why did we decide that she is one?
No, maybe there are many of them, such energies - we do not know this. The only thing that is known about this is that there is energy that is responsible for antigravity and for the fact that the Universe as a whole again begins to expand at an accelerated rate.
Rubber world
The first dark energy turned into ordinary particles, but where did the new dark energy come from then?
It was all the time, most likely, just until the Universe expanded to its current scale, its density was much less than the density of these particles, so its anti-gravitational effect was insignificant. Dark energy has an amazing property: when it expands, its density does not change. And it began to dominate, because the density of ordinary matter simply dropped.
Maybe the current dark energy is the remnants of old dark energy. Maybe there were two kinds of dark energy: one - which disintegrated into particles, and the other, which was much less, has survived to this day.
And even this small remnant of dark energy makes up most of the energy in the universe right now?
Yes. But in our room, as I said, there is very little of it, because it is uniformly distributed. Matter is collected in stars and planets, and it is smeared throughout space, and in total it turns out to be twenty times more than matter, because stars and planets on the scale of the Universe are just small points in emptiness.
How long has the Universe begun to accelerate again?
When the average distance between galaxies was approximately two times less than it is now.
The rubber stretches evenly. And the Universe - is it evenly stretched? After all, the distance between us does not increase.
The distance between us does not increase, because only gravitational force acts between galaxies that are far away. And here, in this room, there are still other forces at work, for example, electromagnetic, and it is much larger than gravitational. And our Galaxy is not expanding either, because so much matter has accumulated here that the gravitational force keeps it from expanding. Even an entire cluster of galaxies can form a gravitationally bound object and not expand. Only distant galaxies run away from each other.
In some movie I saw that galaxy clusters are also connected and form a structure like a honeycomb ...
That's right, they form a spider web structure. Large clusters are connected by so-called filaments, that is, many galaxies are also located on the lines between them. Between these filament lines there are so-called walls, where also increased density galaxies. And there is emptiness between the walls. And all this was formed due to insignificant primary inhomogeneities in the distribution of matter.
What can we say about the future? It seems to be before there were two theories: one said that the world would begin to shrink again, and the other predicted eternal dispersal.
It is almost certain that the Universe will not begin to shrink, although there is no 100% guarantee. If dark energy does not decay, then distant galaxies will disappear from our field of view, because accelerated expansion has such a property: after the distance between two galaxies becomes too large, space carries the galaxy away faster than light moves. It's like in a black hole - light cannot escape from a black hole and falls into it along with space, like a boat with a rower swimming against the current, but the speed of the current is higher than the speed of the rower.
A universe with dark energy is like a black hole reversed. After the galaxy has gone some distance, it begins to run away from our galaxy so strongly that the light it emits cannot reach us. Therefore, if in the future this dark energy dominates, only stars will remain in the sky, and other galaxies will escape, go beyond the event horizon, as they say in cosmology. And if dark energy is unstable, then it can disintegrate into ordinary particles, and the Universe will again cease to expand rapidly.
Return to Earth
We leave the department of theoretical physics, go around the bicycles in front of the entrance - there are thousands of them. Germany is a paradise for cyclists, they do not look like suicide bombers in a stream of cars, but full-fledged masters of the city. Motorists obediently wait for cyclists with pedestrians to make way for them.
We walk between university buildings, scattered in one of Munich's old districts, mixed with art galleries - the concentration of culture here is simply prohibitive.
Artists and painters, bohemians have always lived in this area. Plisetskaya and Shchedrin live in that quarter. Here is the street where Kandinsky lived. The nearby museum has the world's largest collection of his work. And there is the Museum of Modern Art, there is one of the exhibits - the Apple 1 computer, although, in my opinion, the first Apple models had an unusually talentless design.
There are many historical sites associated with Nazism in the region, but they do not like to talk about them here, they often remember that the university held almost the only civil protest against Nazism in Germany during the entire period of Hitler's rule: in 1943, students from the anti-Hitler organization White roses ”scattered leaflets. They were grabbed by the janitor's denunciation and sent to the guillotine. On the way, we visit an exposition dedicated to them in one of the premises of the university - in old photographs there are nice guys, noble faces ...
Oh, you didn't show us your laboratoryRyu ...
What a laboratory, I am a theorist! All I have is pen, paper and students.
What language do you lecture in?
Last semester I read mechanics for 350 students in German, this semester I will read general relativity in English.
Are they all going to become physicists?
A lot of people after our faculty work in banks, in the financial sector - by the way, many Russian physicists who settled in America and did not find themselves in physics left for Wall Street.
Should we expect any practical results from cosmology? Let's say science fiction lovers can't wait for the hyperspace tunnels to travel to the stars.
This, most likely, will remain fiction, in reality there is nothing like that and, probably, cannot be in principle. Some modern theories- this is too exuberant game of fantasy, theoretical speculation. There is nothing wrong with these speculations, it's just a mind game of people who know physics very well. However, our works were also speculation at one time, when we wrote them, we could not even imagine that all this would be found and measured.
Vyacheslav Mukhanov
Professor, cosmologist, head of the astroparticle department at the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich. Born in 1956, studied at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, from 1992 he worked in Zurich, from 1997 - in Munich. One of the founders of the inflationary theory, which is considered the most important contribution to theoretical physics over the past 30 years. In 1981, in collaboration with G. Chibisov, he developed a model for the emergence of a large-scale structure of the Universe from quantum fluctuations. The predictions of this theory have recently been confirmed in experiments measuring CMB temperature fluctuations. In 2009, together with A. Starobinsky, he received the Tomalla Prize - one of the most prestigious awards in astrophysics, which is awarded for outstanding contributions to general relativity and the theory of gravity.
The universe in the Lord's computer
The opposition between science and religion, practiced in the Soviet era, is a thing of the past. It is no longer a novelty to publish publications in which religious and scientific truths coexist quite peacefully, both among those who are dressed in a cassock or cassock, and among those who carefully keep diplomas of candidate and doctor of sciences in the specialty "philosophy -phia of Marxism-Leninism ". In the overwhelming majority of publications of this kind, their authors, following the Blessed Augustine (IV-V centuries), interpret the texts of the Bible and the Gospel as symbolic allusions to scientific truth. Or, to prove the existence of God, schemes are proposed in which subtle, superfine, astral and other matters are shown, the existence of which itself requires proof.
But forty years ago, the outstanding Polish writer and philosopher Stanislaw Lem (1921-2006) found another way: he expressed the idea of creating a model of the Universe in a computer (see the book "Summa techologia", which was published in 1964 in Krakow and came out in Russian translation in Moscow in 1968). In this book, the writer suggested that humanity will one day be able to build a model of the universe in a computer, in which life, intelligence and civilization will develop. At the same time, S. Lem assumed that the designer of such a world would take measures to ensure that the intelligent beings inhabiting it could not guess about their artificiality, so that they would not feel like prisoners of the model.
The author of this article, disagreeing with the science fiction writer as regards the designer's concerns to protect the creatures inhabiting the artificial universe from the knowledge of their "fake", at the same time took the idea of the artificial world into service, and, turning it inside out , posed the question: "Isn't our own Universe a model in a Computer?" If the Creator does not put a slingshot in the way of discovering the artificial nature of our Universe, then it is possible that the corresponding evidence can be found.
This is how seven arguments appeared that "pour water on the mill" of the idea of the artificiality of our Universe.
Two of them relate to the question of the divisibility of matter, space, time and motion.
Computers operate in a discrete mode and information in them is presented discretely, in separate memory cells. Consequently, the continuity of space, time, matter and motion would speak against our hypothesis, and discreteness - for. The memory and speed of computers are limited, and therefore infinities in computers are unimaginable. Therefore, if matter, space, time and motion were infinite, the "computer hypothesis" would not make sense, but if only up to a certain limit - it would be a weight on the scales in favor of the fact that our Universe - model in the Computer.
As for the discreteness of matter, everything is obvious: it is not "smeared" uniformly over space, but is concentrated in the form of bodies, atoms, nucleons, electrons, quarks, gluons ... Physical fields, which in many theories are considered continuous as opposed to particles; upon closer examination, they also turn out to be quantized.
And what about the limits of the divisibility of matter, space, time and motion? The ancient Greeks Leucippus and Democritus said that there are weeks-long atoms. The atom was split. But is our atom the atom that the ancient philosophers had in mind? And isn't there something that could be called, transliterating from Greek letter by letter, "atom", which is absolutely indivisible?
In 1899, Max Planck, in speeches at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences in Berlin, and then at a meeting of the Society of Nature Experts in Munich, did not put forward the idea of a fundamental length and a fundamental period of time and calculated their values, which turned out to be equal, respectively, = 1.6-10 35 m and = 5.4-10 "44 s. These values (as well as some others, for example, the value of the maximum temperature) are now called Planck and are considered limiting for our World, that is, space and time have minimal portions; the course of time and movement in space are not continuous, but jump-like. Time is running jumps from moment to moment, between which no time exists, even this "in between" does not exist. How small these jumps are, one can form an idea from the following reasoning (see, for example: I.L. Rosenthal. Universe and Particles. - M .: Knowledge - 1990. - 64 C). If you put a "point" on paper (with a diameter of about 0.1 mm = 10 m), then this "point" will be 10 times less diameter The Universe (the diameter of the Universe is about 1026 m). If now the Universe is reduced to the size of a "point" and the "point" is reduced by the same number of times, then it will still be 10 times greater than the Planck length.
Why is there a "point"! Even the diameter of the proton (101 m) is 1019 (units with 19 zeros!) Times larger than the Planck length. That is, the proton is a huge formation, which consists of 10 ° "(ten to fifty-seventh degrees!) Planck cells.
And now let's return to the atoms of Leucipus and Democritus (to the "atomos"). They are indivisible. After all, it is fundamentally impossible to divide what has the smallest length of 1.6x10 ° m.
So, Matter, space, time and motion are not continuous (continuous), but quantized (discrete, portioned).
Matter, space, time and motion are not divisible indefinitely, but have divisibility limits.
And it is precisely these, and not the opposite properties, that can be programmed into a computer.
And what about the speed of movement?
Until the middle of the XIX century. in physics, there were disputes between the supporters of the so-called "long-range action" and "short-range action". Long-range action consists in instantaneous (without intermediaries, through emptiness) transfer of the impact (for example, gravitational or electric) of one body to another, no matter how far these bodies are located from each other, that is, the principle of long-range action recognizes the existence of an infinitely high speed ... Supporters of "close-range action" believed that bodies interact only with finite velocities and with direct contact, or through physical fields (gravitational, electromagnetic, etc.) - through intermediaries, which, in ultimately, they also interact directly with the body that radiates them, and with the body that absorbs them.
Outstanding scientists, in particular, Ampere and Coulomb, were supporters of long-range action. And only Faraday firmly took the position of close-range action, and Maxwell finally consolidated this position, creating in the middle of the 19th century a mathematically perfect theory of the electromagnetic field, in which he proved the finiteness of the transmission rate of interaction.
Infinities - including infinite speeds - cannot be programmed in a computer, because the victory of the supporters of "close-range" means adding one more weight to the scale in favor of artificial origin our universe.
But there are even more stringent conditions for the Universe to be programmed in a Computer. Among the final speeds, there should be the highest - one faster than which it is impossible to move. Due to the finiteness of the computer's memory, only a finite number of speeds can be programmed in it. And among the finite number of finite numbers, there should be the greatest. You can even talk about the existence of one single speed. This is the principle of isotachy, introduced into everyday life by the ancient Greek philosopher Epi-kur. According to this principle, all atoms have the same speed, but its direction changes during collisions, and therefore the total speed of a body consisting of these particles can be arbitrarily small.
So, in our Universe, there is the greatest (not exceeded by any other) final speed. This is the speed of light, c = »300,000 km / s (more precisely: c = 299792458 m / s in vacuum).
So:
There is no infinite speed; all speeds are finite.
Among finite velocities, existence is the greatest, that is, one above which there are no velocities.
Both of these properties (as opposed to the opposite) are consistent with the hypothesis of the artificiality of the Universe.
The four arguments set out above can be called physical - they do not yet affect the Universe as a whole. The next three arguments are of a cosmological nature. They relate to the size, boundaries and behavior of the universe.
Until the beginning of the 20th century, the universe was considered infinite. "Bottomless has opened, full of stars; Stars are endless, bottomless," - poetically expressed in the middle of the 18th century M.V. Lomonosov, then generally accepted view. Recognition of the finiteness of the Universe would give rise to the then seemingly insoluble problem of the border of the Universe: if there is a border, then what is beyond that border? If there is something, then this is not the border of the Universe, and if there is nothing, then how can you border with anything?
But this is a pseudo-problem, it does not arise if the concepts of "finitude" and "limitation" are not identified.
The first to follow this path was Albert Einstein. In 1917, he created a hypothetical model in which the universe is finite, but unlimited: this universe is located in a curved, non-Euclidean space, which is a three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional ball. Following Einstein's model (it is quasi-stationary), there appeared the models of W. De Sitter, A.A. Friedmann, and the Catholic priest Georges Lemaitre, in which the Universe was already expanding ( either compressed, depending on the parameters); such models continue to be created now. Supporters of the finiteness of the Universe believe that its diameter is about 1.53x1026 m (the distance to the horizon of the Universe is 13.7 billion light years).
Again, remember that in computers, infinities are unimaginable, since the memory of computers is limited. That is why the finiteness of the Universe is another alternative in the dilemma "infinity or finiteness", which is consistent with the hypothesis that our Universe is a model in a Computer.
So that there is no boundary for the Universe, which exists "by itself", and is not modeled in a computer, it is necessary that the space was non-Euclidean. However, the curvature of space has not yet been detected.
If the Universe is a model in a Computer, then the Program can be composed so that at none of the clock cycles not a single fragment of matter under the rules of the Program's functioning (the laws of physics - from the point of view of the inhabitants of the model world) need to be moved into a cell of space, which is not. The problem of the border with "nothing" could arise in the case of such a program only if there is an error in the program - an error in which, at some time step, a fragment of matter is "written out" from an existing cell of space and "rewritten" into a nonexistent one, those. it is simply not rewritten anywhere - this is "the miracle of the disappearance of matter." In the case of an error-free program, a "miracle" will not happen: the Universe in a Computer can be both finite, Euclidean and limitless.
But the absence of infinite speed and the presence of an upper limit among finite speeds are not enough for this. In a stationary Universe, in the presence of infinite speed, the "miracle of the disappearance of matter" occurs already at the first cycle of the model (I), in the absence of infinite speed, the "miracle" will still happen, although not immediately (II). To avoid the "miracle", the expansion of the Universe is still necessary: the introduction of more and more new cells of space along the periphery of the Universe (III).
Such is our Universe (as you can see, God does not like miracles) - in 1929-1931. Edwin Hubble published the results of his astronomical observations: galaxies scatter. The universe is expanding! The scattering of galaxies is another argument in favor of the fact that the Universe is a model in a Computer.
Note that there is no complete identity between the recession of galaxies and the expansion of the Universe. If matter is placed in a certain part of space, then until a certain time step the space can not be increased - as long as the scattering of matter will occur without requiring new cells. In this case, the scattering of galaxies (scattering of matter) occurs without the expansion of the Universe, that is, without adding new cells of space. The expansion of the Universe (expansion in the literal sense of the word) will begin from the moment when new cells of space begin to be added. From this it follows: to avoid contradictions in the Program, it is necessary to add one layer of new space cells along the space outline at each time step. The expansion of the Universe (not quite identical to the scattering of galaxies!) Should occur at the speed of light.
So,
The universe is finite.
The universe is limitless.
The universe is expanding. It is this combination of properties
The Universe makes it possible to program it in the Computer.
But what about theories, according to which the Universe can not only expand, but also contract (then the galaxies would "run away")? Yes, let him shrink! But at the same time, let it ... "expand"! The process should be twofold: compression (removal of cells of space) - inside the space, expansion (adding new cells) - along the periphery. If more cells are added than are removed, the Universe will expand in total, if, on the contrary, it will contract. (For the sake of brevity, we do not consider the issue of adding space cells not only along the periphery.)
Summing up the overall result, we come to the conclusion: in all seven considered alternatives, one of the two opposite options is realized, which does not contradict the hypothesis of the artificiality of our Universe.
So does our Universe exist if it is just a model? Of course, there is! But in a computer "box" with God.
In conclusion of the publication, let us touch upon the questions about the clock frequency of the Lord's Computer and about the Beginning and End of the World.
We can learn a little about the properties of the Lord's Computer, no more than the creatures that we would model - about our computer. (Additional information can be obtained only through what religions call "Divine Revelation"; we will not touch on this issue here.)
And yet we know something.
For example, one can say about the power of a Computer without calculations: it is enormous.
You can, in addition, estimate the lower limit of the clock frequency of the Computer. If 5.4x10 -44 s is the duration of one cycle (more precisely: the interval between two adjacent clock pulses), then the value opposite to this value is the frequency of the Computer, i.e. = 1.85x10 43 cycles per second.
But, perhaps, this estimate is underestimated. It can be close to the truth only if the Computer works completely in the mode of parallel computations, that is, if all calculations for each step in the operation of the Model are carried out in one cycle of work, without any sequential calculations. However, it is not excluded that in reality one time step in our Universe - that is, the calculation of the state of the Universe for the next moment based on its current state - requires successive (and, possibly, in a large number) calculations that are performed in more than one cycle of the Computer. And, in addition, the number of ticks from move to move, from iteration to iteration, can be different depending on the state of the Universe at the corresponding moments of time - for example, it depends on the number of cells in the space, which in this moment determine the size of the Universe, or from the rules of transition (the laws of Nature - from our, internal relative to the Universe, point of view), which act in one way or another, different for different moments, the state of matter.
Thus, we can assume that the frequency of the Lord's Computer exceeds 1.85x104 ticks per second (meaning the second of our time), and the numerical ratio of durations in the Lord's Computer (let's call this duration the True Time) and in our Universe (let's call this duration our time) is not a constant.
As for the Beginning, modern theories are variants of the theory Big bang... Some of them put the Beginning at the only point at which the density of matter would be infinitely great; this happens mathematically, but due to the fact that the mathematical description of the evolution of the Universe probably deviates from physical reality near the Beginning, this is the time zone in which the theory does not work. According to other theories, the Universe began with an elementary cell of space with a volume of »4.1x10-105 m3. The hypothesis is beautiful, but then it can be calculated that the cell contains no more than = 2.2x10 -5 g of matter, which is 60 orders of magnitude less than in the modern Universe. To save the hypothesis, it is assumed that 2.2x10 -5 g is the mass of the Universe for an external observer, and for an internal observer it is 1060 times greater; or postulate the emergence of new portions of matter in the course of time.
It is possible that the amount of matter in the Beginning was the same as now, and the Universe has never been concentrated in one elementary cell of space. The universe, programmed as a cellular automaton, was a mosaic of empty cells of space filled with matter. The path of development of the Universe depends on the initial distribution of these cells and on the rules of the "Game", that is (from our, internal point of view) on the laws of physics.
Probably, the One who programmed the Computer conducts a series of experiments, changing the rules of the game and - with the same rules - changing the number and distribution of empty and filled cells of space in the Beginning. If this is so, then the series for the human mind is imperceptibly large, because the probability of such a combination of parameters as in our Universe is almost zero, 10 "100.
Now about the End. If the density of matter in the Universe is below critical, then the expansion will be "eternal". But is this "eternity" eternal? Unlikely. After all, the One Who Programmed the Computer did it, most likely, for some purpose. And when this goal is achieved, the "End of the World" will come. It will not be the same Armageddon that frightens us from time to time. The analogy with individual death, which is often a long and painful process, is not appropriate here either. In the case of the Universe, after some time step, the next step is not calculated; it just won't come, that's all. End.
Is it so? So. But there is one "but". The Lord does not have a Computer, tk. God is infinite - and the Computer has nowhere to fit. Is the above reasoning perishing because of this? Not at all. Let us recall the frequently used analogies between the work of a computer and the human brain. It is one step from this to the analogy between the image in human brain- and in an image in the Divine Consciousness. The author is inclined to think that this is exactly what it is in reality. In this case, all the above arguments remain valid.
In the light of this reasoning, both materialists and idealists are wrong. Idealists believe that the World is material, but God is not; materialists believe that the World is material, but there is no God. But if the World is only an image in the Consciousness of God, then the most material of all is God, and the World only seems material to its inhabitants, and even less material are images in the consciousness of the inhabitants of the artificial world or in computers created by them ...
Yuri Shinkaryuk. Kiev
Incredible facts
We all know the satisfaction that comes with solving a difficult problem.
Although intelligent jokes can be understood in seconds, solving riddles takes longer, so the pleasure is much greater.
Here , some of the most complex logical tasks, which is not so easy to solveb.
Read also:
Check yourself, do you have the ingenuity to solve these riddles.
You will learn answers to riddles and explanationsunder the image... However, do not rush to see the answer and try to think about decision.
Riddles with answers
Riddle 1
Answer 1:
Secret
Riddle 2
You are trying to get out of the maze, and there are three doors in front of you.
The door on the left leads to hell. A door in the center leads to a deadly assassin. The door on the right leads to a lion that has not eaten for three months.
Which door will you choose?
Answer 2:
Door on the right
A lion will be dead if not fed for 3 months.
Riddle 3
An old man dies, leaving two sons. In his will, he asks his sons to arrange horse races, and the one whose horse is slower will receive the inheritance.
The two sons arrange races, but since both are trying to hold the horses, they turn to the sage and ask his advice.
After that, the brothers start racing again, but this time at full speed. What did the wise man advise them?
Answer 3:
Change horses.
If they change horses, then whoever wins the races will inherit the inheritance, since he owns the losing horse.
Logic riddles
Riddle 4
Turn me on my side and I will be everything. Cut me in half and I am nothing. What am I?
Answer 4:8
If you turn 8 on its side, it looks like an infinity sign. If you cut it in half, the number 8 becomes two zeros.
Riddle 5
A peasant needs to transport a fox, a chicken, and a sack of grain across the river. The only way across the river is in a small boat that can accommodate a peasant and one of the three (a fox, a chicken, or a sack).
If left unattended, the chicken will eat the grain and the fox will eat the chicken. However, the fox will not try to eat the grain, and the fox and chicken will not run away. How will the peasant get everyone across the river?
Answer 5:
...
The peasant needs to do the following:
· Move the chicken across the river.
· Return with an empty boat, take grain and transport it across the river.
· Take the chicken and move it back.
· Take the fox and transport it across the river.
· Return with an empty boat and carry the chicken back across the river.
Riddle 6
You have a 7 minute hourglass and an 11 minute hourglass. How do you boil an egg in exactly 15 minutes?
Answer 6:
To boil an egg in exactly 15 minutes, you need to do the following:
· Flip all the hourglass when you start boiling the egg.
· After the 7-minute clock has elapsed, you need to start it again.
After 4 minutes, when the 11-minute time expires hourglass, you need to turn the 7-minute hourglass over again.
· Wait until the 7-minute hourglass runs out, which takes 4 minutes, and you boil an egg in 15 minutes.
Riddle 7
You are walking along the road and stumbled upon a fork. One path leads to certain death, and the other to eternal happiness, but you do not know which one.
One brother speaks the truth all the time, and the other lies all the time. You can only ask them one question. How do you determine which road to take?
Answer 7:
Ask each brother, "If you were your brother, how would you say which road will lead to eternal happiness?"
· Suppose that the road to the right leads to eternal happiness. After you ask the question, both brothers will give you the same answer: "He would say that the left road will lead to eternal happiness."
· In any case, you will choose the opposite of what they said, since one is telling the truth that it is a lie, and the other is lying that it is true.
Logic riddles
8. What number will be next in this row: 1, 11, 21, 1211, 111221, 312211, ...
Answer 8:
13112221
· Each sequence of numbers is a verbal representation of the sequence that comes before it. So, for example, starting at one, the next sequence will be "one 1" or "11". It will be followed by the sequence "two 1" or "21" and so on.
· The first digit is 1 (number) "1" (a digit from 0 to 9). Therefore, if you say "One 1", the next number will be "11". Now it turns out "two 1" or "21". After that "one 2 and one 1", which gives us 1211. Then "one 1, one 2 and two 1", whereby we get 111221 and so on.
Riddle 9
Four people came to a river with a narrow bridge that only 2 people can walk on at a time. It's night outside, they only have one flashlight to use when crossing the bridge.
Person A can cross the bridge in 1 minute, person B in 2 minutes, person C in 5 minutes, and person D in 8 minutes.
When two people cross a bridge together, they must pass at the speed of the slower. Will they be able to cross the bridge in 15 minutes or less?
Answer 9:
They will cross the bridge in exactly 15 minutes.
A group of 4 people should do the following:
· First A and B will cross the bridge and A will bring back the flashlight. It will take 3 minutes.
· Then, C and D will move and B will bring back the flashlight. It will take another 10 minutes.
· Finally, A and B will cross the bridge again. It will take another 2 minutes.
Riddle 10
During the last census, the man said he had three children. When asked about their ages, he replied that the product of their ages is 72.
The sum of their ages is the same as the house number. The scribe looks at front door to find out the house number and says he doesn't know anyway.
The man replies, "I forgot to say that the eldest son loves chocolate pudding." Thereafter, scribe records the ages of three children. How old are the children?
Answer 10:
three children 3, 3 and 8 years old.
When the person looked at the house number, he knew the sum of the ages of the children. However, he could not tell the age of the children. Therefore, he had several options. Only two options for dialing numbers when multiplying give 72: (2,6,6) and (3,3,8).
After the man said that the eldest son loved chocolate pudding, the man was able to make a choice. Since it is in the second version that the eldest son can be named.
Riddle 11
You are in a dark room with a candle, wood stove and gas lamp. You only have one match, which one will you light first?
Answer 11:
A match
Riddle 12
You have five bags of gold that look the same, and each contains 10 bars.
There is fake gold in one of the bags. The only difference between the two is that each piece of counterfeit gold weighs 1.1 grams, while the real bar weighs 1 gram.
You have an accurate digital scale that you can use just once. How do you tell which bag the fake gold is in?
Answer 12:
Take 1 ingot from the first bag, 2 from the second, 3 from the third, 4 from the fourth, 5 from the fifth. If the weight ends in, 1, then the fake gold is in the first bag. If the weight ends in, 2, fake gold in the second bag, and so on.