Calendar of preventive vaccinations for children: terms and features of vaccination. Vaccination calendar for adults and children from different countries.
Should the child be vaccinated or not? This question is being asked by parents across the country.
And if about older children the answers are more or less unequivocal (after all, this is required by kindergartens and schools), then it is very difficult to decide about babies.
Of course, in medical institutions there are regulations and a special calendar, which indicates which vaccinations should be given and when.
But after all, parents have the opportunity to refuse vaccination or postpone it for a certain period.
Why and why doctors do this, and what young mothers and fathers who are going to vaccinate children up to one year should know - this is our article.
Let's first figure out what vaccination is, why it is carried out.
After birth, babies are immune to certain diseases.
Since such antibodies do not arise in the child's body by themselves, but are transmitted through the placenta from the mother, such immunity is called "passive".
At breastfeeding the influx of antibodies is constant, which means that it is easier for the child to resist diseases.
It is believed that such immunity persists in children up to one year old. But there are no studies that would confirm or refute this theory.
But in order to create active immunity long acting, which is able to protect against some especially dangerous diseases, and vaccination is carried out.
The process of giving a child or adult a vaccine is called "vaccination". As a vaccine, individual parts of a live pathogen, weakened microorganisms, or even killed ones can be used.
At the moment, there are vaccines, thanks to which for many years it has been possible to prevent the spread of diseases carried by viruses or bacteria.
To achieve such results, a special vaccination calendar was created, according to which vaccinations are carried out.
Certain changes are made to it from year to year, but the main tasks remain the same. The calendar indicates which vaccinations should be given to whom and when.
In 2016, the vaccination schedule in Russia previous years was slightly modified, which led to the appearance of a new calendar for this year.
Despite the fact that there are opponents of this approach, many parents do everything necessary vaccinations children under one year old without consequences and complications. How do they do it?
They just try to get maximum amount information on a particular vaccine and mandatory follow the recommendations of the doctor and international specialists regarding the vaccination process.
We will also talk about this. But first, let's take a look at the approved vaccination schedule for 2016.
Vaccination calendar 2016 for children under one year
To more clearly explain the scheme of how vaccination is done, the following table will help us:
| Deadline | Name | Features of the |
| First day | Primary vaccination against viral hepatitis B | A very important vaccination, because after infection in the first year, the child is often diagnosed with oncology, which eventually lead to death. They vaccinate even those children whose mothers are carriers of the virus, as well as babies at risk. |
| 3-7 days after birth | BCG or tuberculosis vaccination | Most often, a child is vaccinated on the 4th day, when he is most at risk. However, if any contraindications are found, vaccination can be canceled, postponed for some time. |
| 1 month | Booster vaccination against viral hepatitis B | This vaccination is already done in the procedure room of the local polyclinic, where documents about the newborn are received from the maternity hospital. It is carried out according to the instructions and norms, if the baby has no contraindications. |
| 2 months | It is done by a nurse at a local clinic, guided by the instructions and only for children who have been identified as a risk group. | |
| 3 months | Primary vaccination with DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus) | The child is usually vaccinated in one shot. However, if there are any peculiarities or contraindications, the composition of the vaccine may be changed. |
| 3-6 months | First Hemophilus influenza vaccine | It is given to children who are at risk or have some abnormalities in the functioning of the immune system. The course usually includes three injections. |
| 4.5 months | Primary polio vaccination | It is performed only in such a composition in which the pathogen is not active. |
| Second DPT vaccination | It is done for babies who have already been vaccinated before. | |
| Second Hemophilus influenza vaccine | It is performed in accordance with the instructions for those children who have already received a similar primary vaccination. | |
| Second vaccination against polio | It is done for children who have undergone the first vaccination according to the instructions corresponding to the age group. | |
| 6 months | Third DTP vaccination | It is performed if the child has previously received the first and second vaccinations. |
| Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B | It is done for babies who were not vaccinated at 2 months, since they do not belong to the risk group. | |
| Third Hemophilus influenza vaccine | Vaccination applies to children who received vaccinations according to the instructions at 3 months. and 4.5 months. | |
| Third vaccination against polio | In this case, a "live" vaccine is used. But this rule does not apply to childcare facilities where babies of this age are. | |
| 12 months | Vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps | Standard vaccination, which is done according to the instructions. |
| The fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B | This vaccination is given only to those children who are at risk. |
We hope that this table, which describes in detail the vaccination schedule in Russia for 2016, will help you figure out what vaccinations are given to your child and why.
We used a calendar that refers to children under one year old.
But you should know that there is also a continuation, where vaccinations for babies up to two years old, schoolchildren and adolescents (up to 18 years old) and vaccinations for adults are scheduled.
If you wish, you can study this calendar for 2016, adopted in Russia, so as not to miss the timing of vaccination for the whole family.
And so that vaccination does not lead to complications and any problems, be sure to pay attention to the rules that will help you and your baby to calmly transfer any vaccination.
In this case, your schedule will not go wrong, which means that the child will receive maximum protection from serious diseases.
Vaccination rules
In Russia, there are a number of laws that regulate the vaccination process in the country.
They also allow you to create and approve a vaccination calendar.
But besides them, there are provisions that allow parents to refuse vaccination or change its schedule and terms.
If you plan to postpone vaccinating your baby in 2016, then you should look into them.
If you decide to follow the schedule, then carefully study the rules for the vaccination.
They are dictated common sense, some studies carried out over several years, and instructions that are available from the Ministry of Health of Russia.
These rules state:
About complications and consequences
Even if you have studied the calendar all the way down to adults over 35, there is no guarantee that vaccinations will go smoothly.
However, you can prepare for the consequences, and if they appear (God forbid!) You will know "where your legs grow from."
What needs to be done for this:
- Ask your doctor before getting vaccinated complete information about what kind of vaccination your child will receive, and what consequences may appear after its introduction. In this case, you have the right to know exactly what contraindications to this vaccine are. All written information must be at the medical facility. After reading it, you will surely come across a point where the opportunity is indicated lethal outcome... You should not be very afraid of this, since this is stated in the instructions for almost every vaccine.
- Among possible consequences most often occurs:
- The appearance of diathesis, which is observed in 60-80% of vaccinated children.
- The disease of poliomyelitis, the free form of which practically does not occur in nature, and most of the cases of outbreaks of the disease are associated with vaccination.
- DTP vaccines and ADSM can lead to seizures, several cases have been reported sudden deaths and anaphylactic shock, as well as other consequences.
- Being vaccinated against measles, the child runs the risk of getting neurological and nephrological complications, the lungs and tonsils may be affected, and convulsions may appear.
- Parents have the right to demand a letter of guarantee from the administration of the medical institution, which will confirm the safety of the vaccine used. It must confirm that within 10 years (the duration of the vaccine), complications after vaccination will not appear in the child.
- When choosing a vaccine, give preference to foreign manufacturers. In this case, be sure to pay attention to the terms and conditions of storage of the drug. If in any doubt, look for another supplier.
- More than one vaccination at one time is undesirable. This instruction of the Ministry of Health is most often violated. After all, it seems that it is better to come once and get everything at once in one injection than to go to the clinic, where there are a lot of sick children, for each vaccination. In this you, most likely, will be convinced by health workers, arguing that for many years they have been doing this and “nothing”. It is not worth agreeing to such a thing, because it is in such a situation that greatest risk that a reaction or complications will appear. Immunity receives a repeated blow, which significantly weakens the body's defenses. In this case, any, even a minor infection can cause unpredictable consequences.
Remember that even if you follow the vaccination schedule, this does not give you a guarantee that the child will not get infected or get sick in the future.
But vaccination for several years protects the body from viruses and bacteria, weakening their negative effects.
Thus, the vaccinated child will more easily cope with the disease, transfer it without complications and will not be able to infect others with it.
Of course, final decision accept parents as they have legal and moral responsibility for their baby.
Therefore, before deciding something, weigh the pros and cons, having listened to the opinion of experts beforehand.
Calendar preventive vaccinations children: terms and features of vaccination
Vaccinations for children are a relevant topic for parents, perhaps, until the child grows up. Doctors are convinced that vaccinations save babies and adolescents from many health problems, but restless moms and dads are often wary of this type of prophylaxis. How to avoid side effects vaccinations, but at the same time to form a strong immunity in the child? Let's talk about this in more detail in this article.
Types of vaccinations and vaccination rates in Russia
Vaccination implies a targeted enrichment of immunity with information about dangerous microorganisms that he had never encountered before. Almost all infections leave a kind of trace in the body: the immune system continues to remember the enemy "in the face", therefore new meeting with contagion no longer turns into malaise. But many diseases - especially in childhood - are fraught with more than unpleasant symptoms, but also health complications that can leave an imprint on the entire further life person. And it is much wiser, instead of gaining such experience in "combat conditions", to make life easier for a child using a vaccine.
A vaccine is a pharmaceutical formulation that contains killed or weakened particles of bacteria and viruses that allow the body to develop immunity without serious damage to health.
The use of vaccines is justified both for the prevention of the disease and for its treatment (with a protracted course of the disease, when it is required to stimulate the immune system). Preventive vaccinations are used in young and adult patients, their combination and sequence of administration are prescribed in a special document - the National Calendar of Preventive Vaccinations. These are expert recommendations for achieving best result with minimal negative consequences.
There are vaccines that are not used in normal conditions, however, they are extremely useful in the event of an outbreak of a disease, as well as during a trip to a region known for a difficult epidemic situation for a particular infection (for example, cholera, rabies, typhoid fever, etc.). You can find out what preventive vaccinations will be useful for children on epidemic indications from a pediatrician, immunologist or infectious disease specialist.
When deciding whether to vaccinate, it is important to keep in mind the legal regulations in the area Russian Federation:
- vaccination is a voluntary choice of parents. There is no punishment for refusing it, but it is worth considering what such a decision is fraught with for the well-being of both your child and other babies who may one day become infected with an infectious disease from him;
- any vaccination is carried out in medical organizations that have admission to this type of procedure (we are talking not only about state polyclinics, but also about private centers);
- the vaccination must be given by a physician who has permission to vaccinate (a doctor, paramedic or nurse);
- vaccination is permissible only with drugs officially registered in our country;
- before starting the procedure, the doctor or nurse is obliged to explain to the parents of the child the positive and negative properties of the vaccine, the possible side effects and the consequences of refusing to vaccinate;
- before the introduction of the vaccine, the child must be examined by a doctor or paramedic;
- if vaccination is carried out in several directions at once on one day, then vaccinations are given in different parts of the body, each time with a new syringe;
- except for the situation described above, the period between two vaccinations against different infections should be at least 30 days.
Vaccination calendar for children under 3 years old
Most of the vaccinations from National calendar for children occurs in the first year and a half of life. At this age, the child is most susceptible to infections, so the task of parents and doctors is to make sure that diseases bypass your baby.
It is, of course, difficult for a kid to explain how important vaccination is and why it is necessary to endure pain. However, experts advise to approach the process delicately: try to distract the baby from medical manipulation, be sure to praise for good behavior and carefully monitor his health in the first three days after the procedure.
|
Child's age |
Procedure |
Drug used |
Grafting technique |
|
The first 24 hours of life |
First vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
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|
3-7 days of life |
Vaccination against tuberculosis |
BCG, BCG-M |
Intradermally, with outside left shoulder |
|
1 month |
Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
Euvax V, Engerix V, Eberbiovak, Hepatect and others |
Intramuscularly (usually in the middle third of the thigh) |
|
2 months |
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (for children at risk) |
Euvax V, Engerix V, Eberbiovak, Hepatect and others |
Intramuscularly (usually in the middle third of the thigh) |
|
First vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
Pneumo-23, Prevenar |
Intramuscularly (in the shoulder) |
|
|
3 months |
First vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus |
Intramuscularly (usually in the middle third of the thigh) |
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|
First vaccination against polio |
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First vaccination against haemophilus influenzae (for children at risk) |
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|
4.5 months |
Second vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus |
DTP, Infanrix, ADS, ADS-M, Imovax and others |
Intramuscularly (usually in the middle third of the thigh) |
|
Second Haemophilus influenza vaccine (for children at risk) |
Act-HIB, Hiberiks, Pentaxim and others |
Intramuscularly (thigh or shoulder) |
|
|
Second vaccination against polio |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is put in the mouth) |
|
|
Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
Pneumo-23, Prevenar |
Intramuscularly (in the shoulder) |
|
|
6 months |
Third vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus |
DTP, Infanrix, ADS, ADS-M, Imovax and others |
Intramuscularly (usually in the middle third of the thigh) |
|
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
Euvax V, Engerix V, Eberbiovak, Hepatect and others |
||
|
Third vaccination against polio |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is put in the mouth) |
|
|
Third Hemophilus influenza vaccine (for children at risk) |
Act-HIB, Hiberiks, Pentaxim and others |
Intramuscularly (thigh or shoulder) |
|
|
12 months |
Vaccination against measles, rubella, paratitis |
MMR-II, Priorix and others |
Intramuscularly (thigh or shoulder) |
|
1 year and 3 months |
Revaccination (booster vaccination) against pneumococcal infection |
Pneumo-23, Prevenar |
Intramuscularly (in the shoulder) |
|
1 year and 6 months |
The first revaccination against poliomyelitis |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is put in the mouth) |
|
The first revaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus |
DTP, Infanrix, ADS, ADS-M, Imovax and others |
Intramuscularly (usually in the middle third of the thigh) |
|
|
Revaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (for children at risk) |
Act-HIB, Hiberiks, Pentaxim and others |
Intramuscularly (thigh or shoulder) |
|
|
1 year and 8 months |
Second revaccination against poliomyelitis |
OPV, Imovax Polio, Poliorix and others |
Orally (the vaccine is put in the mouth) |
As with any other drug use, vaccination is contraindicated. They are individual for each vaccination, but it is important to exclude the introduction of the vaccine against the background of an existing infection and if the child is allergic to a particular product. If you have reason to doubt the safety of an approved vaccination schedule, it is worth discussing with your doctor about alternative vaccination regimens and other preventive measures.
Vaccination calendar for children from 3 to 7 years old
V preschool age children need to be vaccinated much less often. However, it is important not to forget to check the Vaccination Calendar so that you do not accidentally forget to visit your pediatrician on time.
Calendar of preventive vaccinations for schoolchildren
V school years the timing of vaccination of children is usually monitored by an employee of the first-aid post - all students are often vaccinated centrally, on the same day. If your child has health conditions that require a separate vaccine prophylaxis regimen, do not forget to discuss this with representatives of the school administration.
To vaccinate children or not?
The question of the advisability of vaccinating children in recent decades is acute: in Russia and around the world, the so-called anti-vaccination movement remains popular, whose supporters consider vaccination to be a harmful procedure imposed by pharmaceutical corporations for the purpose of enrichment.
This point of view is based on isolated cases of complications or death of children who were vaccinated against any infections. In most cases, install objective reason such a tragedy fails, but opponents of vaccinations do not consider it necessary to rely on statistics and facts, they appeal only to the natural feeling of fear of parents for their children.
The danger of such beliefs is that without universal vaccination it is impossible to exclude the preservation of foci of infection, the carriers of which are unvaccinated children. By coming into contact with other babies who have not received the vaccine due to contraindications, they contribute to the spread of the disease. And the more convinced “anti-vaccines” there are among parents, the more often children suffer from measles, meningitis, rubella and other infections.
Another reason that often keeps parents from getting vaccinated is uncomfortable conditions in vaccination room children's polyclinic at the place of registration. However, proper time planning, an experienced doctor who will clarify all the questions, and your positive attitude, which will affect the child, will surely help to survive the vaccination without tears and disappointments.
Where can I get vaccinated?
If for some reason you cannot or do not want to go to public clinics, remember to make an appointment at a private center. V specialized clinic with long-term experience and high reputation specialists will do everything to prevent any unwanted consequences vaccinations for young patients and provide support for the child's immunity for many years.
Doctors of the Markushka children's polyclinic know well how important it is for children to grow up healthy. Many of the staff at this medical center hold advanced degrees and lead scientific work in various fields of modern pediatric medicine, so they are aware of all new pediatric developments. Every kid is a welcome guest in: he and his parents are provided with attention and sincere care. Children's clinic "Markushka" works seven days a week, and you can make an appointment online - without queues and fuss. You can find out more information on the website of the medical center.
Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of March 21, 2014 No. 252n
"On the approval of the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications «
"National calendar of preventive vaccinations"
|
Age |
Vaccination name |
Vaccines |
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|
Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life) |
First vaccination against viral hepatitis B¹ |
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Newborn (3-7 days) |
Vaccination against tuberculosis 2 |
BCG-M |
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Children 1 month |
Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B 1 |
Engerix B 0.5
|
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Children 2 months |
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) 1 First vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
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Children 3 months |
First vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus First vaccination against polio 4 |
Infanrix Pentaxim |
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First vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (risk groups) 5 |
Act-HIB Pentaxim |
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4.5 months |
Second vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus Second vaccination against polio 4 Second vaccination against pneumococcal infection |
Infanrix Pentaxim Prevenar 13 |
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Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae (risk groups) 5 |
Act-HIB Pentaxim |
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6 months |
Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B 1 |
Pentaxim Infanrix Hexa |
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Third vaccination against haemophilus influenzae (risk group) 5 |
Act-HIB Pentaxim Infanrix Hexa |
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12 months |
The fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B (risk groups) 1 |
Korevaya Rubella |
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15 months |
Revaccination against pneumococcal infection | Prevenar 13 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
18 months |
The first revaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus First revaccination against polio 6 |
Infanrix Pentaxim |
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Revaccination against hemophilic infection (risk groups) 5 |
Act-HIB |
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20 months |
Second revaccination against poliomyelitis 6 |
OPV |
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6 years |
Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps |
Priorix Korevaya Rubella |
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6-7 years old |
Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus 7 |
ADS-M |
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|
Revaccination against tuberculosis 8 |
BCG-M |
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14 years old |
The third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus 7 |
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Third revaccination against poliomyelitis 6 |
Polyorix |
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Adults from 18 years old |
Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the moment of the last revaccination |
ADS-M |
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Children from 1 to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated |
Vaccination against viral hepatitis B 9 |
Engerix B 0.5 Engerix B 1,0 |
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| Children from 1 to 18 years old (inclusive), women from 18 to 25 years old (inclusive), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated against rubella once, having no information about rubella vaccinations |
Rubella vaccination, rubella revaccination |
Rubella |
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| Children from 1 to 18 years old (inclusive) and adults up to 35 years old (inclusive), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, having no information about measles vaccinations; adults from 36 to 55 years old (inclusive) belonging to risk groups (medical and educational organizations, organizations of trade, transport, communal and social spheres; persons working on a rotational basis and employees of state control bodies at checkpoints across the state border of the Russian Federation), not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once, having no information about measles vaccinations |
Measles vaccination, measles revaccination |
Korevaya |
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Children from 6 months; students in grades 1-11; students in professional educational institutions and educational institutions of higher education; adults working in certain professions and positions (employees of medical and educational organizations, transport, utilities); pregnant women; adults over 60; persons to be conscripted for military service; persons with chronic diseases, including those with lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders and obesity |
Flu vaccine |
Vaxigripp Influvac |
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Pneumococcal |
Pneumo 23 Prevenar 13 |
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| Children and adults according to epidemiological indications |
Meningococcal |
Calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications
The procedure for carrying out preventive vaccinations to citizens within the framework of the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications1. Preventive vaccinations as part of the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications are carried out to citizens in medical organizations if such organizations have a license that provides for the performance of work (services) for vaccination (conducting preventive vaccinations). 2. Vaccination is carried out by medical workers trained in the use of immunobiological drugs for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, the rules for organizing and medical care in an emergency or urgent form. 3. Vaccination and revaccination within the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications is carried out with immunobiological drugs for immunoprophylaxis of infectious diseases, registered in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the instructions for their use. 4. Before the prophylactic vaccination, the person subject to vaccination or his legal representative (guardians) is explained the need for immunization of infectious diseases, possible post-vaccination reactions and complications, as well as the consequences of refusal of immunization, and informed voluntary consent to medical intervention in accordance with the requirements of Article 20 of the Federal Law of November 21, 2011 No. 323-FZ “On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation”. eleven 11 Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2012, No. 26, Art. 3442; No. 26, art. 3446; 2013, no. 27, art. 3459; No. 27, art. 3477; No. 30, art. 4038; No. 48, art. 6165; No. 52, art. 6951. 5. All persons who should receive preventive vaccinations are preliminarily examined by a doctor (paramedic). 12 12 Order of the Ministry of Health and social development Of the Russian Federation dated March 23, 2012 No. 252n "On approval of the Procedure for imposing on a paramedic, a midwife by the head medical organization in the organization of the provision of primary health care and emergency medical care of individual functions of the attending physician for the direct provision of medical care to the patient during the period of observation and treatment, including the appointment and use of drugs, including narcotic drugs medications and psychotropic drugs " (registered By the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation on April 28, 2012, registration number No. 23971). 6. It is allowed to administer vaccines on the same day with different syringes in different parts of the body. The interval between vaccinations against different infections when they are carried out separately (not on the same day) should be at least 1 month. 7. Vaccination against poliomyelitis for epidemic indications is carried out by oral poliomyelitis vaccine. Indications for vaccination of children with oral poliomyelitis vaccine for epidemic indications are registration of a case of poliomyelitis caused by wild poliovirus, isolation of wild poliovirus in human bioassays or from objects environment... In these cases, vaccination is carried out in accordance with the decree of the chief state sanitary doctor of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation, which determines the age of children to be vaccinated, the timing, procedure and frequency of its implementation. |
Vaccination / Vaccination(from lat. vaccus- cow) is a way of protecting the body from possible infection disease. That is, we kind of "teach" the body to fight this or that disease.
That is, graft is the introduction of antigenic material in order to induce immunity to the disease, which will prevent infection or weaken it negative consequences... The following are used as antigenic material:
- live, but weakened strains of microbes;
- killed ( inactivated) microbes;
- purified material, such as proteins of microorganisms;
- synthetic vaccines are also used.
The most common are mild side reactions:
- moderate increase in body temperature
- redness
- soreness at the injection site.
In children often seen
- prolonged crying
- loss of appetite
Possible
- allergic reactions(including (rarely) - Quincke's edema, anaphylactic shock, urticaria) Some live vaccines can cause reactions that resemble mild disease. For example, vaccination against measles, rubella and mumps causes a moderate rash in 5% of cases.
Decision to vaccinate
The decision to vaccinate should be made by the patient or his legal representative (for children under 15 years of age) on the basis of informed consent (in writing), after familiarization with the beneficial effects and possible risks procedures. On the day of the vaccination, the patient must be examined by a doctor (in rural areas - by a paramedic), with the obligatory measurement of body temperature ( thermometry).
The procedure and rules for vaccination
The procedure and rules for conducting preventive vaccinations are regulated by the relevant sanitary regulations("Ensuring the safety of immunization", "Immunization of infectious diseases"), as well as guidelines (for example, "Monitoring of post-vaccination complications and their prevention" and others). Medical workers those involved in vaccine prophylaxis receive a certificate of admission to carry out preventive vaccinations, annually passing the appropriate exam, including questions of emergency care with post-vaccination complications.
Preparing for vaccination
vaccination schedule
One of the reasons for complications that arise after vaccination may be inadequate preparation for vaccination. If the child is allergic, it is necessary to take antihistamines (antiallergic: dimetindene, cetirizine, desloratadine): 2 days before vaccination, 2 days after. Before being vaccinated with a DPT vaccine (against whooping cough, diphtheria, tetanus), you need to do a blood and urine test, and consult a neurologist. When preparing for vaccination, buy children antipyretic with paracetamol (better candles- smaller adverse reactions). Do not use aspirin - complications may arise. Before vaccination, read the instructions for the vaccine, paying attention to the list of contraindications and the expiration date of the drug.
On the day of vaccination, you can not enter into the child's diet.(and mothers, if the baby is breastfed) new foods. This prohibition is valid for 3 days (according to some doctors, 7-10 days) after vaccination.
Immediately before vaccination check with the doctor that the child does not have a fever. Do not be afraid to refuse the vaccine if in doubt normal condition child or doubts about the vaccine itself. Find out if the vaccination office has remedies for allergic reactions.
After vaccination, sit near the doctor's office for half an hour or an hour.- immediate allergic reactions to the vaccine may occur. On the day of vaccination, it is better not to bathe your baby. You need to monitor the child's condition for another 2-3 weeks, especially on the 3rd, 5th and 10-11th days - during these periods, late allergies may develop.
Choosing a drug for vaccination
Many parents who have made their choice in favor of vaccination believe that imported European vaccines are better than domestic ones - they have fewer side effects. It is advised to be especially careful when choosing a DPT vaccine.... In the domestic version, it usually includes the so-called whole-cell pertussis component, which, according to many doctors, causes most of the reactions, such as edema at the injection site, fever, convulsions. In vaccines of most foreign countries- they are called acellular, or acellular, - the pertussis component is purified and causes fewer reactions.
Some people think that vaccinations against different diseases are best done separately, so that the load on the body will be less. Others argue that combination vaccines are better, and one "shared" shot is preferable to two separate ones - half the total dose of the toxic preservative. Consult your pediatrician, he will determine which option will do exactly to your child.
National Vaccination Calendar by Age 2016
| Age | Graft |
|---|---|
| Newborns (in the first 24 hours of life) | First vaccination against viral hepatitis B <1, 3, 4> |
| Newborns (3-7 days) | Vaccination against tuberculosis (BCG-m)<2> |
| Children: 1 month | Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B <3>(children from risk groups). |
| 2 months | Third vaccination against hepatitis B <3>(children from risk groups). |
| 3 months | Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B <4>, the first vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio. |
| 4.5 months | Second vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio<5>. |
| 6 months | Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis; first vaccination against haemophilus influenzae. |
| 7 months | Second vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae. |
| 12 months | Fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B<3>(children at risk), vaccination against measles, rubella, mumps. |
| 18 months | The first revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio; vaccination against haemophilus influenzae<8>; revaccination against hemophilic infection<8>. |
| 20 months | Second revaccination against poliomyelitis. |
| 24 months | Vaccination against pneumococcal infection, vaccination against chickenpox. |
| Children 3-6 years old | Vaccination against viral hepatitis A followed by revaccination after 6 months. |
| 6 years | Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps. |
| 7 years | The second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus. |
| 7 years | The first revaccination against tuberculosis (BCG). |
| 12-13 years old | Vaccination (girls) against human papillomavirus<7>. |
| 14 years old | The third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus, poliomyelitis. |
| 14 years old | Second revaccination against tuberculosis (BCG). |
| Adults from 18 years old | Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the moment of the last revaccination. |
|
Children from 1 to 17 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated |
Vaccination against viral hepatitis B<1>. |
|
Children from 1 to 17 years old, not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella; girls from 18 to 25 years old, not sick, not previously vaccinated |
Rubella immunization. |
|
Children attending preschool institutions, students of grades 1-11, students of higher professional and secondary professional educational institutions; adults working in certain professions and positions (medical and educational institutions, transport and utilities, etc.); adults over 60 |
Flu vaccination. |
|
Adolescents and adults under the age of 35 who have not been sick, not vaccinated and have no knowledge of preventive vaccinations against measles; contact persons from the foci of the disease, who were not sick, not vaccinated and who do not have information about preventive vaccinations against measles - no age limit |
Immunization against measles. |
Frequency of vaccination
Vaccination against viral hepatitis B carried out for all newborns in the first 24 hours of a child's life, including children born to healthy mothers and children from risk groups, which include newborns born to mothers with HBsAg, patients with hepatitis B virus or who have had hepatitis B virus in the third trimester of pregnancy, without test results for markers of hepatitis B, as well as those attributed to risk groups: drug addicts, in families in which there is a carrier of HBsAg or a patient with acute viral hepatitis B and chronic viral hepatitis (hereinafter referred to as risk groups).
Vaccination of newborns against tuberculosis carried out by the BCG-M vaccine. Revaccination against tuberculosis is carried out with the BCG vaccine for tuberculin-negative children who are not infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis at the age of 7 and at the age of 14.
Vaccination against viral hepatitis B It is carried out according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme (the first dose - in the first 24 hours of life, the second dose - at the age of 1 month, the third dose - at the age of 2 months, the fourth dose - at the age of 12 months) for newborn children from risk groups.
Vaccination against viral hepatitis B It is carried out according to the 0-3-6 scheme (1 dose - at the time of the start of vaccination, 2 dose - 3 months after the first vaccination, 3 dose - 6 months after the start of immunization) for newborns and all children who do not belong to risk groups.
Polio vaccination is carried out with an inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine (ITTV) three times to all children in the first year of life. Children whose immunization against poliomyelitis with IPV for any reason was limited to one or two vaccinations, subsequent vaccinations against poliomyelitis can be given a live attenuated vaccine at the time specified in the vaccination schedule.
Scheduled second and third boosters against diphtheria and tetanus(ADS-M - toxoid) is carried out with an interval of at least 5 years from the previous revaccination, every subsequent one every 10 years without age restrictions.
Triple immunization against human papillomavirus is carried out for girls aged 12-13 years, in order to prevent and reduce the risk of developing malignant diseases in girls, as well as to implement the city program for the prevention of cervical cancer in women.
Hemophilus influenza vaccination among children of closed child care institutions, it is held from 6 months, three times. Vaccination of children aged 18 months is carried out once.
Vaccination against pneumococcal infection it is carried out once, from two years of age, to children from risk groups (often ill and suffering from chronic diseases of the bronchopulmonary system).
Varicella vaccination is carried out once for children who have not previously had this infection.
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The vaccination calendar existing in Russia is one of the most extensive in the world. By 2017, he was in again revised by the Ministry of Health, some amendments introduced. For example, the new vaccination schedule has increased the number of children at risk. The schedule is relevant for the entire territory of the country, its modification is possible only in those regions where high epidemiological indicators for any type of infection will be revealed.
The national immunization schedule is drawn up in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 229 "On the national calendar of preventive vaccinations and the calendar of preventive vaccinations for epidemic indications", as well as the law No. 157-FZ "On immunization". Both documents are available for review on the website of the Ministry of Health.
Many parents are interested in the question: "Is it necessary to give vaccinations to a child?" The answer to it is spelled out in article 5 Federal Law No. 157 and confirmed by order No. 229. In the first paragraph of this article, in addition to other rights during immunization, it is noted that citizens have the right to refuse preventive vaccinations. On the territory of our country there is no compulsory vaccinations... Clause three obliges to confirm the refusal in writing, that is, by submitting an application.
When deciding to refuse vaccination, you must remember that this will entail a number of restrictions:
- if mass infectious infections erupt or an epidemic threat is declared, a child without vaccinations may be temporarily denied access to an educational (health-improving) institution;
- will be prohibited from traveling to countries where, according to international agreements and health regulations, certain vaccinations are required.
Today the policy of medical and educational institutions is focused on mass vaccination. Therefore, the school management literally "drives" treatment room whole classes, not interested in the wishes of the child and parents regarding vaccinations. Therefore, it is important that the student knows that no one and in any organization has the right to give him injections, issue medications, examine and perform others. medical procedures without parental or guardian consent.
If a child is under pressure from teachers or health workers, he can simply go home. Parents must first submit an application for refusal addressed to the manager, keep a copy of this document.
If the child is small and cannot stand up for his rights on his own, it will be necessary not only to formalize the refusal officially (Order No. 229), but also to warn the closest circle of him (educators, nurses, midwives) about him orally. It is important that the copy left on hand is signed by the person in charge and notarized.
Compulsory vaccination violates the law of the Russian Federation No. 157, order No. 229 and may be a reason for contacting the Prosecutor's Office.
Vaccination calendar for 2017
The table shows the schedule of preventive vaccination of children in Russia in 2017.
| Age | Vaccination name | Vaccine |
| Newborn (in the first 24 hours of life) |
||
| Newborns (3-7 days) | BCG-M | |
| 1 month | Second vaccination against viral hepatitis B | |
| 2 month | Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B (for children at risk) | |
| 3 month | First vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus |
DTP |
| 4.5 months | Second vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus Second vaccination against haemophilus influenzae Second vaccination against polio |
DTP |
| 6 months | Third vaccination against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus Third Haemophilus influenza vaccination Third vaccination against poliomyelitis Third vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
DTP |
| 12 months |
The fourth vaccination against viral hepatitis B |
|
| 18 months | The first revaccination against diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, The first revaccination against poliomyelitis |
DTP |
| 20 months | Second revaccination against poliomyelitis | |
| 6 years | Revaccination against measles, rubella, mumps | |
| 7 years | Second revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus |
BCG ADS |
| 14 years old | The third revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus Revaccination against tuberculosis The third revaccination against polio |
ADS BCG |
| Adults | Revaccination against diphtheria, tetanus - every 10 years from the moment of the last revaccination Revaccination against tuberculosis |
ADS |
The supplementary immunization schedule is as follows:
| Age | Vaccination name | Vaccine |
| Children from 1 to 18 years old, adults from 18 to 55 years old, not previously vaccinated |
Vaccination against viral hepatitis B | |
| Children from 1 to 18 years old, not sick, not vaccinated, vaccinated once against rubella; girls from 18 to 25 years old, not sick, not previously vaccinated |
Rubella immunization | |
| Children aged 15-17 inclusive and adults aged 35 and under | Immunization against measles | |
| Children from 6 months of age, children attending preschool institutions, students in grades 1-11, students of higher and secondary specialized educational institutions, medical workers, employees of educational institutions, adults over 60 |
Flu vaccine |
Vaccination notes
There are additional conditions for the introduction of some vaccines:
- Vaccination against hepatitis B is given to absolutely all children in the first day of life, including those born healthy women, as well as newborns from risk groups.
- Vaccination of newborns against tuberculosis is performed with BCG-M. In the regions of Russia, where the incidence rate exceeds 80 cases per 100,000 population, and in cases where tuberculosis patients are identified in the child's family, BCG is used for vaccination.
- Hepatitis B vaccinations are given according to the 0-1-2-12 scheme. The first vaccine is administered on the first day of life, the second at 1 month, the third at 2 months, and the fourth in a year. The scheme is the same for all children, including newborns at risk.
- Vaccination against hepatitis B - according to the scheme 0-3-6. The first vaccine is administered at a time determined by the doctor, the second - three months after the first, the third - six months after the first. This scheme is used for all newborns and children not included in the risk groups.
- For vaccination against polio is used inactivated vaccine, which is introduced three times to all children under one year old.
- Tuberculosis revaccination is intended for tuberclin-negative (not having tuberculosis bacteria) children aged 7 and 14 with BCG.
- In regions of Russia with an incidence rate of less than 40 cases per 100,000 population, tuberculosis revaccination at the age of 14 is carried out with BCG for children who were not vaccinated at the age of 7 and do not have tuberculosis bacteria.
- All vaccines presented in the calendar of preventive vaccinations for children in 2017 were produced in Russia and in foreign countries... They are registered and approved for use in our country, subject to the prescribed procedure and instructions for use.
- Children under one year old from hepatitis B are recommended to be vaccinated with a drug that does not contain the preservative thiomersal.
- All vaccines of the national immunization schedule presented in the table above, with the exception of BCG and BCG-M, are allowed to be administered with a break of a month or at the same time, but using separate syringes and in different places.
- If the dates for starting vaccination are missed, then it is carried out according to the scheme provided for by the calendar of compulsory vaccinations and according to the instructions for the use of vaccines.
- Vaccination of children whose mothers are HIV-infected is carried out according to the calendar of preventive vaccinations for children, but according to an individually compiled schedule and taking into account the instructions for the use of toxoids and vaccines.
- When vaccinating children born to HIV-infected women, it is necessary to take into account: the type of vaccine, the presence or absence of immunodeficiency in the child, age, concomitant pathologies.
- All children born to HIV-infected mothers are injected with inactivated and recombinant drugs, regardless of whether the child is infected and at what stage of the disease he is.
- After diagnostics in order to exclude immunodeficiency, children with HIV infection are injected with live drugs for vaccination. If no immunodeficiency is detected, then live vaccines are given in accordance with the vaccination schedule for children in the National Calendar. If an immunodeficiency is detected, then the use of live vaccines is prohibited.
- Six months after the first vaccination of HIV-infected people with a live vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella, the amount of antibodies is determined. If they are absent, then a second vaccine is administered.
Failure to comply with the vaccination schedule
The vaccination table of the National Calendar defines vaccinations by age. But these numbers only roughly indicate the beginning of the introduction of drugs. Remember: optimal age for the beginning of vaccination is determined individually. The pediatrician has the right to withdraw from the calendar if the child has developmental disorders, an acute course of any disease, or allergic reactions.
Earlier than the scheduled time, the vaccine can be delivered to the child ahead of development or if there is a tense epidemiological situation. In other words, when there are infected people in the family or in the classroom, it is worth giving the vaccine without waiting for the scheduled day.
It is necessary to transfer the vaccination if the child has recently been ill with any infectious disease... In order to understand whether he has fully recovered, you need to wait a few weeks, in the case of acute respiratory infections and flu - about a month. Only then can the vaccine be given. But this does not mean that a frequently ill child may not be vaccinated at all. Due to a weakened immune system, the risk of catching an infection is much greater.
Contraindications for vaccination include some of congenital diseases, chronic inflammatory processes... It should be noted that with a qualified and prudent approach to the procedure, a child with contraindications can also be vaccinated.
In this case, with the consent of the parents, use A complex approach, including preparation for the administration of the drug, the administration itself and measures to neutralize complications (if necessary).
Throughout school age the number of vaccinations is decreasing. Vaccinations against viral hepatitis and rubella have been added to the 2017 vaccination calendar in Russia, but they are optional.
The total number of routine vaccinations is calculated for a child with weak immunity... For most children today, it is reduced. Statistics show that the number of sick children has increased, despite the vaccinations. That is, their immune system was unable to develop antibodies even after being vaccinated. But there is also positive point, all these children got sick without complications.
You can move away from the vaccination schedule if the child has strong immunity. In this case, more rare inoculation with the same vaccine is possible. But in order to determine how strong the immunity is, you need to undergo a number of diagnostic procedures that are carried out in large medical centers privately. Such services are not provided in children's clinics.
The national immunization schedule is designed in such a way that the vaccines included in it are expressed negative impact on a child can not. The body's reactions to the injected vaccine are much safer and easier than the disease itself.
Changes and additions to the childhood vaccination schedule occur annually. Updates are approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation based on data practical work doctors. The document is always focused on the current state of children's health.
When working with the vaccination schedule for 2017, forecasts of an increase in the total number of carriers of infections were taken into account and a resolution part of the procedures was created on the indicators of the epidemiological situation.
Useful video about the vaccination calendar
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