Youth and beauty 

History of the development of diplomatic relations. Severing diplomatic relations with Russia: how it will be

Diplomatic relations- these are official relations that are voluntarily established by two states through friendly contacts of any nature between their governments in the political, economic, cultural and other spheres of activity and give the right to exchange diplomatic representatives. The first step towards establishing diplomatic relations is the recognition of a state and its government by another state. According to international law, there are two forms of recognition of states: de facto and de jure.

De facto recognition is incomplete, that is, not being able to deny the existence of a state, the government of another state does not establish diplomatic relations with it, but, despite this, enters into business contacts with it, as a rule, trade and economic. Sometimes this form of relationship can be used for a long time, but usually it is short-term, called "ad hoc", literally - "for this", "for this occasion". In modern international practice, this form of relationship is used relatively rarely.

The most common form of recognition is de jure recognition, or full diplomatic recognition. It provides for the establishment of documentary formalization of diplomatic relations, the establishment of diplomatic missions at the appropriate level, the development of mutually beneficial trade, economic, humanitarian and other ties.

In international practice, there is no special unified procedure for establishing diplomatic relations, but countries draw up these agreements in writing:

By exchanging personal notes;

Preparation of a special agreement;

Publication by both parties of the relevant agreed communiqué;

By exchanging letters and telegrams on this issue at a high level.

Specific negotiations on the establishment of diplomatic relations can be entrusted, say, to a government delegation that comes to the country on the occasion of the celebration of the declaration of independence, or, more often, in one of its diplomatic missions abroad (specifically with respect to Ukraine, a lot of work was done by the Permanent Mission of Ukraine in UN). During such negotiations, an agreement is reached on the very fact of establishing diplomatic relations, the level of diplomatic missions, the date of entry into force of the agreement reached, the form of the document that will fix this deal, and the procedure and deadline for publishing this document or only a message (communique) with agreement on the text.

Interesting in this sense is the resolution of the Presidium of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine "On the establishment of diplomatic relations with the states of the former USSR" dated December 11, 1991, which expressed "the readiness of Ukraine to establish diplomatic relations with other states and build bilateral relations with them on the basis of equality, sovereign equality, non-interference in each other's internal affairs, territorial integrity and inviolable borders between the states", and also instructed the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry "to apply to all states-subjects of the former USSR with a proposal to establish diplomatic relations with them in full, to negotiate with them and conclude appropriate agreements.

During the first months of independence, there was an active process of recognition of Ukraine (the first to recognize Ukraine were Canada and Poland - 2, Hungary - 3, Latvia and Lithuania - 4, Argentina, Bulgaria, Bolivia, Russia, Croatia - on December 5. In general, during December 1991 Ukraine has been recognized by 66 states of the world). On January 23, 1992, a protocol was signed in Kiev on the establishment of diplomatic relations with France, on the 27th - with Portugal, on the 29th - with Italy, on the 26th - a joint communiqué on the AR, on February 26th - an exchange of letters between the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine and Finland.

From the archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine:

THE WHITE HOUSE

Washington

Dear Mr. President,

Considering the historical changes that have taken place in your country and the end of the Union that bound the republics of the former Soviet Union, I have the honor to inform you that the Government of the United States of America has recognized Ukraine as an independent state.

Over the past few months, including our meetings in Kyiv and Washington, we have had a broad and constructive dialogue on issues that are important to the interests of the United States and Ukraine and the world. We agreed that during and after transition period Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan and Belarus must ensure safe, responsible and reliable control of nuclear weapons under a single leadership. We congratulated your commitment to secure and accelerate the destruction of nuclear weapons on your territory and offered to assist in this process. You and we agreed that Ukraine should create legislation and an institutional regime to prevent the proliferation and export of weapons of mass destruction and other destabilizing military technologies, as well as the know-how to produce them. We congratulated Ukraine on the commitments of Ukraine to fully implement the treaties on the Reduction of Offensive Arms (START) and on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (ECCA), to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) as a non-nuclear state, and to accept all guarantees of the International Atomic Energy Agency ( IAEA).

You also spoke about Ukraine's enduring commitment to democratic values ​​and specific commitments contained in all NSV agreements, including the Helsinki Treaty and the Charter of Paris. We congratulated you on your determination to move quickly towards the creation of a market economy in Ukraine. You also: assured us of your obligation to fulfill the treaty and other obligations of the former USSR.

In view of your confirmation of all these commitments to Secretary Baker, I have the honor to propose the establishment of full diplomatic relations between our countries with permanent missions. I intend to name the ambassador to Ukraine in the near future and invite you to decide on your plans for an ambassador to the United States. I look forward to your response with your consent to these agreements and the next development of cordial and productive relations between Ukraine and the United States of America.

Sincerely, (signed) George Bush

His Excellency President of Ukraine Leonid Kravchuk Kyiv

Dear Mr. President,

On New Year's Eve, I was very pleased to receive your letter dated February 26, 1991, in which you inform about the official recognition by the Government of the United States of America of the state independence of Ukraine.

With special gratitude, we accepted your proposal to establish diplomatic relations between our states in full.

I would also like to sincerely thank you for the expressed words of respect and trust to the obligations that Ukraine assumed with full responsibility in the implementation of its independent domestic and foreign policy.

Ukraine and the United States of America have approached a qualitatively new stage in the development of their relations. I fully agree with you that we must work together to develop a more reliable and secure world.

In this regard, I express my consent to receive in Kyiv as soon as possible a plenipotentiary delegation headed by the Deputy Secretary of State, Mr. Reginald Bartholomew. I hope that during this visit we will have the opportunity to discuss ways practical solution important issues disarmament to which you refer in your letter of 28 December 1991.

I think that in the near future I will be able to tell you the name of the person who will be recommended by the first Ambassador of Ukraine to the United States of America.

Taking this opportunity, I would like to wish you, Mr. President, and through you to all citizens of the United States further success, prosperity and peace in the New Year.

WITH deep respect, (signature) Leonid Kravchuk

His Excellency

Mr George Bush

President of the United States of America

Message from the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Affairs

Commonwealth for His Excellency

Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine

Dear Mr Zlenko,

A letter from the Prime Minister dated December 31, 1991 to President Kravchuk confirmed the British recognition of Ukraine.

I now have the honor to propose the establishment of diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Ukraine, effective from 10 January. The British Consulate General in Kyiv will become the British Embassy the same day. A request for an agrément for the British Ambassador will be sent subsequently. In the meantime, I would like to inform you that Mr. Michael Holmes, currently Her Majesty's Consul General in Kiev, will be Chargé d'Affaires ad interim from January 10 until the arrival of Mr. David Gladstone, who will take up the duties of Chargé d'Affaires ad interim on January 17.

I would be grateful for confirmation that these agreements are acceptable to the Government of Ukraine.

In conclusion, I would like to express to you my sincere respect and personal good wishes. I really look forward to my visit to Kyiv on January 19.

(signed) Douglas Hard

His Excellency Douglas Harda

Minister for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

I have the honor to notify you that the proposal to establish diplomatic relations between Ukraine and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland has been accepted and has been in force since January 10, 1992. The British Consulate General in Kyiv will become the British Embassy on the same day. The proposed arrangements are also acceptable to the Government of Ukraine.

I would like to express my deep respect to you and best wishes. I look forward to your visit to Kyiv on January 19.

3 respects, (signed) Anatoly Zlenko, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine

Your Excellency,

I have the honor to refer to the discussions concerning the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Finland and Ukraine and propose the following.

Desiring to strengthen and develop mutually beneficial relations between countries and peoples in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations and the Final Act of the CSCE, as well as the Charter of Paris for new Europe, the Republic of Finland and Ukraine will establish diplomatic relations and exchange diplomatic representatives at ambassadorial level as soon as possible.

Diplomatic and consular relations between the Republic of Finland and Ukraine will be based on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of 18 April 1961 and the Convention on Consular Relations of 24 April 1963.

If the Government of Ukraine agrees with the above, I have the honor to propose that this letter and Your Excellency's positive reply to it constitute an agreement between our Governments on this issue. The Agreement will enter into force on the date of the exchange of these letters.

Paavo Väyrynen Minister of Foreign Affairs

His Excellency

Mr. A. M. Zlenko

Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine

Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine

Your Excellency!

I have the honor to acknowledge receipt of your letter and, on behalf of the Government of Ukraine, agree that, as noted in it, Ukraine and the Finnish

The Republic, pursuing the development of mutually beneficial relations between the two countries and peoples in accordance with the purposes and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, the Helsinki Final Act and the Charter of Paris for a New Europe, shall establish diplomatic and consular relations and exchange diplomatic representations at the level of embassies as soon as possible .

Diplomatic and consular relations between Ukraine and the Republic of Finland will be based on the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of April 18, 1961 and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations of April 24, 1963.

I also agree that both of our letters constitute an Agreement between our Governments on this matter, which shall enter into force on the date of the exchange of these letters.

Please accept, Your Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration.

Anatoly Zlenko, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine

To His Excellency Mr. Paavo Väyrynen

Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Finland

Therefore, the documents confirming the establishment of diplomatic relations can be a bilateral agreement, a protocol or identical notes exchanged between the representatives who negotiated.

When establishing diplomatic missions, states must assist each other in acquiring (or hiring) on ​​their territory, in accordance with their laws, the premises necessary for representative offices that would meet the requirements for such institutions (location (preferably in the central part of the capital), compliance with safety, appearance of the premises, etc.), as well as adequate living quarters for employees.

With the establishment of diplomatic relations with many countries of the world, the young Ukrainian state appeared before double problem- the location of their diplomatic missions in the capitals of states and foreign missions in Kyiv. Optimists in Ukraine cherished hopes that Russia, which had taken over multi-billion dollar (in dollars) foreign property former Union, in accordance with the agreement on highest level, will share with the new states, including Ukraine, a part of foreign property for the placement of their foreign representative offices. This was not difficult to do, because in some capitals this property consisted of dozens of different premises, both office and residential. Despite many years of empty negotiations, our so-called brothers and strategic partners have not transferred a single square centimeter of this joint property to Ukraine, as well as to any of the post-Soviet states (with the exception of Belarus, perhaps), because they have already have long been sold to various commercial structures, or even simply brought to ruin. True, in some capitals, for example, in Warsaw, it was possible to simply brazenly, in a semi-legal way, not get, but take away the premises from the "brothers", but it is not formalized by any legal act. In some countries with clear legal regulation, we supposedly rely on the re-registration of the property of the Union to the property of Russia, but this practically does not give anything.

In some countries, for example, Canada and the USA, the Ukrainian diaspora helped us with the location of Ukrainian representative offices, with some countries (China, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan) we exchanged premises on the basis of reciprocity, but the vast majority (more than 40 premises) were purchased or built with the money of Ukraine .

It was also difficult with the location of foreign missions in Kiev, which for a long time was in the position of a province of the Moscow Empire and even in a dream could not imagine that it would have to have dozens of foreign embassies and consulates, representative offices of international organizations. But we are slowly coping with this problem, maybe not as we would like, but at a more or less decent level. The Federal Republic of Germany, for example, has built its premises as an embassy, ​​and other states are on the same path. In September 1994, by the Decree of the President of Ukraine, the "Program for the placement of diplomatic missions, consular offices of foreign states and representative offices of international organizations in Ukraine" was approved, the implementation of which, with the help of the Kiev City State Administration through the General Directorate for Servicing Foreign Missions (GDIP), made over the years of independence, it would seem , impossible.

In 2005, there were 118 embassies, representative offices to international organizations and Consulates General of Ukraine operating abroad, and 93 diplomatic missions of foreign states and international organizations in Kyiv.

It should also be taken into account that in the practice of international relations there are cases when diplomatic relations are stopped or broken. Diplomatic relations are broken, for example, as a result of a war, armed aggression against a sovereign state, a military coup (mutiny) or when one of the partners changes his state status(part of another state or federation). The rupture of diplomatic relations is accompanied by a complete cessation of contacts between states, the withdrawal of diplomatic representatives and the closure of diplomatic missions. The head of the mission leaves the state without any wires; with the protocol service of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, only technical issues of liquidating a diplomatic mission and organizing the departure of personnel are resolved. The head of a diplomatic mission also terminates his functions in such cases: if he resigns from his post and receives another appointment; if the government of the host country considers him "persona non grata", in case of death.

So, diplomatic activity outside the country is carried out by foreign state bodies of external relations, which are divided into two categories: permanent and temporary.

permanent bodies- embassies and missions, representative offices at international organizations are a special kind of state institutions that conduct daily diplomatic activities abroad, representing and protecting the interests of their state, its citizens and legal entities there.

According to the Vienna Convention of 1961, the functions of a diplomatic mission consist, in particular, in:

a) the representation of the sending State in the receiving State;

b) protection in the host state of the interests of the sending state and its citizens within the limits allowed by international law;

c) negotiating with the government of the host state;

d) ascertaining by all legal means the conditions and events in the receiving state and reporting them to the government of the sending state;

e) encouragement of friendly relations between the sending state and the receiving state and in the development of their mutual relations in the field of economy, culture and science.

The practice of diplomatic relations developed a certain procedure for appointing heads of diplomatic missions, which was, again, enshrined in the Vienna Convention (Article 4): in this state." So, before appointing the head of the mission, the accrediting party submits an agrement request for a candidate who they intend to appoint to this position.

The procedure for appointing the head of a diplomatic mission consists of the following stages:

1.Pidbir of the candidature of the ambassador or envoy.

3. Issuance of an internal legal act (decree of the President, resolution of the Parliament) on the appointment.

4. Simultaneous (in both capitals) official announcement of UZMI about the appointment that has taken place.

5. Issuance of credentials and departure to the host countries.

6. Previous presentation of copies of credentials to the Minister of Foreign Affairs.

7. Official ceremony of presenting credentials to the head of the host state.

8. Sending personal notes to the heads of diplomatic missions accredited in the host country, on the presentation of credentials.

If diplomatic relations are established for the first time, which is typical for newly created states, then before the ambassador arrives in the country where he should be accredited, a group (in Ukraine it is 2, maximum 3 people) of diplomatic and administrative and technical workers is referred in order to prepare for the opening embassies. The diplomat brings with him letters from the minister of foreign affairs of his country addressed to the minister of the host country, in which he asks to accept the specified diplomat as temporary chargé d'affaires, because until the arrival of the ambassador he will act as head of the diplomatic mission.

In the course of preparation for the opening of the embassy, ​​the charge d'affaires, having handed this letter to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, gets acquainted with the documents and protocol features on the opening of the embassy, ​​receives the necessary consultations from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

With a circular note, the chargé d'affaires informs the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and diplomatic missions accredited in the host country about the official opening of the embassy, ​​its address, relevant protocol events (raising the national flag over the premises, reception on this occasion).

Agrement means the consent of the government of the host country to the appointment of a specific person as the head of the diplomatic mission (ambassador, envoy or chargé d'affaires) of the accrediting party. If we are talking about the appointment of an ambassador, then a request for an agrement for him can be submitted through a diplomatic representative of the accrediting state in the host country. This representative visits the Foreign Office (at the level of minister, secretary of state or his deputy) and communicates orally or in writing the intention of his government to appoint an ambassador and submits the certificate of person that is offered. In the certificate, which is prepared on a regular sheet of paper (not on official letterhead), the surname, name and patronymic, year of birth, education, official activity, Family status, Foreign language skills. In some cases, the agrément may also be requested by sending a verbal note from the ministry (embassy).

It is especially important (and this is required by international practice) that the fact of requesting an agrément be kept in complete secrecy, because the disclosure of such information, especially in the event of a refusal to grant an agrément, may lead to negative consequences, in particular, to the complication of relations between the states concerned. It should be borne in mind that in the current conditions the media are very hungry for a variety of sensational messages, and therefore hunt for such information and distribute it even in the form of rumors.

The consent of the receiving party means that the candidacy for the post of head of the diplomatic mission is a desirable person, a "persona grata". If for some reason it does not fit, then it is considered unwanted person, "persona non grata".

It is not customary to give a negative answer to an agrement request in the form official document, because the very delay in answering, which, as a rule, is given after 10-14 days, or taking into account the principles of reciprocity, that is, how long the agrement for their ambassador was considered, can be regarded as unwillingness to accept this candidacy, and it is usually withdrawn. No country ever explains the reasons for the refusal.

If the accrediting party considers the candidacy worthy, and therefore feels offended by a negative answer, then it can leave the post of ambassador vacant for a long time, and leave the head of the diplomatic mission at the level of charge d'affaires, which is perceived as a deterioration in the level of relations between states. Given this situation, the receiving party, as a rule, tries not to delay in responding. On the other hand, the accrediting party is trying to propose a candidate for such a diplomat, which would not cause any doubts. Depending on the nature of bilateral relations between states or on the sincerity of the personal relations of the heads of state, the candidacy of a new ambassador, especially if it is a political appointment (for example, the former Prime Minister of the Russian Federation V. Chernomyrdin, the Minister of Foreign Affairs or another well-known political figure), may agree with them even on the phone. But these are the absolute exceptions rather than the rule.

It is not necessary to ask for an agrément for the appointment of a charge d'affaires, and therefore, when leaving the host country - temporarily or permanently - the head of the diplomatic mission sends a personal (and now often verbal) note to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the heads of diplomatic missions, in which he announces his departure from the country and about who will be chargé d'affaires during the absence of the ambassador. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirms receipt of the note, and the formalities with the appointment of a charge d'affaires end here.

After receiving the agrement, the head of the diplomatic mission is appointed by the relevant state act of the accrediting state (in Ukraine - by the Decree of the President), as reported in the press. After that, the ambassador receives his credentials (from the French "letters de creance"), signed by the head of state, and prepares to leave. The name "credentials" comes from the word "believe". Approx.

but it has the same interpretation in other languages. Yes, in English language credentials are denoted by the word "credentials" or literally "mandate", "identity card". The same word comes from English word"credense", which means "faith", "trust", and therefore a phrase is used in the credentials, which contains a request to "believe everything" that the ambassador will say on behalf of the head of state and government of his country.

Sample Credentials

V. A. Yushchenko-President of Ukraine

His Excellency Mr. Ahmet Necdet Sezer President of the Republic of Turkey

Your Excellency,

Guided by the desire to develop and deepen friendly relations between our states, I decided to appoint

Pan ___________________________

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to the Republic of Turkey. I ask you to accept him with affection and believe everything that he will state on my behalf or on behalf of the Government of Ukraine.

At the same time, I take this opportunity to express my best wishes to the people of the Republic of Turkey and to assure Your Excellency of my highest consideration.

Personal signature of the President

Showed by Boris Tarasyuk, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine, Kiev

In the credentials, where the ambassador is appointed concurrently, it is indicated: to appoint ...

Pan _______________________________

Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Ukraine to the Republic of Iceland concurrently with residence in Helsinki (Finland)... ...and hereinafter.

If the ambassador goes to replace, and not for the first time opens a diplomatic mission, then along with the credentials, he is also given letters of recall (from the French "letters de rappel") of his predecessor. Letters of recall (once even the term "vacation" was used) is a document through which the government announces the recall of its diplomatic representative, they are similar in content to credentials:

In modern diplomatic protocol, it is not practiced to present letters of recall to diplomatic representatives that are leaving, as a rule, they are presented by the newly arrived ambassador along with his credentials. Credentials and revocable letters are produced on special forms with the state emblem.

It is worth noting that if the speech of modern credentials and revocable letters is concise and specific, then in the era of absolute monarchies and empires it was characterized by extreme pretentiousness and writing, especially with regard to the titles of monarchs. This was characteristic of the Russian tsars, who with great care listed their titles in relation to the lands they had captured, which accounted for almost half of the world. Here is the title of one of them (we quote it in the original language in order to preserve its color): "By the grace of God, Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia, Moscow, Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod, Tsar of Kazan, Tsar of Astrakhan, Tsar of Poland, Tsar of Siberia, Tsar of Tauric Chersonesos, Georgian Tsar, Sovereign of Pskov and Grand Duke of Smolensk, Lithuanian, Volyn, Podolsk and Finland, Prince of Est-land, Lifland, Courland and Semigalsky, Samogitsky, Bialystok, Karelian, Tver, Yugorsky, Perm, Vyatka, Bulgarian and others; Sovereign and the Grand Duke of Novgorod, Nizovsky lands, Chernigov, Ryazan, Polotsk, Rostov, Yaroslavl, Belozersky, Udorsky, Obdorsky, Kondia, Vitebsk, Mstislav - lovsky and all Nordic countries Lord; Sovereign of Iveria, Kartalinsky and Kabardian lands and Aramean regions; Cherkasy and Mountain princes and others Hereditary Sovereign and possessor; Sovereign of Turkestan; heir of Norway, Duke of Schleswig-Holsztyn, Strmansky, Hitmarsen and Oldenburg and others, and others, and others.

That's it, and no less! Therefore, even today these titles haunt the great-power chauvinists, and they dream of a new "gathering of lands", under whatever slogans this happens: either "spheres of vital interests", or "single economic (customs)" and "space", or simply because they want to.

The arrival of the head of a diplomatic mission theoretically has a solemn character, although it does not differ in any splendor, and in some countries that consider themselves standards of democracy, simplicity and modesty, it is generally a fairly common phenomenon. If the ambassador arrives by plane, he will be met at the airport or train station by the director (or his deputies) of the State Diplomatic Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, charge d'affaires and embassy staff. If the ambassador comes with his wife, then the embassy staff also meet with their wives. At the gangway of the plane (carriage), the charge d'affaires introduces the ambassador to the director of protocol, who greets him and accompanies him to the hall of honored guests. Chargé d'affaires ad interim introduces the ambassador to the embassy staff. In some countries there is a practice that newly arrived ambassadors are greeted by ambassadors of other states accredited in that capital, but this is now rare.

If the ambassador arrives by car, then not a single official meeting not organized, with the exception of acquaintance with the staff of the embassy. In this case, the embassy confirms the fact of the arrival of the ambassador in the diplomatic protocol and agrees on the first visit to the protocol director.

The newly arrived ambassador makes the first visit to the Director of the Department of State Protocol of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, who informs him about the features of the ceremony of presenting his credentials, compiling obligatory visits to statesmen of the host country, preliminarily agrees on the visit of the Minister of Foreign Affairs. The head of the diplomatic mission hands over to the director a copy of the text of his short speech during the presentation of credentials (if provided for by the protocol), as well as a list of embassy employees who will be present at the presentation of credentials.

After that, there is a visit to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, which is, as it were, an introduction to the act of accreditation - the presentation of credentials. During this visit, short conversation with the minister on the state of bilateral relations between the states, then the ambassador presented copies of his credentials and recall letters, the text of the speech and asked the minister to assist in organizing a meeting with the head of state to present him with credentials. In modern diplomatic practice, due to the democratization and simplification of one ceremonial, speeches are delivered by ambassadors very rarely. Prior to the presentation of his credentials, the ambassador may arrange a visit to the dean of the diplomatic corps in order to receive Additional information about local protocol practice. There are no other visits prior to the presentation of credentials.

The end of the ambassador's mission and his departure is also accompanied by a number of protocol events. After receiving an agrement for a new ambassador, the accredited ambassador determines (in agreement with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of his state) the date of his departure and informs the Foreign Ministry of the host country and the dean of the diplomatic corps about this.

In some countries, there is a practice of making farewell visits to a certain circle of officials: the head of state, government, minister of foreign affairs, and other officials. In most countries, the ambassadors themselves determine whom they would like to pay a farewell visit, and submit a list of these persons to the Department of State Protocol of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with a request to assist in their organization. When compiling the list, the volume and nature of relations that the ambassador maintained with representatives of state, government and public organizations during the course of his diplomatic mission.

On the occasion of the ambassador's departure, the Minister of Foreign Affairs or his deputy arranges breakfast or lunch. A souvenir is presented to the ambassador on behalf of the minister. As a rule, the doyen also arranges a reception - a "glass of champagne", on which they exchange short toasts with the ambassador. The souvenir is presented to the ambassador on behalf of the diplomatic corps.

Before leaving, the ambassador organizes a farewell reception, to which he invites official representatives of the host country, members of the diplomatic corps. On the day of departure, he sends a verbal note to the Foreign Ministry, and to the heads of diplomatic missions - mostly personal notes, in which he announces his departure and the appointment of a charge d'affaires. At the airport (train station) the ambassador is escorted by the director (or deputy) of the Department of State Protocol, embassy staff, and sometimes foreign ambassadors. If the ambassador departs by road, then he is escorted mainly only by the embassy staff. The director (deputy) of the Department of State Protocol can call on the residence to say goodbye, but this is not mandatory.

In modern international practice, the method of appointing one ambassador concurrently in another or even several states is very often used. The embassy and the ambassador are located in the same state, and in the country where he is accredited only part-time, a small diplomatic mission can open - a stavnitstvo headed by a charge d'affaires, an honorary consulate or, most often, the ambassador periodically travels to this country, takes part in various events(usually in celebration of national holidays), meets with officials.

Presentation of credentials by the ambassador to the head of state is the culminating protocol event of the beginning of his diplomatic mission and always takes place in a solemn atmosphere. In most countries, the handing ceremony goes like this: on a certain day, the director (deputy) of the Department of State Protocol touches the embassy (or residence) in a special car, where he is received by the ambassador along with the embassy staff who will accompany the ambassador. The director invites the ambassador to the car, by which they go to the residence of the head of state.

In many countries, the ceremonial takes place with the participation of a guard of honor. In this case, upon the arrival of the ambassador at the residence (palace) of the head of state, the orchestra plays the anthem of the state, which is represented by the ambassador, and the guard of honor salutes, after which the ambassador enters the residence, where he is greeted by a high representative of the Office of the President.

Before the solemn hall (in Ukraine - the White Hall of the Mariinsky Palace) the president enters along with representatives of his office and the Foreign Ministry. The ambassador congratulates the head of state with a bow, and the protocol director introduces the ambassador to the president. The head of the diplomatic mission presents his credentials and recall letters to the president and delivers (in the case of the protocol) his speech. If the speech is not delivered, then the ambassador, after the presentation of the letters, expresses several nice phrases addressed to the host country and conveys greetings to the head of state from its president.

After that, the head of state introduces to the ambassador the persons who accompany him, and the ambassador introduces the members of the diplomatic staff of the embassy who belong to his escort. At the end of the ceremonial, the president gives the ambassador a so-called private audience (conversation with the ambassador), mostly face-to-face. This conversation is often led by the head of state, who also gives a sign that the audience is ending. The ambassador is photographed with the head of state and with the accompanying persons from the embassy. At this, the ceremony of presentation of credentials, which lasts from 15 to 30 minutes, ends, and the ambassador, accompanied by the director of the department, returns to the residence.

After the presentation of credentials, some countries provide for the laying of wreaths at the most revered monument in the capital, for example, at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. In each country, and especially in states with a monarchical form of government, the ceremony of presenting credentials has its own characteristics and is more magnificent. In England, say, a special parade carriage arrives for the ambassador, the ambassador and the persons accompanying him must be in tailcoats. In most countries dress uniform dark business suit, diplomatic uniform (where available) or National clothes, which is typical for the ambassadors of Asian and African states and Scandinavia (Norway).

From the moment of presentation of credentials, it is considered that the ambassador has officially started to perform his official duties in the host country. International diplomatic practice provides that immediately after the presentation of credentials (practically on the same day), the ambassador sends personal notes to the heads of diplomatic missions with the countries with which his state maintains diplomatic relations accredited in this country, in which he announces the presentation of credentials. Then the ambassador makes visits to officials, political and public figures of the host country, heads of diplomatic missions with which his state maintains diplomatic relations. The list of officials to be visited is usually recommended by the Department of State Protocol, but may be supplemented by the ambassador himself in order to expand his personal contacts, if this does not contradict the protocol.

According to international protocol practice, the heads of diplomatic missions visited by the newly arrived ambassador should make response visits, but this rule is almost not observed now. Moreover, the ambassadors of some countries, especially those that are among the giants of world politics, do not consider it necessary to arrange visits to their colleagues, limiting themselves to a reception on the occasion of their arrival or not even doing that. In general, ambassadors arrange a reception on the occasion of the beginning of their diplomatic mission after the presentation of their credentials or combine it with some close date (for example, the anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations, etc.).

For the purpose of acquaintance, diplomats of other ranks and spouses of heads of diplomatic missions make visits to their colleagues. Rules for compiling visits by wives of heads of diplomatic missions to different countries different, it should be noted that this practice is gradually dying out - they are found, as a rule, on joint activities and tricks.

Members of the diplomatic staff of the embassy do not need to receive an agrément, their appointment takes place according to a simplified scheme. It is customary to inform the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the host country about the arrival or departure of members of the diplomatic staff of the embassy by note verbale (some diplomatic missions report this to all embassies in the host country). In addition, they must first of all obtain entry visas to their countries of destination, and the receiving party thus receives information about them and can express its attitude towards this destination by issuing a visa or refusing it, which is not so rare in diplomatic practice. phenomenon. If there is a visa-free travel regime, then the accrediting country finds another form of informing the country of the diplomat's future stay.

If before the arrival of the new head of the diplomatic mission, his predecessor must leave the country, and their simultaneous stay on the territory of the receiving state is absolutely not allowed, then diplomats, as a rule, arrive before the departure of the persons they replace, in order to become more deeply and more specifically familiarized with the scope of their duties , establish contacts, exchange views on the features of future work. But this rule is not mandatory. At the departure of diplomats, a small reception may be arranged at the embassy, ​​to which they mainly invite those persons with whom the newly arrived diplomat will have to cooperate and maintain contacts.

Diplomacy is the science of international relations and the art of negotiating by heads of states and governments and special bodies of external relations: ministries of foreign affairs, diplomatic missions, the participation of diplomats in determining the course of a country's foreign policy and its implementation by peaceful means. Its main goal and task is to protect the interests of the state and its citizens.

The word "diplomacy" comes from the Greek word "dnplfma" (in Ancient Greece this word was used to refer to double plates with letters printed on them, issued to envoys as credentials and documents confirming their authority). As a designation of state activity in the field of foreign relations, the word "diplomacy" came into use in Western Europe at the end of the 18th century.

Diplomacy is the most important tool for implementing the state's foreign policy. Foreign policy and diplomacy must comply with and be based on international law.

The UN Charter of June 26, 1945, as one of the goals of the creation of this Organization, sets the task of “creating conditions under which justice and respect for obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be observed” (Preamble to the UN Charter).

International law develops under the influence of a set of foreign policy courses of states. Diplomacy ensures the achievement of a common denominator in the implementation of states of their foreign policy. That common denominator is international law. In diplomacy, it is important not only to reach a political compromise, but also to express it in a specific legal language. This is the dialectical unity and interaction of foreign policy, diplomacy and international law.

Neither foreign policy nor diplomacy should be in conflict with international law, which is the only common language interstate communication. International law has a direct impact on the foreign policy of the state and its diplomacy.

There is an opinion that in international relations force dominates over law. This opinion is erroneous, since individual facts of the forceful solution of issues in international life cannot form a general rule.

One of the founders of the science of international law, the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius wrote in his work “On the Law of War and Peace” back in 1625: “A people that violates the law of nature and the law of peoples undermines the basis of its own peace of mind in future".

Diplomatic relations are the main form of maintaining official relations between states in accordance with the norms of international law and the practice of international communication. Diplomatic relations are called upon to promote the development of friendly relations between states, the maintenance of peace and security.

According to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of April 18, 1961, the establishment of diplomatic relations is carried out by mutual agreement.

The establishment of diplomatic relations is usually preceded by actual or legal recognition of the state and its government by another state.

Establishment of diplomatic relations takes place as a result of negotiations between representatives of interested states directly or through diplomatic representatives of third states and is formalized in the form of an exchange of messages, letters, notes between heads of state and government or ministers of foreign affairs. The parties agree on the very fact of establishing diplomatic relations, the level of diplomatic representations (embassy or mission), the date of entry into force of the agreement, the date and procedure for its publication.

Depending on the goals and methods of achieving the goals of foreign policy, states distinguish the following types diplomacy: appeasement policy, gunboat diplomacy; dollar diplomacy, public diplomacy, people's diplomacy, shuttle diplomacy, economic. This type of diplomacy is of particular importance in modern conditions when, thanks to the process of globalization, the well-being of almost all states depends very much on participation in world trade and economic relations.

The methods of diplomacy are:

  • - official and other visits and negotiations at the highest (summits) and high level;
  • - diplomatic congresses, conferences, meetings and meetings;
  • - preparation and conclusion of bilateral and multilateral international treaties and other diplomatic documents;
  • - participation in the work of international organizations and their bodies;
  • - daily representation of the state abroad, carried out by its embassies and missions;
  • - diplomatic correspondence;
  • - publication of diplomatic documents;
  • - press coverage of the government's position on various international issues.

Problems of international relations, world politics have always been in the center of attention of politicians, journalists and analysts. Questions related directly to the search for means to approach the implementation of foreign policy decisions or how to do it: in other words, questions of diplomacy were of interest, rather, to a narrower circle. The reasons for this attitude to diplomacy are understandable and partly justified. First of all, it is necessary to realize what is happening, outline the main foreign policy priorities and approaches, and only then look for means of implementation.

At present, the informative and communicative function of diplomacy is aimed primarily at the formation of a dialogue. Diplomatic dialogue presupposes the recognition that the other side has its own interests and goals. Ideas for the development of interstate dialogue were also reflected in the theoretical work on the negotiations. The concept of hard bargaining, when each participant only cares about his own interests and presents his position as extremely closed, is being replaced by the concept of a joint analysis of the problem with a partner. It implies an orientation towards mutual satisfaction of interests and a fairly open nature of the negotiations.

Dialogue-oriented modern world is due to the need to jointly seek solutions to emerging problems related to the environment, the fight against terrorism, conflict resolution, the development of integration processes, etc. As a result, the solution of international problems objectively becomes the main function of diplomacy.

Thus, diplomacy is the science of international relations and the art of negotiating by heads of states and governments and special bodies of external relations.

History knows many examples when, in a series of negative extraordinary circumstances that have occurred between two states, economic and political cooperation is reduced to zero. Something similar can now be observed between the two fraternal peoples of the former Soviet Union. What is a break in diplomatic relations with Ukraine, and what consequences await ordinary citizens, can be read below.

Embassy and Consulate: Key Differences

Being in his own country, a citizen, in case of difficulties of any nature, can count on help from his family, work colleagues, relatives and competent government agencies. But what to do if a person is outside his homeland? That's right - you need to contact the embassy or consulate of your state:

  • Embassy - the external diplomatic corps of the country, designed to support relations between the two states. The ambassador is issued a letter of credence, which means that this diplomat represents the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of his state. The territory of the embassy is located in the capital.
  • Consulate - an organization located on the territory of another state, which contributes to solving the problems that have arisen for its citizens. Unlike an embassy, ​​there can be many consulates.

The main differences between the embassy and the consulate: the first institution resolves issues at the highest state level, and ordinary people turn to the consulate individuals to receive legal, civil or social assistance.

What does the break in diplomatic relations with Ukraine mean?

The norms of international law single out diplomatic relations as the main principle of communication between the countries of the world. They contribute to the formation of friendly relations between countries, and this is expressed in the conclusion of bilateral interstate agreements. What does the break in diplomatic relations with Ukraine mean:

  • Diplomats . The ambassadors of the two countries, in the shortest possible time, must leave the territories of the states.
  • Consulates . According to the Vienna Convention, some of the powers of the embassy are taken over by consulates.
  • The third side . Protection of public interests passes to a third country.

Subsequently, the situation may adversely affect the country's economy, and Ukrainians located on the territory of another state may have legal problems.

What threatens the rupture of diplomatic relations between Ukraine and Russia

Many are interested in the consequences that may occur after a possible break in diplomatic relations between Russia and Ukraine. Consider the main aspects of this issue:

  • War . It should be noted right away that the rupture of diplomatic relations does not mean a declaration of war. The absence of the ambassador will mainly be reflected in the deterioration of communication between countries.
  • moving . Both Russians and Ukrainians will be able to cross the border under the current agreements. The situation may change if tension escalates and one of the parties introduces a visa regime.
  • Economy. The end of the signing of intergovernmental agreements will pass, which will negatively affect the economy of both states.

If we move away from possible negative scenarios, the break in diplomatic relations will most likely end with the mutual closure of embassies. If we consider other factors, nothing global will happen - Ukraine and Russia are already strongly connected with each other.

World practice: in what cases friendships deteriorate

Consider the main reasons preceding the break in diplomatic relations:

  1. Armed conflict . The escalation is taking place on the borders of neighboring countries. The second option is that the air defense of one state shoots down, obviously or erroneously, an aircraft of another power.
  2. revolutions . After the revolution, a number of countries did not recognize the new government.
  3. Elections . As a result of undemocratic elections, the newly elected president is not recognized by the leadership of another power.
  4. An occupation. A country, part of whose territory is occupied by another state, may temporarily stop diplomatic relations with the aggressor.
  5. Threat. The action of a country can affect international peace.

Top breaks in diplomatic relations

  1. USA - Cuba (1961). US initiator. The reason is the revolution on the island, as a result of which Fidel Castro comes to power in Cuba. The dialogue resumed in 2015.
  2. USSR - Israel (1967). The response of the Soviet government to the capture of the Sinai Peninsula by Israel. As a result of the "six-day" war, the Israeli army causes irreparable damage to the army of the Arab states, and captures new territories. Relations were restored in 1991.
  3. Great Britain, USA - Iran (1980). US protest against the nationalization of UK oil companies. The embargo from a number of European countries is still in effect.
  4. Georgia - Russia (2008). Tensions between Georgia and Russia are connected with the armed conflict in South Ossetia. The first diplomatic contacts took place only in 2012.

Now it is clear what a break in diplomatic relations with Ukraine means: the closure of embassies in both countries, the withdrawal of diplomatic personnel, and all negotiations and cooperation between the powers will need to be conducted through a third state.

Diplomatic relations of Ukraine

1 Legal grounds for establishing diplomatic relations

Diplomatic relations are integral part foreign policy of any state and are carried out with the help of state bodies specially created for this. However, it is impossible to consider as diplomatic relations international contacts that are carried out by persons who are not part of the diplomatic and consular service, for example, journalists, representatives of trade firms, political organizations. Since such international contacts are not of an official nature, they, accordingly, do not entail the onset of international legal consequences, that is, certain rights and obligations for states. Thus, for the emergence of diplomatic relations between the subjects of international law, certain prerequisites are needed, namely: the presence of legal and factual prerequisites. The emergence of any new state, according to the principles of international law, means its entry into the international community as an equal subject. And therefore, from the very beginning, such a state is fully endowed with international legal capacity, in particular, the right to enter into diplomatic relations with other subjects of international law. Since diplomatic relations are a two-way process, the relevant important condition is the desire of other states to support them. In this case, a significant prerequisite is mutual agreement. The international legal procedure for establishing diplomatic relations covers several interrelated stages, which include diplomatic recognition, the exchange of diplomatic missions, or the maintenance of diplomatic contacts by other methods. The first problem faced by newly formed states is their diplomatic recognition by other states. During the collapse of colonial empires and the emergence of a significant number independent states in Africa, Asia and Latin America issues of international recognition were of particular importance. At the same time, the norms of international law, enshrined in the UN Charter, in the Declaration on the Granting of Independence for Colonial States and Peoples, as well as in the Declaration on the Principles of International Law concerning state relations and cooperation between states in accordance with the UN Charter, were the basic ones. The issue of recognition was ambiguously resolved during the Cold War, while each of the parties to such a confrontation defended the theory in its own way. Developing countries also made a certain contribution to the process of developing democratic principles of recognition. In accordance with the norms of international law, there are two forms of recognition of states: de jure (legal recognition) and de facto (actual recognition).

Diplomatic recognition-recognition as a full subject of international and, in particular, diplomatic law. It concerns either new states or governments that came to power in an unconstitutional way. In such a case, such an act means recognition of the right of this government to represent the corresponding state in the international arena. The consequences of such recognition are the establishment of diplomatic and other relations, the exchange of diplomatic missions, participation in diplomatic negotiations, admission to membership in the UN and other international organizations. According to the form of granting, diplomatic recognition can be explicit or tacit. Explicit diplomatic recognition occurs only when there is a formal declaration of another state in the form of a declaration, decree, diplomatic note, official communiqué, treaty, or when it comes to the attention of the other party in any other way. Diplomatic recognition is most often issued in the form of an official statement by the head of state, which recognizes whether the head of government. Sometimes such recognition may be on behalf of a collective body. Tacit diplomatic recognition occurs when a certain act is performed, which is possible only under the condition of recognition. Among the methods of such recognition, the establishment of diplomatic relations most often occurs.

Recognition of the government in this way is considered when the foreign diplomatic mission again returns to normal relations with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the host country. But the fact that the embassy is not closed does not at all mean recognition if any official contacts are stopped. To accept a new state as a member of an international organization, it does not need to be recognized by all member states, since the latter occurs mainly at the bilateral level. In accordance with existing international practice, diplomatic relations between states can be established primarily in the form of de jure mutual recognition. Deviations from this principle were very rare. In particular, in 1949 Israel's representative in Great Britain was sent with the rank of ambassador. Next to the presentation of credentials, Great Britain did not qualify this fact as recognition of Israel de jure, but only de facto. The position of the United States in 1919 regarding Finland was similar. De facto recognition is incomplete.

The main content of this form of recognition is that, should not be able to deny the existence of the state, the government of another state does not establish diplomatic relations with it. But at the same time, he enters into business contacts with her (for example, trade or cultural). The decision to establish diplomatic relations can be taken simultaneously with full recognition, but sometimes this happens a little later, for example, during negotiations between the two interested parties. Sometimes negotiations regarding the establishment of diplomatic relations are held by a government delegation that takes part in the celebration of the independence day in that country, or by one of the diplomatic missions abroad. During such negotiations, the parties agree on the fact of the establishment of diplomatic relations, the level of diplomatic missions by which they will be represented, as well as on the date of entry into force of the agreement reached. Documents that confirm the fact of establishing diplomatic relations can be a bilateral agreement, identical notes exchanged by representatives of the parties who negotiated. Art. 2 of the Vienna Convention notes that "the establishment of diplomatic relations between states and the establishment of permanent diplomatic missions is carried out by mutual consent."

Thus, the Convention emerges from "consent", that is, the mutual will of two states, but does not provide for the form of such consent. This means that this consent can be expressed both in writing and orally. There is a rule in international law which is reflected in the Latin term jus legationis. It means the fundamental right of each state to send diplomatic representatives to other states and, accordingly, also to receive them at home. Consequently, the right of diplomatic missions can be both active and passive form. From this right come the obligations of states. At the same time, it should be noted that no state is forced to send or receive permanent diplomatic missions, but it also has no right to refuse to accept diplomatic representatives. Moreover, it cannot insist that another country refuse to establish diplomatic relations with any other state. Given this, the history of diplomatic relations records cases of gross violation of the norms of diplomatic law during the existence of two opposite socio-economic systems. This applied to Cuba and other states when their active and passive right to diplomatic missions was violated. It is worth noting that although the right to establish diplomatic relations is not clearly regulated in the Vienna Convention, nevertheless, it directly or indirectly emerges from the function of international law, the provisions of the UN Charter, as well as the preamble of the Vienna Convention, which notes the importance of maintaining the development of "friendly relations between states in the social order. This means that states, for the first time in the history of diplomatic, customary and codification, common or regional law, have agreed to a new function of diplomatic missions, which is the obligation of the latter to promote "friendly relations between the sending State and the receiving State".

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In the fourth year of the military conflict in eastern Ukraine, Kyiv is going to break off diplomatic relations with Moscow. What will change after such an action? How will Russia react? And what can labor migrants and political prisoners expect? We asked the expert of the Center for Russian Studies, ex-Ambassador of Ukraine to Iran Alexander Samarsky about this at the Radio Donbass.Realii studio.

- The presence of diplomatic relations indicates friendly character relations between the two states, their absence is about hostile. And what is the nature of our relations with Russia now? Are we friends? Are we strategic partners?

We are talking about the fact that Russia needs to be held accountable. But if we turn to an international court, the first thing Russia will say there, denying the fact of aggression: “Wait. We have diplomatic relations. If there had been some kind of anti-Ukrainian position in our actions, Ukraine would have severed relations.” Thus, Ukraine plays to the benefit of Russia. We are misleading the international community by not breaking off diplomatic relations with Russia, replacing the concepts of "ATO" and "war", not calling the occupied territories occupied, and the like.

Is this such a diplomatic signal to the world that Ukraine recognizes Russia as an aggressor?

– This is the language of diplomacy, indicating the nature of relations between states. Why do states break off diplomatic relations? Even on the basis of the suspicion that one country was supposed to supply weapons to another and kill someone with it. We have how many dead, millions of refugees, while we consider Russia a strategic partner? Is it beneficial for Ukraine? No!

The absence of a visa regime with Russia is a negative for our security

​Question from a listener: “What is your opinion on the introduction of a visa regime with Russia?”

- The absence of a visa regime with Russia is a negative for our security. How many terrorist acts against people have been committed in Lately? As a citizen, I don't feel safe.

- If the government breaks off relations with Russia in the near future. How does it work procedurally?

- Diplomatic relations were introduced by the Cabinet of Ministers and will be broken by another resolution. This is not the main problem. Recognition of Russia's aggression, occupation of Crimea and Donbas - this should automatically lead to a rupture of diplomatic relations.

– But Ukraine has not had an ambassador in Russia for two years now.

Recognition of Russia's aggression, occupation of Crimea and Donbas - this should automatically lead to a severance of diplomatic relations

- And what? We haven't had an ambassador to NATO for two years. In addition, after the Crimea and Donbass, in just two months, almost 40% of the ambassadors, and professionals, were recalled. This dealt a blow to Ukraine's ability to reach foreign leadership abroad.

“That means nothing will change. Will they just close the "fortress" in Kyiv, which is called the Russian embassy?

- It's no secret that the Russian embassy has not been working there for a long time, and employees do not drive cars with Russian numbers. And they actually work elsewhere. This embassy, ​​which officially has immunity here, is mainly composed of GRU employees.

– Will Russia perceive such a decision as a declaration of war?

- Russia is unpredictable. We had diplomatic relations and treaties with them. Did it save us? Crimea was taken away, in Donbass it is not at all clear what is happening.

Here they write that Russia will completely stop economic cooperation. If it was beneficial for her, she would have done it a long time ago.

– If Ukraine terminates its diplomatic relations with Russia, what will happen to labor migrants then?

“It seems to me that there is a lot of speculation on this topic. Is the question of Ukrainian migrant workers in Russia a diplomatic one? He is economic. Anyone who wants to protect the rights of our workers must first of all demand that the government create normal jobs and conditions for business development. Instead of totally ripping off everyone, driving the business into the shadows, and provoking people to leave.

The rupture of diplomatic relations does not lead to the rupture of consular ones. Diplomatic institutions, such as embassies, are involved in political and economic cooperation. Consular offices are responsible for protecting the rights of citizens.

For example, Georgia and Russia severed diplomatic and consular relations. But there is a practice when the interests of one country in another are represented by a third. Looks like it was Switzerland.

Let's not forget about political prisoners, hostages, Ukrainian citizens who live in Crimea, Crimean Tatars. The consul of a third state will make a significant contribution to solving these problems

Thus, if there are any problems with Ukrainian labor migrants, they will be solved by another state, at least Switzerland. And here is the question: to whom will the Russian side show more respect and listen - to the Ukrainian representative or the Swiss one?

You need to understand that after all, labor migrants in Russia are not the layer that is most unprotected there. Let's not forget about political prisoners, hostages, Ukrainian citizens who live in Crimea, Crimean Tatars. And just in this situation, the consul of a third state will make a significant contribution to solving these problems.

Question from a listener: Who will choose this third country?

- We'll have to coordinate the candidacy with Russia.

- Will the search for a third party drag on for years?

- No. Because Russia is also interested in this. After all, its citizens come to our country.

Question from a listener: “Donbass will be autonomous. As much as we would like to. Therefore, it is necessary, under some compromise conditions, when both Ukraine and Russia are dissatisfied, but to make Donbass autonomous. And besides, without Russia, our economy will always be weak, and we will be the poor outskirts of Europe. Therefore, we need to look for ways to restore economic relations with Russia.”

Donbass will not be autonomous. So many lives were not laid down for the purpose of creating a model that would weaken Ukraine later.

– Donbass will not be autonomous. There is no reason for this. It will be a different model, maybe Abkhazian or South Ossetian, but not Transnistrian. Our society will not allow this, because so many lives were not laid down for that, so that later a model would be created that would weaken Ukraine.

As for the economy... Russia waged an economic war with Ukraine for 25 years. Only twice did she stop it, when it was the first and second Chechen War. At that time, Russia was not up to toys. Thus, we must ensure that Russia focuses on domestic issues.

- The President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko says that Ukraine prefers the political and diplomatic way of resolving the conflict in Donbas and the annexation of Crimea. How to solve the conflict diplomatically if there are no diplomatic relations?

- We have a lot of examples when problems are solved without diplomatic relations. The same agreement on Iran's nuclear program. Who was sitting at the negotiating table? The United States and Great Britain, and diplomatic relations between them were severed.

But I believe that no diplomacy without force can solve anything. And there is no need to hope that the West will come and “solve” everything. They can help or hinder, but we all have to decide for ourselves.