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Types of watch dials. The right choice of wristwatches for men and women. Prices Tissot T033.410.11.053.01

The history of watches began a long time ago and lasted for centuries. New models and types of watches constantly appeared in the world, made with different purposes and in the most interesting stylistic variations. Before the invention of the clock, people used only such a device as a calendar. He measured out days, weeks and months. However, soon a device had to be invented to control the passage of time.

The most ancient products of this nature that have survived to our time are sundials. On the one hand, these devices were of a very simple design. But in fact, they differed in the variety of their design features. The main factor for the sundial was the movement of the sun from one place to another, which occurs every day. People in this case counted the time with the help of a shadow falling to the ground. But as a result, the use of such products could only occur on the day when the sun was shining. Fortunately, in Ancient egypt, where the first models of sundials appeared, the climate made it possible to measure time almost every day. The first sundial devices were in the form of obelisks and very quickly became popular among the people.fucked up.

Although the sundial was so important and the right qualitiesAs well as ease of use and measurement accuracy, they also had disadvantages. For example, it was impossible to use a sundial in rainy and cloudy weather. That is why scientists had to look for a new solution. After a certain period of timescientists have invented new watch models that are already vaguely reminiscent of modern devices. Now you can choose with which the watch is more comfortable - with a wrist, RUSSIAN TIME 60006004, or with pocket ones - POCKET 2151510.

Clepsydras are called water clocks. According to some historians, Greece is the birthplace of these devices. When making such a product, it was necessary to take into account a gradual decrease in the amount of water in the vessel while it flows out through a special hole in the bottom area. However, only in the Middle Ages the creators of these watches were able to achieve good results and accuracy in measuring time.

The beginning of the thirteenth century was the birth of the fire clock. The original models of these devices consisted of tall candles about one meter long, on which special notches were applied. Sometimes metal parts were used instead of them, since those, falling on a metal stand, could publish loud noise... We can say that it was the fire candles that became the prerequisites for the appearance of the alarm clock. After the use of glass in such watches began, lamp-based instruments for measuring time also appeared.


However, the history of watches, or rather, their development, did not end there. The next device have become an hourglass, the modern analogue of which can be called a table clock, for example QHE005GNand QXJ018BN.

Their design includes two flasks of glass material, which are connected by a part narrowed in the center. It is along it that the sand is poured, taking the direction from the bottom up. IN modern world sometimes you can still find such a product, but in everyday life they are no longer used. During the Middle Ages, many artisans decorated the hourglass with various decorative elements, due to which the devices could serve as an interesting accent in the house. Nevertheless, the hourglass had a lot of disadvantages, one of which was its low accuracy. Moreover, they could only measure a short period of time.



Mechanical watches are used quite often in the modern world, there are models wall clock 2806-22-01 , or floor products 01159-N90461... However, few people know that the preconditions for their appearance appeared in antiquity. The invention of the spindle escapement helped scientists come up with the first such devices. The element of such a clock was a weight that performs translational movements... It was the mechanism of such products that began to be used on tower clocks. Now people are happy to buy mechanical watches to your home, as the product can decorate any interior.

Next came the quartz and wall electronic clocks. But them on this moment everyone knows, since every home has one of these devices. Alarm clocks and baby devices are another step in the history of watches. Moreover, in the modern world it was very necessary to endow such devices with new functions.

Natalia Erofeevskaya August 8, 2018

The clock is so different! It is the variety of watch movements, designs and shapes that color solutions original elements allow you to pick up this become constant companion modern man accessory. It would seem in the era of digital gadgets chronometers on the arm are completely optionalhowever, neither men nor women are in a hurry to abandon them in favor of smartphones or tablets. Women see in wristwatches stylish accessory, capable of harmoniously and effectively complementing any look - from classic business to daring sports. For men, an expensive brand watch is a status item, just like a car or a branded suit.

Photo of wrist watches for men

The choice of a watch will rarely seem simple and unpretentious to anyone. How to understand all this multitude of mechanisms, elegant or, conversely, abstract design ideas? We offer a detailed classification of wristwatches, which includes the main sections, and provides for functional nuances.

Photo of designer wrist watch skeleton

The main types of watches: mechanics and quartz

All wrist Watch according to the principle of operation of the clockwork, they are divided into:

  • mechanical - classic (with a manual spring winding, which is required to be performed once a day or three) or with an automatic winding. Mechanical wristwatches from well-known manufacturers are considered a more prestigious accessory than quartz watches in the same price range. The service life of high-quality mechanical watches is about 50 years;
  • quartzworking on quartz crystals, which, when the current passes from the battery, give out pulses with a certain frequency. They are divided into analog (arrow) and digital - depending on the way information is presented to the user. A special case of quartz watches is electronic - they work on the same principle, but the information in them is reflected on a digital display (sometimes in the form of arrows).

Mechanical watch due small size mechanisms can take very graceful forms, which are especially appreciated by refined elegant women... Expensive chronometers allow you to measure time intervals in fractions of a second, although, by and large, this does not play a practical role for the average layman. The hand-winding mechanical movement has a delicate and complex mechanism made up of many parts, which is highly sensitive to shocks and shocks. For those who often forget about the daily need to wind up their watches, we recommend models with self-winding - the internal rotor of the mechanism, when the hand moves, transfers its vibrations to the movement of the rotating spring mechanism.

Women's watch, SL (price by link)

Any mechanical watch reacts to magnetic fields and requires periodic cleaning and adjustments, usually every few years. Many people love the classic mechanics for the smooth movement of the hands, the characteristic "ticking" and beauty - designers often include skeletons in modern models, allowing transparent elements of the case to see the work of the mechanism. Chronometers are usually called watches of a certain degree of accuracy.certified by the Swiss Chamber of Weights and Measures, which is why swiss Watches are considered a recognized icon of precision.

Photo of a men's chronometer

Compared to mechanical watches, quartz watches have a higher level of accuracy and resistance to adverse external influences (blows, falls, shaking, etc.). The service life of the mechanisms themselves in both types of watches is quite comparable - the wear of the base parts is the same, and a high-quality quartz battery lasts up to 10 years. But functionally quartz watches are in many ways superior to mechanical ones - many models not only show real time, but also current date, allow you to work with the calendar, set an alarm.

Sports quartz watches have advanced functionality and often combine analog elements and digital indicators

An alternative to the usual batteries in quartz movements can be self-winding and solar batteries (photocells). The mechanical movement of the hand while walking is converted into electrical energysufficient for automatic recharging of the battery - self-winding is very convenient, since usually a person is in a state of constant movement. Photocells are the natural charging of the watch from the generated solar energy: both a simple solution and an environmentally friendly one.

Photo of a solar-powered watch

Additional characteristics of men's and women's watches

In addition to the direct display of time and often date, modern models of wristwatches for men and women have many additional characteristicsthat make the use of this accessory as comfortable as possible. These are the characteristics we are talking about:

  • anti-reflective glass not only visually improves the perception of the dial or electronic display, but also makes the glass stronger. The production application of such a coating is considered a serious technological procedure that increases the cost of the product, but for budget models, anti-reflective film is more often used, the disadvantage of which is its rapid abrasion and fragility;
  • water tightness and tightness Wristwatches are essential for people working in appropriate environments, often exposed to moisture and dirt. The tightness of the internal mechanisms is ensured by rubber seals, which must be changed from time to time. Waterproof models are usually made with shock-resistant glass and a case, and have the corresponding class of tightness indicated on the back panel or on the watch dial:
  • class 1 (waterresistant)sufficient for gentle hand washing without removing the watch, but not designed for swimming, showering or taking a bath, short-term accidental contact with water. This is the simplest class of protection of the mechanism from dust, dirt, moisture;
  • class 2 (3 atm) Suitable for washing hands or getting in heavy rain, but not swimming or bathing;
  • class 3 (5 atm) designed for immersion in water to a depth of 30 cm, but not for diving. If the water was salty sea, the watch must be rinsed with fresh water and dried naturally;
  • class 4 (10 atm) will withstand snorkelling, but scuba diving is not recommended;
  • class 5 (20-30 atm) - the most sealed products with shockproof housing, designed for divers and able to withstand water pressure for 3 hours.

As power / energy source for the movement of the arrows, alkaline, lithium or silver oxide batteries, solar cells, the kinetics of the rotor charging the battery in quartz movements and the spring winding in mechanical ones are used. As already mentioned, the self-winding movement is used in both mechanical and quartz models.

Women's watch, Sergey Gribnyakov (price by link)

Gold, silver, platinum, gems make the model more luxurious and, of course, affect its value. Precious metal wristwatches can be made of them completely or with partial use (dusting) - for example, made of solid gold or with gold plating. The indicator of the weight of the precious metal on items gilded or silver-plated is not stamped, in best case the documentation may indicate the thickness of the spray and the sample.

Mechanism protection (shockproof) Is the ability of the mechanism to maintain its performance after a shock, shock, etc. This indicator includes the type of glass (plastic, mineral, sapphire, etc.) and the material of the case (plastic, titanium alloy).

Men's watches, UT (price by link)

Few people know that a beautiful design solution with a fully or partially transparent body has a name - skeleton. Spectacular transparent designs allow observing the operation of the gears that set the hands in motion, therefore, the internal elements of mechanical watches are often decorated with ornamental painting or precious stones. Such watches are usually made with sapphire shock-resistant glass, which practically does not leave fingerprints and scratches.

Photo of a wrist watch with a transparent skeleton case

Display methods, directly, time in modern models of wristwatches can be very different: from the classic pointer version (two or three hands) and digital to combined (analog and digital) and binary (dots, sticks, colored rays and various geometric shapes).

The dial of modern chronometers is a grateful field for designers

The types of dials (arrow, mixed, digital) and four ways of marking the time circle ( arabic numerals, Roman, mixed options and just labels). The numbers on the dial in recent times often have a very creative character of the image, or they may be absent altogether - more and more often, along with numbers, designers refuse any markup: there can be no question of any accuracy of indicating the time on such a clock, but the design as a whole looks original and very stylish.

Photo of a wristwatch without hands and time markings on the dial

Additional functions of the wristwatch

In addition to the main function of indicating the time, modern chronometers have many other functionalities that facilitate, or at least make the wearer's life more comfortable. These additional amenities include:

  • display backlight;
  • self-winding, the presence of which in the watch makes the mechanism more complex, and the watch is more massive and thicker - therefore, the inclusion of such a function by manufacturers in ladies Watch usually not practiced;
  • GPS - a solution that is completely in keeping with the spirit of the times, tracking the location, allowing you to build a route and remember the movement along it. Usually used in children's tracker models with a navigator and in sports series; the GPS function is often adjacent to the compass, such watches are usually water-resistant and shock-resistant;
  • alarm clock and vibration (a kind of hour reminder, which is set at a precisely set time);
  • calendar, lunar calendar / lunar phase indicator;
  • notebook;
  • pedometer;
  • built-inFlash memory to store a small amount of information, such models are often equipped with a mini-usb port for connecting to a PC.

Each function naturally affects the cost of the product, so when choosing certain model It is worth considering whether this or that convenience will be used in the future. Why pay extra for something you don't have to use, like a GPS, moon phase or altimeter? You should also take into account the lifestyle, character, habits and temperament, as well as the style of dress. Among the well-known manufacturers whose watch models are in particular demand are the brands Adriatica, Anne Klein and Calvin klein, Casio, Citizen, Diesel, Orient, Romanson, Seiko.

Classically, all wristwatch mechanisms are divided into two groups - mechanical watches and quartz watches.

Consider quartz first. Quartz movements or eng. QUARTZ is powered by a quartz crystal. Its principle of operation lies in a simple truth - when a current passes, it is able to emit a pulse with a certain frequency. It is she who underlies the counting of seconds in such hours.

The most common types of quartz watches are:

Analog or pointer. This mechanism has a high level of accuracy, it is able to withstand external adverse influences (impacts, shaking, etc.) Such a mechanism can be made more thin than mechanical. The watch battery lasts from 3 to 10 years, depending on the quality of the battery. The service lines of the mechanism are the same as in mechanics (parts wear out the same). Not such a complex principle of operation allows you to easily produce multifunctional watches with date, calendar, lunar calendar and an alarm clock.

Quartz movements are also digital. In fact, they have the same characteristics as a quartz analog movement, except that they have a digital indication of time and other indicators. A lot of functions are most often found in such watches, especially in sports series. By the way, the latter are also combined,when in one housing both an analog indicator and digital indicators are combined.

An interesting invention is quartz movement using alternative sources energy. it self-winding quartz and solar quartz... In the first case, kinetic energy is used, that is, the movement of your hand while walking is converted into electrical energy and thus charges the battery. The principle of energy generation, by the way, is identical to the automatic winding of a mechanical watch, but about them a little later.

The second way to charge a battery in a quartz watch is a photocell or solar cells, which convert the energy of light, a technology that emerged from environmental trends in the energy sector and the manufacture of chargers.

Mechanical watches

To begin with, it should be clarified that mechanics is considered a more prestigious accessory than quartz. The unique models of these watches are accurate enough to compete with quartz, and at the same time have several advantages. Among them is the ability to measure segments in fractions of a second, as well as the small size of the mechanism. But without flaws, as a rule expensive watch, although there are decent models among serial watches of the average price.

Mechanics with a manual winding - something that has recently been encountered less and less. The spring must be wound with the winding head approximately once a day. Such watches are not as shock-resistant as quartz ones, since they have many small parts and a complex mechanism. Mechanical watches need to be washed and re-adjusted every few years. They are not as accurate as quartz, around +/- 20 minutes per month and are highly sensitive to magnetic fields. But among the pluses is the complexity of the watch, often their beauty (especially if the watch has transparent elements - skeletons). The watch has a smooth movement of the hands and a characteristic sound.



Self-winding mechanics has practically the same disadvantages as classical mechanics. In addition, the thickness of the case of such a watch cannot be very small, since the watch contains a rotor, whichfrom oscillations when wearing the watch, a spring starts up, which in turn rotates the mechanism. Automatic watches are alive and in fact allow the owner to forget about the need to change the battery or recharge, which is very convenient.

Some watches are often called chronometers, which means a special certificate of accuracy, which is checked by the Swiss Chamber of Weights and Measures. Not to be confused with a chronograph - a mechanical stopwatch with automatic winding or manual winding.



It is customary to determine the status of a man by shoes and watches, and if it is somewhat easier to decide on shoes, since there are no precise mechanisms in them, then there is no need to look for hours of simplicity. You need to choose, focusing not only on design, but also on quality, reliability, ergonomics and brand. Refer a buyer to the right way The rating of men's watches according to the version of the portal Marka.guru will help, it contains the Top-11 of the most famous brands that enjoy constant popularity due to the high quality and variety of models. But before presenting the rating of manufacturers of men's watches, here are some tips for correct choice such an important accessory.

Classic or modern, convenience or image - it is up to the buyer to decide, because in the end it is he who will have to use, evaluate the advantages and disadvantages, combine the purchased accessory with the wardrobe. Important criteria:

  • A type. Today in stores you can find mechanical, quartz, electronic and smart watches. Each of the types is good in its own way, but good mechanical models of famous watch brands give status and gloss.
  • The form. For a sporty style, bright options for a bizarre shape are suitable, and where restraint is needed, men prefer round and rectangular outlines.
  • Body material... The quality depends on the materials used in both the movement and the case. Reliable options are made of durable materials of gold, silver, stainless steel. Aluminum and nickel are indicators of cheapness, which can cause allergic rashes and a rapid loss of attractive appearance.
  • Glass. The dial is usually covered with glass of different quality... It can be durable mineral, or sapphire for luxury watch brands. It is practically not susceptible to damage, but it can still be broken.
  • Strap material... Ceramics are especially popular today, they are not susceptible to damage, durable and have excellent aesthetic characteristics, however, the price does not always allow making a choice in its favor. There are a great many soft straps, and these can be both budget artificial solutions and the best natural materials in the form of python skin, crocodile.

1 Casio

Unlocks Legendary Ranking japanese brand, which began its history with the production of calculators. A round in development was the electronic watch, which earned trust and, over time, transformed into several multidirectional lines.

G-SHOCK - men's Watch for extreme species sports, maximally protected from moisture, damage and extreme temperatures. They have everything that can be useful on the road: stopwatch, alarm clock, backlight.

EDIFICE is a fusion of functionality and elegance, the possibility of combining sporty reliability with a durable watch movement.

PRO TREK is a godsend for travelers. The watch line has many sensors that record the direction of movement, temperature, humidity, altitude, which allows you to fully control the route.

Wrist casio watch - these are invariably high-quality materials, good security and maximum convenience in any situation.

Benefits:

  • high-precision Japanese movement;
  • maximum functionality in a compact design;
  • a variety of synthetic and natural materials;
  • long warranty period.

Disadvantages:

  • silicone straps are difficult to find replacement.

The company's pricing policy is loyal. Depending on the materials, degree of protection and class, prices can vary from 1000 rubles to several dozen.

Prices for CASIO EFR-526L-1A:

2 Diesel

Sensational youth brand originally from Italy. A distinctive feature of the Diesel watch brand is its massiveness and unsurpassed daring style. Good and sturdy leather straps can have a familiar shape or a sharp brutal finish. The body is invariably steel, resistant to moisture and time. In addition, the price gives the brand popularity. Running watch models are quite affordable, in addition, promotions and sales only fuel interest in the products.

Benefits:

  • high quality mechanisms;
  • the best combinations of durable materials and design solutions;
  • acceptable cost of products;
  • wide availability of purchase.

Disadvantages:

  • bulky;
  • low moisture protection.

The value of the brand's products is varied. In various lines, you can find models at a price from 2,000 rubles to several tens of thousands.

Prices for DIESEL DZ1657:

3 Orient

Japanese watches of this brand are especially popular in Russia, for the most part models have elegant design and quality materials. To a greater extent, the brand's products are a duo of the watch movement own production company and high aesthetics in the design of cases and bracelets. Only the best stainless steel cases, gold-plated titanium alloys and maximum environmental protection.

Benefits:

  • durable materials;
  • quality mechanisms;
  • unique style;
  • variety of models.

Minuses:

  • require delicate cleaning and care.

Prices for ORIENT ER27001B:

4 Citizen

The Japanese concern also began its history with calculators and computers. Digital Watch the brands have become the starting point in the world of high precision and reliable mechanisms, which are currently purchased by some Swiss brands. The most popular on the market are the quartz watch models produced by the company. Products different categories represented by several lines.

The Citizen are elite products for the Japanese domestic market. They have the minimum error of movement and the highest quality of mechanisms and materials.

Attesa is a rather expensive line with no implementation restrictions.

Promaster - watches for active image life, scuba diving, flying, cycling. Most of the collection is electronic models in soft silicone design.

Benefits:

  • model different designs and directions;
  • good implementation of the functionality;
  • a variety of budget and premium products;
  • best high precision mechanisms.

Disadvantages:

  • the Eco-Drive direction, despite the declared protection, can leak water.

The price range is the widest. It can be sports models from 4000 rubles and elegant classic up to 150,000 rubles.

Prices Citizen BM8470-11EE:

5 Tissot

The concept of "Swiss watches" has become a stable expression that reflects quality and status. The rating of watch brands could not fail to include a brand with a worldwide reputation and the widest range products. The consumer is presented with electronic sports, stylish and massive male options, as well as inimitable classics in a budget steel and jewelry design made of gold with decor from rubies and diamonds.

Benefits:

  • a wide range of;
  • only the best materials;
  • own production of clockwork.

Disadvantages:

  • budget models can scratch their skin and rub their clothes.

The variety of prices is designed for the widest possible audience. Nice watch stainless steel grades with sapphire crystal can be purchased for 18,000 rubles. Jewelry models can cost from several thousand dollars to several hundred thousand.

Prices for Tissot T033.410.11.053.01:

6 Swatch

A Swiss brand with youthful spontaneity and classic quality. Men's watches, both electronic and mechanical, can have a sporty design in a lightweight plastic case, and classic performance and best performance in a stainless steel case.

A distinctive feature of the brand is the implementation of bold design solutions, if there is a striving for individuality, then this watch will certainly reflect it.

Benefits:

  • bright youth models;
  • high-quality performance;
  • affordable prices;
  • warranty service.

Disadvantages:

  • plastic is prone to damage.

Budget options can cost less than RUB 2,000, while classic models start at a price of 10,000 rubles.

Prices for Swatch YVB401:

7 Essence

Products made in South Korea pleases with a variety of designs and price categories... Most of them are good and inexpensive watch made of stainless steel, ceramic with mineral glass. Classic models with a leather strap and a minimum of additions are widely represented.

The new line with ceramic bracelets is especially popular due to its high quality and pronounced aesthetic benefits. Today it successfully competes with famous brands, leading due to an acceptable price.

Benefits:

  • rich variety of styles;
  • retain their original appearance for a long time;
  • affordable prices;
  • high quality mechanisms.

Disadvantages:

  • bright spraying can change the shade.

Good production capacity allows us to produce products at reasonable prices, the range is from 4,000 to 20,000 rubles.

Prices for Essence ES6402FE.439:

8 Romanson

A popular brand in Russia that can be found in most stores. Despite the fact that the development of the clockwork and design is engaged in South KoreaMost of the production and assembly is located in China. This significantly reduces the cost of products, nevertheless Romanson successfully competes with many well-known brands, gaining consumer confidence.

The brand's business card is unique designthat fits perfectly into any style. Watches of the brand in all price categories are made of high-quality materials and are suitable both for everyday wear and for giving the image a status.

Benefits:

  • extensive price range;
  • variety of models;
  • moisture protection;
  • mineral and sapphire crystal.

Disadvantages:

  • after a while the dusting can be wiped off.

The price of a budget model is about 3,000 rubles, for an average price segment a little more than 20,000 rubles.

Prices Romanson DL4191SMW (GR):

9 Flight Chronos

Domestic men's watches also entered the rating for a reason. Having inherited production from the First Watch Factory, Polet-Chronos specializes in government orders, devoting only a third of its power to retail production. Proceeding from this, it is not difficult to guess that the quality oriented to the military and government agencies cannot fail.

Such watches will last a long time, they can be passed on from generation to generation. Stainless steel, leather and reliable mechanism will make them a family heirloom.

Benefits:

  • high quality materials;
  • high level of protection;
  • wide price range;
  • execution from jewelry metals and alloys.

Disadvantages:

  • classic design;
  • a large number of "Soviet" models.

Taking into account the fact that Poljot-Chronos makes watches from precious metals, the price can reach 200,000 rubles, while budget options can cost 2,000 rubles.

Prices Poljot-Chronos 2400/7366252:

10 U.S. Polo

American brand specializing in affordable clothing sports style, sells available hours excellent quality... Moreover, the assortment includes not only sports models, but also seasoned classic, elegant ones. The company is very sensitive to its reputation, therefore, it creates the most comfortable collections from hypoallergenic and, if possible, natural materials.

It is not so easy to buy a watch from the brand, a good sales concept with protection against counterfeiting allows sales to be carried out only through official representatives.

Benefits:

  • comfort during operation;
  • wide range of prices;
  • natural materials;
  • reliable.

Disadvantages:

  • quite heavy;
  • difficult to acquire.

Popular models are available at a price of 3,000 rubles, premium watches cost from 1,000 dollars and more.

Prices for the U.S. POLO ASSN. USP4355BR:

11 Q&Q

Rounding out the rating chinese watch, the range of which is presented in most stores. For a mass buyer, it makes them attractive as much as possible affordable price and the quality of the clockwork. The design is the most diverse, and most of the models look quite expensive - durable mineral glass, leather straps, stylish finish.

Q&Q products from Chinese factories have high quality... It's all about the Japanese movements of the MIYOTA company, which is part of the Citizen Group, as well as the author's steel-based alloys.

Benefits:

  • variety of types and styles;
  • low price;
  • the possibility of purchasing straps and bracelets;
  • availability.

Disadvantages:

  • the spraying is quickly erased;
  • the straps break.

The minimum price for products is about 500 rubles, models good quality can reach 6,000 rubles in price.

Prices for Q&Q M119 J002:

Conclusion

The presented rating indicated the most popular brandswhose products are popular with consumers and inspire confidence. In the end, this does not solve the problem of choice, but only allows you to determine for yourself the direction of finding the best watch.

People have been measuring time since ancient times. The first clock was the sun. The first device for measuring time was invented in Ancient Babylon over three thousand years ago. It was a sundial. The hours have passed since then long way…

Sundial - one of the oldest. Ancient people turned to nature to create the first watches. People began to track the movement of the Sun across the sky, and then began to use objects for measurements. On a sunny day, any pillar casts a shadow. To find out how long, people measured the shadow in steps. In the morning it was longer, at noon it became very short, and in the evening it lengthened again. The pillar, which was used as a clock, was called a gnomon. The sundial consists of a circle lined with divisions and a gnomon. The sun's shadow, falling from the pole at a certain division, shows the time. Of course, the ancient sundial could not tell the exact time on a cloudy day or at night. In addition, the sundial's time was inaccurate because different times the clock was shorter or longer depending on the season.

Hourglass. Later, the hourglass was invented. They consist of two glass bulbs, one on top of the other with a narrow opening between them. Sand gradually flows from the top to the bottom when the watch is turned over. When all the sand from the top has passed to the bottom, it means that time is up. They could be used at any time of the day and regardless of the weather. They were widely used on ships. The disadvantage was the short time interval that could be measured without turning the watch over. Usually the hourglass was calculated to work for half an hour or an hour. The accuracy of the hourglass depended on the technology of making the sand itself, also on the shape of the flasks, on the smoothness of their inner walls. The hourglass never reached the accuracy of a sundial, as the sand grains gradually crushed into smaller ones, and the hole in the middle gradually worn out and enlarged. The hourglass, due to its shape and simplicity of operation, retained some value until recently, for example, telephone exchanges used them to track the time of short telephone conversations, in the halls court hearings and for some household needs.

Water clock, as ancient as the sun. Water from one bowl flows out through a small hole, gradually filling the second bowl with graduations applied to it. The time was recognized by comparing the water level and fission. However, while the water clock was very common, it was not entirely accurate.

More convenient and not requiring constant supervision were fire clockwhich were widespread. In China, for a fire clock, a dough was prepared from special sorts of wood, ground into powder, from which sticks of various shapes or long spirals of several meters were made. They were marked to indicate the time. Such sticks could burn for months without requiring supervision. A fire clock is known, which simultaneously represents an alarm clock. In this watch, they were suspended from the spiral in certain places metal balls, which, when the spiral burned, fell into a porcelain vase, making a loud ringing.

A fire clock in the form of a candle with marks on it was widely used. The combustion of the candle segment between the marks corresponded to a certain period of time.

There were oil clock... In ancient times, miners poured oil into a clay pot. We worked while the wick smoldered, illuminating the underground walls. And how the oil burned out to the bottom, they finished the work. Because the oil was designed for exactly 10 hours of burning. The time was read by the burned-out wick and the corresponding marks.

Mechanical watches. In Europe in the 1300s, inventors began making mechanical clocks that worked with a system of weights and springs. These first watches did not have a face and hands, and the passage of an hour was evidenced by a bell. Soon there was a clock with two hands, minute and hour. The movement of the arrows is set by the uniform oscillations of the pendulum. Thanks to the mass production of watches, this device has found its way into everyone's home. Over time, the pendulum was replaced by small crystals of quartz, but the principle remained roughly the same. When a quartz crystal is compressed, it generates a small amount of electrical current that vibrates the crystal. All quartz crystals vibrate at the same frequency. A quartz watch uses a battery to generate crystal vibrations and to count vibrations. Thus, the system works in such a way that one pulse is generated per second. Quartz watches are still popular for their precision and low manufacturing costs.

And now for a very accurate measurement time use atomic clock - their error (measurement error) is 1 second in 3 billion years! Atomic clocks pose no danger. They measure time by tracking how long it takes for one atom to go from positive to negative energy and back again. It sounds rather complicated, however, this technology is the world standard for measuring time.

Whether time is real or not, its measurement has become vital to us. Over the centuries, people have come up with various creative methods of measuring time, from the simplest sundial to atomic clocks.

Literature:

1. Melnikov I. About the clock and the clock. M .: Children's literature, 1983 .-- 24 p.

2. Michal S. Clock. From gnomon to atomic clock. Moscow: Knowledge, 1983 .-- 256 p.

3. Tarabarina TI, Sokolova EI Children about time. Yaroslavl: Academy of Development, 1996 .-- 237 p.

4. Around the world. The law of the fourth dimension. No. 1, 2004.