Interesting Facts 

The smell of illness or what does the body smell like in this or that pathology? Representation is a mental process of reflecting objects and phenomena that are not perceived at the moment, but are recreated based on our previous experience

Democracy in Greek is democracy. The people in one form or another have always participated in social development, but at present this does not at all mean merging it with the government, with the state, as it was, for example, in Ancient Athens, where officials were elected and laws were passed at a national meeting. In today's understanding, democracy is a certain state of society in which the power (state) exercises and guarantees the equality of all citizens, the rule of law, the endowment of all members of society with political and social rights and freedoms, the subordination of the minority to the majority. This is reflected not only in the election of the main bodies of the state and officials, but also their controllability and accountability to voters - not on paper, in fact. I cite these general provisions, as they should characterize Various types democracy, ranging from parliamentary, presidential, Soviet and ending with the constitutional monarchy. Should, but not always and not equally, these general democratic principles dominate in the life of society, including, to be honest, in our country. Why? To deduce the answer to this question from an objective reality - the national specifics of this or that type of democracy, this or that national culture, national mentality, it would be wrong and dangerous. So you can agree to the point that totalitarianism, autocracy, authoritarian form of government are also born from national characteristics. The best, I would even say, brilliant part of Surkov's lecture is the disclosure of the concept of Russian, Russian political culture, which, undoubtedly, is directly involved in the creation of our type of democracy. Outside of its own culture, Russia has no future - in this we are complete adherents with the author. However, it would be wrong to say that the Russian type of democracy is being created only on this foundation - its main distinctive features and proportions are determined by "fundamental categories and matrix structures of our history, national identity, culture", and all other factors are involved in construction, limited only by planning and finishing. Distinctive features? Yes. Main proportions? No, not only. The historical concept of "culture" consists of two parts - spiritual and material. Political culture refers to the spiritual part, but it is directly influenced by material culture - technology, consumer goods, clothing, everything that in aggregate largely determines the way of life. Meanwhile, the achievements of material culture are associated to a much greater extent not with its national characteristics, but with the achievements of technology, technology, organization of production, which do not develop within the national framework. Therefore, national cultures, mentality, national traditions cannot be considered statically, they change in connection with the development of society. Vladislav Surkov himself rightly raises the question of the need to “pragmatically follow ideological goals; to learn prudence and proportionality of actions ”, in other words, to improve in many ways the features of Russian or, more broadly, Russian political culture. The objective processes that bring cultures and civilizations closer together should not be underestimated either. Do not such global processes as interstate integration and transnationalization of entrepreneurial activity have a direct and increasing 93 influence on various types of democracy, including Russian democracy? The incentive for Vladislav Yuryevich to make such a strong emphasis on national element of the Russian "democratic house" under construction was, obviously, an underestimation of this, on the one hand, by those who are too keen on pro-Western sentiments, and, on the other hand, representatives of a dogmatic, purely class approach to the characterization of society. As Mao Zedong said, "to straighten, you need to bend." But the excesses themselves give rise Negative consequences... It is quite characteristic that in the controversy surrounding Vladislav Surkov's lecture a paradoxical conclusion arose that “the power of national culture, the power of ideologies, images and meanings transformed by the nation — this is what is replacing amorphous universal values” (Dmitry Orlov, “NG” from 07/13/07). The words "replaces" are highlighted by me. One could also accentuate the epithet "amorphous", referring to universal human values. Their humiliation and even their absence - we have already passed this when we viewed everything through the "class prism". And now it is proposed to replace it with a "national prism"?

According to scientists, people choose their soul mate precisely by their body odor. It is believed that it is the sense of smell that allows you to select a partner with the most appropriate set of genes. After all, a person is able to secrete pheromones: substances that are of interest to the opposite sex. However, there are situations when a particular smell emanating from the body should be perceived as a distress signal. After all, he can talk about having enough serious illness... Doctors say that some diseases have their own "flavor". How exactly diseases smell and what you should pay attention to when a new smell appears - in the material.

Smell test

Doctors have long begun to use an unpleasant odor emanating from the human body as an option for primary diagnosis. various diseases... After all, repulsive amber is a clear signal that metabolic processes have been disturbed. This often occurs against the background of the development of certain pathologies.

The bacteria that colonize the skin survive the previous colonies that were "healthy", and the waste products of the new ones start to smell differently.

Does it smell like acetone?

If sweat takes on the smell of acetone, it is worth checking for pathologies such as:

  • Various endocrine pathologies associated with diabetes
  • Digestive system problems
  • Disorders of the liver and kidneys
  • Human infection with microbes, bacteria and viruses

All this can lead to an imbalance in the body, due to which general dysfunction is noted. It should be understood that diabetes It is the most common reason the appearance of acetone odor from the body. This is attributed to the fact that a person develops insulin deficiency. Glucose begins to break down worse, and an excess of it becomes the cause of a change in the composition of the blood and a deterioration in metabolism: from this, the amount in the body begins to increase ketone bodies... The body actively removes excess, including along with sweat: hence the appearance of a sharp acetone amber. It should be understood that this condition is fraught with serious health problems and often indicates the approach of a diabetic coma.

Also, the smell of acetone can be observed if the kidneys are affected. In this case, in addition to the characteristic "aroma", the person will show symptoms such as edema, problems with urination, pain in the lumbar region, increased pressure, and the smell of acetone from the mouth.

If the acetone odor from the skin is accompanied by a sharp loss of kilograms with persisting appetite, irritability and insomnia, it is said that the problem may be caused by a malfunction of the thyroid gland.

Smell of a cat

There are situations when the smell of cat feces begins to come from a person. In this case, the body also signals possible malfunctions. So, for example, the smell of urea appears when:

  • Diseases of the kidneys and liver
  • Pathologies of the endocrine system and VSD
  • Tuberculosis
  • Obesity
  • Disorders in the digestive system

Kidney problems are among the common causes of this odor. After all, if their work does not work properly, the whole body as a whole reacts painfully to this. Moreover, it should be understood that the smell of urea in this case will be strong, and it will be impossible to cope with it with improvised means: they do not take such deodorants.

A problem develops due to the fact that protein breakdown products are excreted through sebaceous glands... Doctors in this case talk about uricidosis, which can result from chronic nephritis, pyelonephritis and uremia.

Vinegar smell

A person's sweat can sometimes smell like vinegar. It is important to understand that the appearance of such a symptom is accompanied by increased sweating. Among the reasons due to which such a problem may develop:

  • Endocrine Disorders
  • Lack of vitamins D and B
  • Infectious and inflammatory lung diseases
  • Mastopathy

If we are talking about failures in endocrine system, there may be a lack of iodine in the body. This immediately leads to the appearance unpleasant odor... It is quite possible to recognize tuberculosis by the vinegar smell from the body, because in this case, symptoms such as severe cough, fatigue, weakness and elevated temperature... Women are not advised to leave such a smell unattended: it may indicate serious problems with breasts.

Other options

As soon as the body odor has changed, turning into something intolerable, it is worth visiting a doctor as soon as possible. After all, a different smell can indicate various pathologies, some of which are rather difficult to treat.

One of the founders of German existentialism, Karl Jaspers, considered philosophy to be an inalienable property of people. Its purpose was to uplift a person, to help him realize his independence. According to the scientist, philosophy is not identical with science, although science is an assistant to philosophy. The Theories and Practices publishes Jaspers' essay, What is Philosophy.

What is philosophy and how is it valuable? This is the subject of much debate. They expect some extraordinary explanations from philosophy, or they indifferently ignore it as pointless thinking. They are shy in front of her, as before the outstanding achievement of some completely unique people, or despise, as useless thoughts of dreamers. It is considered to be something that concerns everyone, and therefore, at its core, it should be simple and understandable, or something so difficult that it seems completely hopeless to do it. Thus, what appears under the name of philosophy becomes the reason for the most opposite judgments.

For a person who believes in science, the worst thing is that philosophy has no generally accepted results, there is no thing that could be known with certainty and what could be owned. While the sciences have undoubtedly achieved reliable and generally recognized knowledge in their fields, philosophy has not achieved this, despite thousands of years of efforts. It cannot be denied: in philosophy there is no such unanimity that is established about everything that is finally known. What everyone recognizes, relying on unopposed grounds, and what becomes scientific knowledge, is no longer philosophy, but belongs to a separate area of ​​the knowable.

Unlike the sciences, philosophical thinking is not characterized by progress. We have definitely made significant progress in comparison with the ancient Greek physician Hippocrates. But we can hardly say that we have advanced further than Plato. Only in the material of scientific knowledge, which he used, we find ourselves further. In philosophizing itself, perhaps we have hardly reached it yet.

The fact that not a single form of philosophy, in contrast to the sciences, finds universal, unanimous acceptance, must be rooted in the nature of the very subject of philosophy. The kind of certainty (GewiЯheit), which attracts in it, without being scientific, that is, the same for every mind, is a certain conviction, or certification (Vergewisserung), in the achievement of which the whole being of a person participates.

While Scientific research conducted by individual subjects, of which everyone is not at all necessary to know, philosophy deals with being as a whole, which is related to a person as a person, as well as with truth, which, where it flares up, captures deeper than any scientific knowledge.

“An amazing sign that a person as such initially philosophizes is the questions of children. Often one can hear from children's lips what in its meaning goes directly into the depths of philosophizing. "

Although the developed philosophy is related to the sciences - it presupposes the sciences in the state of development that they have reached in a certain epoch - it receives its meaning from another source. Before any science, it appears where a person awakens.

Such a philosophy without science appears before us in several remarkable manifestations.

First, almost everyone considers themselves capable of discussing philosophical questions... While in the field of sciences it is recognized that the condition for their understanding is teaching, preparation, method, in relation to philosophy, they claim to join it without any conditions, believing that everyone is able to take part in the discussion of philosophical problems. A person's own being, one's own destiny and one's own experience are considered sufficient grounds for this.

It should be recognized that philosophy should be accessible to everyone. The most detailed paths of philosophy, which professional philosophers follow, acquire their meaning only when they come to human being, which finds its definition in the process of gaining confidence in being and its place in it.

Second: every time philosophical thinking should start from the very beginning. Each person should exercise it independently.

An amazing sign that a person as such initially philosophizes is the questions of children. Often one can hear from children's lips what in its meaning goes directly into the depths of philosophizing. Here are some examples:

The child is surprised: "I always try to think that I am someone else, but it always turns out again that I am me." This boy touches the source of all confidence, the consciousness of being in self-awareness. He is amazed at the riddle of being I (Ichsein), that which cannot be comprehended from anything else. He stands inquiringly before this border.

Another child listens to the story of the creation of the world: "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth ..." and immediately asks: "What happened before the beginning?" This boy realized that one can ask endlessly, that the mind cannot stop, in the sense that for him there can be no final answer.

A girl who sees a wild meadow during a walk is told a tale about elves who dance in circles at night ... "But they don't exist ..." She is told about real things, observing the movement of the sun, and the question of whether the sun moves or the earth revolves, they lead foundations that speak in favor of the sphericity of the earth and its rotation around itself ... “But this is not true,” the girl says and stamping her foot on the ground, “the earth stands firmly. I believe only in what I see. " In response to this: “Then you don’t believe in God either, because you can’t see him either,” the girl becomes alert and says resolutely: “If it were not for him, then we would not be here either.” This child is overwhelmed by the surprise of existence (Dasein): it is due to something else, not by itself. And he comprehends the difference in the questions themselves: are they aimed at some object in the world or at being and our existence as a whole.

Another girl, heading to visit, climbs the steps of the stairs. It becomes obvious to her how everything is constantly changing, flowing, passing, as if nothing had happened. "However, there must be something unshakable ... the fact that I am here and now going up the stairs to my aunt, I want it to remain." In amazement and fright at the transient character and transience of everything, she helplessly seeks a way out.

If someone collected such examples, he could compile a rich encyclopedia of children's philosophy. The objection that children have heard this before from their parents or someone else should not seem to be taken seriously. The objection that these children still do not philosophize further and that, therefore, such statements could be accidental, overlooks the following fact: children often have a genius that is lost with age. Over the years, losing our childish spontaneity, we seem to enter the prison of agreements and opinions, hide under various kinds of cover, find ourselves in captivity of what we do not dare to ask about. The child's state is a state of life that generates itself: he is still open, he feels and sees and asks about what will soon disappear before him. He does not hold back what is revealed to him at one moment or another, and is surprised when later all noticing adults report to him about what he said or asked.

Third: the original philosophizing is found in both children and the mentally ill. Sometimes - very rarely - the shackles of general blinkeredness seem to be untied and an exciting truth begins to speak. In the initial period of some mental illnesses, absolutely amazing metaphysical revelations take place, which, however, in form and speech expression are always so shocking that their announcement cannot have any objective meaning, with the exception of such rare cases as the poet Hölderlin or the artist Van Gogh. However, the one who is present at this cannot avoid the impression that the veil under which our life usually passes is being torn. Some ordinary, healthy people are also familiar with the experience of deeply disturbing meanings that are inherent in transition state from sleep to awakening and upon full awakening are lost again, leaving only the feeling that we will no longer be able to get through to them. There is deep meaning in the assertion that the mouth of children and the blessed speaks the truth. However, the creative primordiality, which we owe to great philosophical thoughts, does not lie here. It goes back to those few who, in their ease and independence, appear before us as outstanding thinkers of the last millennia.

"Philosophy is what concentrates a person, thanks to which he becomes himself, becoming involved in reality itself."

Fourth: since philosophy is necessary for a person, it is always present in public opinion, in proverbs passed down from generation to generation, in commonly used philosophical turns of speech, in dominant convictions, as well as in the language of enlightenment, political credos, but above all from the very beginning of history - in myth. It is impossible to get away from philosophy. The only question is whether it is realized or not, whether it will be good or bad, confused or clear. Anyone who rejects philosophy practices it himself, without realizing it.

What is philosophy if it turns out to be so universal and manifests itself in such remarkable forms?

The Greek word philosophos is the opposite of Sophos. This word, phliosophos, means: loving knowledge (knowledge) - in contrast to one who, having mastered knowledge, calls himself a knower. This meaning of the word is preserved to this day: the search for truth, and not the possession of truth, is the essence of philosophy, even if it still often changes this meaning by dogmatism, implying final, complete and didactic knowledge expressed in the provisions. Philosophy means being on the road. Her questions are more essential than her answers, and each answer turns into a new question.

However, this “being-on-the-way” - like the fate of a person existing in time - carries with it the possibility of deep satisfaction obtained in moments of special accomplishments. It cannot be found in the expressed knowledge, in scientific positions and principles - it lies in the historical realization of human being, to which being itself is revealed. To achieve this in the situation in which a person is, is the meaning of philosophizing.

To be in search, on the road, or to find the peace and perfection of the moment - these are not definitions of philosophy. Philosophy has nothing higher, nothing lower. It cannot be derived from something else. Every philosophy is determined by its implementation. To learn what philosophy is, one must try to philosophize. In this case, philosophy is at the same time the execution of living thinking and awareness of the corresponding thoughts (reflection) or action and conversation about it. Only proceeding from own experience and it is possible to understand what we meet in the world as philosophy.

One could continue to discuss the formulation of the meaning of philosophy. However, not a single formulation exhausts this meaning, not a single one turns out to be the only possible one. We have heard since ancient times: philosophy (according to its subject) is the knowledge of divine and human things, the knowledge of beings as beings, and further, philosophy (according to its purpose) is an exercise in death, this is the striving of thought for bliss, to ensure that to become like the divine, this is finally (according to its all-encompassing meaning) - the knowledge of all knowledge, the art of all arts, science in general, which is not aimed at any particular area.

Today, perhaps, we can talk about philosophy in the following formulations - its meaning is:

See reality at its very source;

To comprehend reality in the same way that I, thinking, deal with myself in inner action;

To open us to the latitude of the Umgreifende;

Dare to communicate between a person and a person, relying on every sense of truth that arises in loving fight(liebendem Kampfe);

Continuously and patiently keep the mind awake in the face of that which is most alien and opposed to the mind.

Philosophy is what concentrates a person, thanks to which he becomes himself, becoming involved in reality itself.

Although philosophy in the form of simple and effective thoughts can affect every person and even a child, its conscious development is an never-ending and always renewable task, which is always carried out in the present as a whole. It appears in the works of great philosophers and, like an echo, is repeated in less significant ones. Awareness of this task in one form or another will not fade away as long as people remain people.

It is not only today that philosophy is being radically attacked and denied as a whole as superfluous and harmful. Why does it exist? She's not a basic necessity.

The way of thinking based on the authority of the church rejected philosophy because, from his point of view, it alienates from God, seduces the worldly, harms the soul, turning it to insignificant things. The political totalitarian way of thinking presented philosophy with the following reproach: philosophers only explained the world in different ways, while it was necessary to change it. Both ways of thinking considered philosophy dangerous, since it disturbs order, appeals to the spirit of independence, and with it to objection and protest, it deceives a person and distracts him from real tasks. Attractive force the other world illuminated by the revealed God, or the power of the godless world of this world that claims to be omnipotent - both of them - would like philosophy to cease to exist.

In addition, from the point of view of everyday common sense philosophy is not covered by the scale of simple utility. Thales, considered the earliest Greek philosopher, was once laughed at by a servant who saw him watching starry sky fell into the well. Why is he looking for the farthest when he is so awkward in the closest!

So philosophy must be justified. But this is unreal. She cannot seek justification for herself in something else: something for which she would be suitable and, as a result, would have a right to exist. She can only appeal to the forces that really urgently require philosophizing in every person. She knows that she is engaged in the business of a person as such, a business that is not connected with any specific purpose and is free from any question about the benefits and harms in this world, and that it will be carried out as long as people live. Forces that are hostile to philosophy, too, cannot but think about their own meaning, cannot but generate a way of thinking that has a definite goal - these forces are a substitute for philosophy, however, they presuppose active intervention in reality as a necessary condition, as, for example, Marxism and Fascism. This way of thinking also shows once again the necessity of philosophy for man. Philosophy in one form or another is always present in a person's life.

She cannot fight, she cannot prove herself, but she can communicate herself. She does not resist where she is rejected, she does not triumph where she is listened to. She lives in harmony, which within humanity, in fact, can connect everyone with everyone.

Philosophy in widely developed forms and systematic coherence has existed for two and a half millennia in Europe, China and India. A great tradition speaks to us. The variety of types of philosophizing, contradictions and mutually exclusive claims to truth cannot prevent the fact that, in essence, there is one thing at the bottom of everything that no one owns and around which all serious efforts revolve at all times: the eternal philosophy, the philosophia perennis.

We must certainly rely on this historical basis of our thinking, if we want to think with a clear consciousness and to the point.

Theme. 15. Representations

Questions:

1.general characteristics representations.

2. Types of performances.

Literature:

1. Atkinson R. Human memory and the learning process. - M., 1980.

2. Nemov R.S. Psychology. Book. 1. General foundations of psychology. - M., 1994.

3. General psychology... - M., 1986.

4. Cognitive processes and learning ability. M., 1990.

General characteristics of representations.

One of the main manifestations of memory is the reproduction of images. Images of objects and phenomena that we do not perceive at the moment are called representations. Representations arise as a result of the revitalization of previously formed temporary connections; they can be called up with the help of words, descriptions.

To imagine is to mentally see or mentally hear something, and not just know. Representations are a higher stage of sensory cognition than perceptions, they are the stage of transition from sensations to thoughts, this is a visual and at the same time generalized image reflecting characteristic signs subject. Representations are formed in the process of human activity, which leaves its mark on their character.

In everyday life, the word "representation" is used in different meanings... It can mean understanding , expressed, for example, by the question: "Do you imagine what you have done?" knowledge about something, for example, in the statement “I don’t imagine [I don’t know] what it is,” denote memory about something, for example: "Imagine the lake that we saw yesterday", and may mean the image of a certain object, phenomenon or event that does not exist in reality as a result of the activity of the imagination , which can be expressed, for example, by the phrase “Imagine (imagine) the house that we will build. He will be ... [so and so]. "

V scientific psychology the content of the concept of "representation" is a sensory image of an object, situation or event, which is the result of memory or productive creative imagination.

View is mental process reflections of objects and phenomena that are not currently perceived, but are recreated on the basis of our previous experience.

Submission is secondary sensual an image that either directly, thanks to memory, is reproduced in the consciousness of the subject, or is the result of mental manipulations with various sensory images, i.e. activity of the imagination, in which there are elements of thinking. Therefore, they distinguish two types of views:

1. representations of memory, arose on the basis of perception in the past;

2. representations of the imagination, arose on the basis of information received in the past and its creative processing.


View functions:

1.Essence signaling function representations consists in reflecting in each specific case not only the image of an object that previously influenced our senses, but also a variety of information about it, which subsequently, under the influence of specific influences, turned into a system of signals that control our behavior.

2.Regulatory function representations consists in the selection of the necessary information about an object or phenomenon that previously affected our senses, taking into account real conditions upcoming activities. Thanks to the regulating function, precisely those aspects are actualized, for example, motor representations, on the basis of which greatest success the task is being solved.

3.Setting function representations is manifested in the orientation of the human body to certain parameters of the reflection of the influences of the surrounding world.

Thus, presentation is also a cognitive mental process associated with reconstruction of existing or with creating new images of objects - representations based on traces of perception images stored in memory. Representations and their properties clearly indicate that sensory images, being phenomena related to mental sphere and possessing their own qualities, different from nervous processes, are stored in memory in the form of sensory images. This is confirmed, in particular, by Penfield's experiments on the open brain, in which electrical stimulation of the associative zones of the cerebral cortex led to the fact that the subject, who was at that moment in the waking state, visually appeared brightly colored, detailed living scenes from his past life.

Physiological basis views make up "traces" in the cerebral cortex, remaining after real excitations of the central nervous system upon perception. These "traces" are preserved due to the known plasticity of the central nervous system.

The surviving traces of excitement, which took place with a certain activity of our sensations and perceptions, create the necessary conditions to build the desired view. The very idea with its specific structure arises as a result of the formation of conditional temporary connections in the cerebral cortex due to the function of the first signaling system.

Representation play a huge adaptive role in human life, first of all, as images of the final results of activity. It is the idea of ​​the end result of activity as its goal that distinguishes human activity from animal behavior. Without presenting a concrete image of a final object, productive, consistent objective human activity is impossible. Of course, in the process of activity, this image can change in accordance with new conditions and circumstances, but in one form or another it must always be, otherwise the activity will proceed according to the principle of trial and error as is often seen in animals.

Therefore, in order to increase the productivity of activity, before starting to perform some business, a person must imagine an image of that object or situation that he wants to create or achieve.

Representations help a person as well create a holistic picture of the available space: despite the fact that at any given moment a person sees only part of the space, thanks to representations he knows what exactly and where is outside his field of vision, i.e. "Perceives" the surrounding space as integral and continuous. Thus, representation is a kind of bridge, a transitional cognitive mental process between the process of direct sensory perception and the process of mediated conceptual thinking.

Representation, like perception, has own characteristics... These characteristics are determined both by the fact that these images appear in consciousness in the absence of external stimuli at the time of their appearance and existence, and by those laws that determine the storage of any material in memory. For most people, views have the following characteristics.

Spatio-temporal characteristics of representations:

a) panorama, which consists in the fact that objects or scenes reproduced in the representation in their scope can exceed the volume of the field of perception, for example, we can imagine a room with objects as a whole, although we always perceive only a part of it; panorama is also manifested in the fact that we can imagine the whole object, while at any given moment we perceive only a part of it;

b) the separation of the figure from the background: in the view, the figure can exist separately from the background and vice versa;

c) inaccuracy in reproducing the size of the object, the number of its elements, as well as its schematization;

d) distortion of the duration of time intervals: the more the real time interval was filled with events, the longer it seems.

Modality of views. It is the modality of representations that makes it possible to classify them as sensory images, albeit secondary ones. The predominance of one or another modality in the views of a specific person can be determined using the Betts test. To do this, a person needs to be asked to imagine the images listed below and evaluate the degree of their liveliness on a 5-point scale:

Colour home;

The sound of a boiling kettle;

"Feeling" of sand when lying on it;

Bodily sensation when walking up stairs;

Orange flavor;

The smell of the forest (sea);

Sore throat feeling.

Intensity of views. The overwhelming majority of people have much less vivid ideas than images that arise from direct perception of objects and situations. There are, however, people with very vivid, rich ideas, for example, people with an eidetic memory.

Fragmentation. This characteristic suggests that in the represented image of the object, as a rule, some of its sides, parts or features are absent.

Instability. The image of an object in the presentation has a kind of fluidity, it seems to flicker, constantly slightly changing its shape and color.

Generalization. Generalization of the presentation is one of its most important characteristics. Already at the level of representation, when creating a secondary image of an object, the process of generalization is carried out, which, when forming concepts, comes to the fore. In the performance, we may well recreate the image of a "rose in general" - to cause a specific image of a rose, in which, at the same time, highly individualized features will be absent and the most characteristics of this object. It is the process of generalization that underlies the formation of concepts - the basic elements of human thinking.

We turned to our sources in the Kremlin: we do not know, they assured, the Kremlin has nothing to do with it.

Some politicians saw a connection between the emergence of the "Project" and recent visits the president Putin: over the past six months, he has visited six countries with a monarchical form of government (Great Britain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Japan, Malaysia, Spain). Not for nothing, they say.

Alexander Andrushchenko

From book

Again in Russia Time of Troubles. Russia is in intensive care, but orderlies, caretakers and marauders are engaged in its treatment. Some make senseless gadgets, others lament and groan, others quietly pull the ring off the sly with a finger.

Today, at the very least, we exist only because the continuity of power is preserved. KPSS, Gorbachev, Yeltsin, Putin- all these are links in one chain, the continuation of Soviet power. The system is rapidly decaying, but it still exists. When the continuity disappears, it will fall apart. The country will turn into a city given over to plunder. What we see is still flowers. The berries are ahead when the great chain of succession breaks.

Where the West managed to destroy the continuity of power - in Ukraine, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan - a period of active disintegration began. "Rulers" pulled out of nowhere will soon go nowhere. They will be replaced by others the same, until the West decides that the necessary condition has been achieved. When the rough work is completed, the new lands will be included in someone else's system. V new system there is no place for Ukrainians, Georgians or Kyrgyz.

An ordinary person is completely indifferent to who is in the Kremlin ... But the fact is that the game against Russia is not being played for the sake of power and access to resources. All this is an intermediate goal. According to the ideology of the enemy, we have no place on earth.

Someone must protect us. But there is no one to protect.

Can you imagine a family where the chapter changes every four years? It's absurd. But changing the power in a giant state every four years is even more absurd. If our body begins to live not according to the monarchical principle, where the king is the head of everything, but according to the democratic principle, where each member is his own director, then paralysis will come. If every member of our body gets the right to fight for power, the head may not necessarily win. For example, the sciatic muscles can win ...

The people have always understood the situation better than scientists. Therefore, he held on to the king to the last. Instinct and everyday experience told him that as long as there is a person who is not interested in robbing him, as long as there is a Father, a person who can be approached humanly and who will look at things from the position of responsibility before God, and not from the position of upcoming elections, the people will have defender and representative of his interests.

Monarchy is the power of two institutions: the secular in the person of the king and the spiritual in the person of the patriarch. They balance each other.

To preserve this system, it is necessary to maintain two fundamental and system-forming points - the throne and the altar, the so-called symphony of powers. The most basic idea of ​​the Russian monarchy is most vividly and briefly expressed A. S. Pushkin- already almost before the end of his life: "There must be one person above everything, above even the law"... This formulation is completely unacceptable for the Roman-European mentality, for which the law is everything: dura lex, sed lex (harsh law, but law). The Russian mentality puts man, humanity and soul above the law. And when the law comes into conflict with humanity, the Russian consciousness refuses to obey it.

Monarchy orientates a person to the heart; democracy is on the stomach ...

The Queen of England, by the very fact of her existence, gives a sense of the connection of times. One word puppet queen outweighed economic considerations, and the national currency of England - the pound - overcame the euro.

Who will be the monarch is up to God and the people. Our task is to create conditions for the revival of the autocracy. First in Russia, then all over the world.

Heirs to the king

Alexander Zakatov, personal secretary imperial family : Russia has been a monarchy since the founding of the state in 862 until 1917. Through the efforts of all the peoples of our country under the leadership of the monarchs of the House Rurik and Home Romanovs she became a great power. Yes, there were drawbacks then. But the fall of the monarchy brought unparalleled calamities to our Motherland. I am convinced that no other model of state structure can be more effective for multinational Russia than a monarchy.

And the emperor Kirill Vladimirovich, and the Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich, and the current head of the Imperial House, the Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna with his heir the Grand Duke Georgy Mikhailovich they have always said that in no case do they want to impose a monarchy on their compatriots against their will, but they are always ready to respond to the popular appeal and take responsibility for the fate of the country. If the people wish to restore the monarchy, the person who at that time will be the head of the House of Romanov by virtue of the Law on Succession will come to the throne.

The desire for a monarchical structure is inherent in our people at the genetic level. You just need to remind about the great past of Russia without any annoying imposition and explain that the monarchist idea is eternal, that the monarchy is a completely modern state system that has many advantages.

But often, instead of bringing the position of the Imperial House to the attention of compatriots and seriously discussing the monarchist topic with competent people, under the guise of monarchists, the floor is given to notorious swindlers, impostors, or simply deranged people.

The Imperial House of the Romanovs has nothing to do with Project Russia. It is surprising that the authors of the book did not find it possible to indicate themselves. Everyone has the right to express their point of view, but at the same time, one must be held accountable for what was said.

For the monarchy

Alexander Dugin, political scientist, leader of the International " Eurasian Movement" : In the 15th century, the mission of the Orthodox kingdom was transferred from Byzantium to Russia, the idea of ​​Moscow - the Third Rome - existed for 200 years, until 1917. That is, the Orthodox monarchy is not just a historical and political tradition, but an expression of a historical mission Russian people and the state. If we are Orthodox, then we should theoretically wish for a monarchy.

In practice, the problem boils down to two fundamental questions: the Orthodox monarchy as a sacred institution with certain procedures for electing a tsar by the Council or approval through dynasties, or is it a change in constitutional and legal norms? Society is not yet ripe for the sacred ritual of the return of the monarchy. As for the establishment of an enlightened autocratic regime, it is ripe. Due to the fact that Russia is facing external challenges that require extraordinary responses: a threat to integrity, possible conflicts in the near abroad in the south, lack of efficiency existing institutions. These challenges can be resolved with an extraordinary concentration of power in the hands of a legitimate autocratic ruler. And this measure seems to be extremely relevant in the near future - in 2007-2008. And here we can talk about both Putin and his successor.

It is important not to deceive yourself: the monarchy in Russia in one form or another has always been, is and will be. Nothing else can be.

Vladimir Zhirinovsky, Chairman of the Liberal Democratic Party: Russian state developed and achieved power only within the framework of the monarchy. Not because we do not want democracy, but because our territory, environment, climate allow the state to function effectively only within the framework of a monarchical, authoritarian regime. The situation in Russia is such that you need to accept quick decisions and not always tell the whole truth to people. If, say, we exempt some region from paying taxes (or reduce them), because interethnic conflicts have begun there and we announce this, then in another region it will be the same to get money from Moscow. Russia must develop and live in a more hidden political regime, and only a monarch can ensure this. It is not necessary to restore the dynasty. We can at a meeting of all three chambers - the State Duma, the Federation Council, the Public Chamber (this is new variant Novgorod veche) - to elect by secret ballot for seven years the supreme ruler of Russia. If he rules well, seven more times. Then another is elected.

Against the monarchy

Valeria Novodvorskaya, leader of the Democratic Union: I think this project is the creation of court flatterers. They want to please Putin. Or is it from complete despair, because not a single problem is being solved in Russia. So at least we will call upon the king for help.

The institution of the monarchy has modern world only historically sentimental meaning. Nowhere in the world do monarchs actually rule. The most successful in Russia were the tsars who sought to limit their power and carry out reforms: Alexander I, Catherine II. Nicholas II wanted to create a constitutional monarchy, but did not have time. Perhaps this was the path of Russia. But time has passed.

Yes, the people seem to be for the tsar - judging by how they treat Putin, how they treated Yeltsin, what they wanted from Stalin... But I think that Putin will have enough sense of humor not to succumb to provocations, not to make himself a laughing stock in a world where they treat us strangely.

Sergey Mironov, Chairman of the Federation Council of the Russian Federation: Russia will not return to any form of totalitarianism, including such a soft one as a monarchy. In general, it's just funny when grown-up uncles begin to seriously say that we need a king. That is, they sign in their complete worthlessness and inability to think from the point of view of modern realities.

I leafed through the book "Project Russia". It should be noted that the description of the current situation there is quite sensible, professional, the eyeliner deserves attention, but a useless conclusion about the monarchy was attached to it.

It is clear that the distribution of a book is an action, but it is not clear whose. Perhaps this is a provocation to show that some circles in Russia, for example, the "siloviki", do not see a legal possibility for a third presidential term, and therefore throw in the idea of ​​a monarchy.

The monarchist project is complete nonsense, it should not be taken seriously.