Nutritional therapy table. Characteristics of the main therapeutic diets
Diet number 1prescribed for stomach ulcers or duodenum, with gastritis with increased secretion of gastric juice.
"The purpose of the diet is mechanical, chemical and thermal sparing of the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum, normalization of secretion and gastric motility.
In terms of energy value and chemical composition, the diet is complete. Diet 5-6 times a day. The amount of salt is 12 g. All food is prepared pureed in boiled or steamed form.
Prohibit: fried food, meat, fish, mushroom broths, hot snacks, marinades, smoked meats, sausages, rye bread, canned food, cabbage, turnips, radish, radish, sorrel.
Recommend: bread - wheat of the highest grade of yesterday's baked goods; dairy products - milk, cream, sour cream, yogurt, curd not sour mashed dishes; lean beef, veal, chicken in the form of steam cutlets, soufflé, meat puree; fish - low-fat varieties (cod, navaga, hake, pike perch) in the form of steamed ru-lennye products; eggs - dietary in the form of steam omelets, egg porridge, soft-boiled; vegetables - potatoes, carrots, beets, cauliflower in the form of mashed potatoes; fruits, berries - sweet varieties in the form of mashed potatoes, jelly, juices; cereals and pasta - semolina, oatmeal, rice, noodles in the form of mashed cereals, steam puddings; fats - creamy, sunflower oil; soups - dairy, vegetarian, puree soups; sauces - milk, fruit; drinks - tea, tea with milk, rosehip broth.
Diet No. 2 it is prescribed for chronic gastritis with secretory insufficiency, chronic colitis... The purpose of the diet is to stimulate the secretory activity of the stomach and normalize motor function gastrointestinal tract by mechanical, thermal sparing while maintaining chemical irritants of food.
In terms of energy value and chemical composition, the diet is complete. Diet 4-5 times a day. The amount of salt is 12 g. All food is prepared pureed or finely chopped in boiled, steam, stewed form. Baked and fried foods should be free of coarse crust.
Forbidden: products fried with a coarse crust, spicy dishes, vegetables with coarse fiber, smoked meats, canned food, rye bread, whole milk.
Recommend: bread - wheat of yesterday's baked goods, uncooked biscuits: dairy products - milk with tea, yogurt, kefir, curd dishes; meeo, poultry - lean beef, veal, chopped chickens, boiled, stewed, fried without breading; fish - low-fat varieties in boiled, chopped, fried form without a coarse crust; eggs - soft-boiled, omelet; vegetables - various in the form of mashed potatoes, puddings, vegetable cutlets; fruits, berries - sweet varieties in the form of mashed potatoes, jelly, compotes, jellies, mousses; cereals and pasta - a variety of cereals, puddings, cutlets, boiled noodles; fats - butter, sunflower, olive oil; snacks - mild cheese (grated), herring butter, doctor's sausage; soups - on fat-free meat, fish broths, vegetable broths from cereals and pureed vegetables; sauces - meat, fish, sour cream; drinks - tea with milk, cocoa, coffee with milk and water, rosehip broth, fruit and berry juices.
Diet No. 4 it is prescribed for acute chronic intestinal diseases during an exacerbation with severe dysfunction (diarrhea). The purpose of the diet is to help reduce inflammatory process and normalization of bowel function by limiting mechanical and chemical food irritants.
In terms of energy value and chemical composition, the diet is defective, since it limits the diet of fats and carbohydrates. Mode
meals 5-6 times a day. The amount of salt is 8 g. All food is cooked in mashed boiled form.
Forbidden: vegetables, fruits, berries, milk and dishes made from them, fried foods and strong broths, sauces and snacks.
Recommend: bread - wheat bread rusks; meat, poultry - lean beef, chopped chickens, boiled in water or steamed; fish - low-fat in boiled chopped form; soft-boiled diet eggs or steam omelets; cereals - rice, oatmeal and semolina in the form of mashed cereals cooked in water; fats - butter in limited quantities; soups - slimy, puree from cereals in weak meat and fish broths; drinks - natural tea, black coffee on water, broth of wild rose, blueberry, bird cherry.
Diet No. 5 is prescribed for liver and biliary tract diseases (hepatitis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis). The purpose of the diet is to normalize the function of the liver, gallbladder and stimulate bile secretion.
In terms of energy value and chemical composition, the diet is complete. Diet 5 times a day. The amount of salt is 10 g. Food is cooked boiled, stewed or baked.
Forbidden: broths, fried foods, fatty meats and fish, pastries, canned food, smoked meats, sour and spicy foods.
Recommend: wheat bread 1-2 grades of yesterday's baked goods, uncooked biscuits; dairy products - milk, low-fat cottage cheese and dishes made from it, mild cheese, yogurt; meat, poultry - lean beef, boiled or steamed chickens; low-fat fish in boiled or steamed form; eggs - dietary in the form of protein omelets; vegetables - various in the form of boiled or baked dishes, with the exception of radish, radish, sorrel, mushrooms, legumes, onions; fruits, berries - sweet varieties in the form of jelly, compotes, jelly, mousse; cereals, pasta - in the form of milk porridges, puddings from rice, buckwheat, oatmeal, semolina; fats - butter and vegetable oil; soups - on vegetable broths, fruit, dairy; sauces - milk, sour cream; drinks (sweet) - tea and coffee with milk, fruit and berry juices, rosehip decoction.
Diet number 7 is prescribed for kidney disease. The purpose of the diet is to spare sick kidneys and remove nitrogenous toxins and excess fluid from the body. The diet is limited to protein, liquid and salt. Food is cooked in boiled form without salt (from 3 to 5 g is given to the patient's hands), extractives are excluded. Free liquid is allowed 1 - 1.5 liters per day. Forbidden: broths, fried foods, salty foods, hot snacks, smoked meats, canned food.
Recommend: bread - protein-free, salt-free; dairy products - milk, kefir, yogurt, acidophilus, sour cream; meat, poultry - low-fat varieties in boiled form or with subsequent frying; fish - lean (cod, navaga, perch) in boiled form or with subsequent frying; eggs - in culinary products, protein omelets (no more than one egg per day); vegetables - various in boiled and raw form, except for radish, radish, watermelons, melons, pumpkin dishes are especially recommended; fruits, berries - various in fresh, juices, mashed potatoes, jelly, compotes; cereals, pasta - they limit, they prepare dishes from sago and special pasta in the form of milk porridges, puddings, cutlets, pilaf, casseroles; fats - butter and vegetable oil; snacks - vinaigrette with fresh cucumbers, fresh vegetable salads; soups - vegetarian vegetable, fruit, with sago (no more than 1/2 portion, no salt); sauces - milk, tomato, marinade sauce, fruit; drinks - rosehip broth, not strong tea, vegetable juices.
Diet No. 8 prescribed for obesity. The goal of the diet is to reduce body weight by limiting the energy value of the diet, carbohydrates, fats, fluids, salt, and the excitability of the food center. Diet 5-6 times a day. Food is cooked boiled. The amount of salt is up to 5 g, the amount of free liquid is up to 1 liter per day.
Forbidden: strong broths, fatty foods, fatty foods, wheat bread, sweet dishes and berries, confectionery, hot sauces, spices; limit cereals, pasta, potatoes.
Recommend: bread - rye, protein-wheat, protein-from-rub, no more than 150 g per day; dairy products - milk, yogurt, kefir, low-fat cottage cheese and dishes made from it, mild cheese; meat, poultry - lean beef, chickens, rabbits in boiled form; fish - low-fat varieties in boiled, jellied form, non-fish seafood (trepangs, mussels, squid, scallop); eggs - 1-2 pcs. in a day; vegetables - various in raw, boiled form, dishes from potatoes, beets, carrots (no more than 200 g per day); fruits, berries - unsweetened fresh varieties or compotes without sugar or with sweeteners; cereals, pasta - in limited quantities in the form of buckwheat cereals, oatmeals; fats - butter and vegetable oil is limited, only for cooking; snacks - salads, vinaigrette, jellied fish; soups - vegetarian or weak broth; sauces - mild with vegetable broth, tomato; drinks - tea, tea with milk, weak coffee, tomato juice, fruit juices from sour fruits.
Diet number 9 is prescribed for diabetes mellitus. The purpose of the diet is to normalize carbohydrate metabolism. The diet is limited to carbohydrates (due to sugar, sweets) and refractory fats. Diet 5 times a day. The amount of salt is 12 g. All food is cooked in a boiled, baked form; instead of sugar, xylitol and sorbitol are used.
Forbidden: sugar, pastry and pastry flour products, rice dishes, semolina, sweet vegetables, fruits and berries, fatty meat dishes, smoked meats, strong broths, cholesterol-rich foods.
Recommend: bread - rye, protein-wheat, protein-bran, no more than 200 g; dairy products - milk, yogurt, kefir, curd dishes, cheese, sour cream in limited quantities; meat, poultry - low-fat varieties of beef, veal, chickens, rabbits in boiled and jellied form; fish - boiled low-fat varieties; eggs - soft-boiled, omelets; vegetables - various, containing little sugars (cabbage, cucumbers, zucchini, lettuce), up to 1 kg per day in raw and boiled form; potatoes (pre-soaked), carrots are limited to 200 g per day; fruits, berries - fresh unsweetened varieties, xylitol compotes; cereals, pasta - in limited quantities in the form various dishes from buckwheat and oatmeal; fats - butter and vegetable oil no more than 40 g per day; snacks - salads from cabbage, cucumbers, diabetic sausage; soups - vegetarian vegetable 1-2 times a week in a weak broth; sauces - dairy, mild on vegetable broth; drinks - tea, tea with milk, weak coffee, tomato juice, fruit juices from sour fruits; sweeteners (xylitol, sorbitol).
Diet No. 10 assigned at cardiovascular diseases and hypertension... The purpose of the diet is to create favorable conditions for the normalization of function of cardio-vascular system, decrease blood pressure... In the diet, the diet restricts liquid to 1.2 liters, salt to 5-6 g, animal fats. Diet 5-6 times a day. All food is cooked without salt, boiled, steamed, baked.
Prohibited: broths, fatty meats, poultry, spicy snacks, baked flour products, foods and drinks that excite the central nervous system and cause flatulence (carbonated drinks, cabbage, whole milk, legumes).
Recommend: bread - wheat, rye yesterday's baked goods; dairy products - milk, kefir, yogurt, fat cottage cheese dishes, sour cream - in limited quantities; meat, poultry - low-fat varieties in boiled, baked form; fish - low-fat varieties in boiled and baked form; eggs in limited quantities - soft-boiled, steam omelets; vegetables - various in raw, boiled, baked form, except for radish, radish, spinach, sorrel; fruits, berries - various fresh, in the form of juices, compotes, jelly, jelly, recommend dried apricots, apricots, raisins, figs, as they contain potassium; cereals - various cereals, puddings, casseroles; limited pasta; fats - butter and vegetable oil; snacks - vegetable salads, vinaigrette; soups - vegetarian, dairy, fruit; all dishes are prepared without salt; sauces - dairy, fruit, vegetable broth; drinks - rosehip broth, tea, tea with milk, vegetable and fruit juices.
Diet № 11 prescribed for tuberculosis various bodies, anemia, exhaustion after infectious diseases... The purpose of the diet is to promote overall strengthening and increase the body's resistance to fight infection. Diet with increased content proteins of animal origin, calcium salts and vitamins. Diet 5 times a day. The amount of salt is 12 g. Forbidden: hot seasonings and snacks, refractory fats.
Recommend: bread - wheat, rye, biscuit, biscuits, crackers; dairy products - milk, cream, yogurt, kefir, sour cream, cottage cheese, cheese; meat, poultry - beef, veal, chicken, liver in boiled, fried, baked and stewed form; various fish in boiled, fried, baked form; eggs
Soft-boiled omelets; vegetables - various in the form of boiled, fried, stewed and baked dishes; fruits, berries - fresh, compotes, jelly, jelly, mousses, juices; cereals, pasta - various in the form of cereals, puddings, casseroles, cutlets; fats - butter and vegetable oil; snacks - caviar, ham, low-fat sausage, light-salted fish, salads, vinaigrette; soups - on broths, various; sauces - in meat broth, dairy, sour cream, fruit; drinks - tea, coffee, cocoa, rosehip broth.
Diet № 15 assigned to convalescent patients and various diseasesnot requiring special diets... Purpose of the diet
Provide patients with adequate nutrition. Diet 5 times a day.
Forbidden: dishes from ducks, geese, hot seasonings, spices, refractory fats, canned food.
Diet number 0. Indications: After operations on the abdominal organs (no more than 3-6 days), gastric bleeding and, if necessary, introducing food through a tube. Goal: Sparing the digestive system, low calorie content (up to 1000 kcal). Food: liquid or jelly-like, non-fermenting. Dishes: compote (without fruit), jelly, weak broth, liquid porridge, soft-boiled egg, scrambled eggs, soufflé, pudding. Regimen: 5-6 or more times a day in small portions.
Diet number 1. Indications: No. 1a - chronic gastritis with preserved and high acidity in remission; No. 1b - peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, hyperacid and normacid gastritis during an exacerbation, after diet No. 0. Purpose: mechanical, thermal, chemical sparing digestive tract, reducing the reflex excitability of the stomach, ensuring the physiological need for energy (up to 3000 kcal) and food components, preventing exacerbations, repairing damaged mucous membranes. Food: chopped, boiled, steamed or baked without crust, warm (20-60 ° C). Dishes: dried white bread, vegetable and cereal soups, dairy soups; lean beef, veal, chicken, fish; milk, cottage cheese, cream, mild cheese; eggs and dishes from them; non-acidic vegetables and fruits, tea with milk or cream. Rich meat, fish, mushroom broths rich in extractives, hot spices, sorrel, smoked meats, canned food are prohibited. Limited to: table salt up to 6-12 g, liquid up to 1.5-2 liters. Regimen: 4-6 times a day in small portions. After resection of the stomach, with dumping syndrome - food intake every 2.5-3 hours, 6-7 times a day.
Diet number 2. Indications: chronic hypacid gastritis in the exacerbation stage, chronic enteritis and colitis outside the exacerbation stage. Goal: complete (2800-3000 kcal), moderately sparing nutrition with stimulation of the sector function and normalization of intestinal motility. Food: in chopped boiled, stewed, baked or fried (without crusts), warm. Dishes: uncooked bread, biscuits, soups on weak broths, incl. borsch, cabbage soup; meat and fish dishes; lactic acid products, cottage cheese, cheese, sour cream; tea with lemon, coffee and cocoa with milk, diluted juices. Excludes or restricts food that lingers in the stomach for a long time and causes fermentation (fiber, milk, legumes); onions, garlic, horseradish, radish, radish; products from butter dough, salting, smoking, marinades, canned food, spices.
Diet number 3. Indications: chronic bowel disease with irritable bowel syndrome; constipation, hemorrhoids, rectal fissures. Purpose: good nutrition (2800-3000 kcal), stimulating intestinal peristalsis. Foods rich in fiber and fermenting - vegetables, legumes, fruits, rye or wheat bran bread, milk. Dishes: vegetable soups, fresh cabbage soup; meat, chicken, turkey, fish, boiled or baked; eggs (no more than 1 per day); vegetable side dishes, especially with beets; crumbly cereals, especially buckwheat, pasta; sweets, fruits and berries; dairy and lactic acid products, cheeses; animal and vegetable fats. Excluded or limited: strong tea, coffee, white bread, boiled porridge, canned food; strong tea and black coffee, alcoholic drinks... NaCl - 15 g, liquid - unlimited. Mode: 3-4 times a day.
Diets No. 4a, 4d. Indications: Acute bowel diseases, chronic enteritis (diarrhea, severe dyspeptic symptoms). Purpose: Limiting the mass and calorie content of food (up to 2500 kcal), mechanical, chemical and thermal stimuli to reduce the inflammatory process and normalize digestion, reduce fermentation processes in the intestine. Food: boiled or steamed, mashed. Dishes: white croutons, slimy low-fat soups, cereals, steam cutlets, scrambled eggs, low-fat cottage cheese, blueberry jelly, strong tea. Limited to NaCl (8-10 g) and free liquid (up to 1.5-2.0 L). Products that cause fermentation and increased peristalsis (milk, legumes, vegetables rich in fiber) are excluded. Regimen: 5-6 times a day in small portions.
Diets No. 4b, 4c. Indications: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; dysfunction of the chewing apparatus. Purpose: Moderate limitation of mechanical and chemical irritants of the mucous membrane and the receptor apparatus of the gastrointestinal tract; normalization of digestion, reduction of fermentation processes in the intestine. Food: boiled or steamed, mashed, baked or fried without a crust. Dishes: low-fat soups, cereals, steamed cutlets, puddings, vegetable purees, low-fat cottage cheese, jelly, strong tea, cocoa, juices. Limited to NaCl (6-8 g) and free liquid (1.5-2 L). Products that enhance the secretory and motor functions of the intestines (milk, legumes, pastry products), hot snacks, seasonings, spices, and canned food are excluded. Mode: 5-6 times a day.
Diet number 5. Indications: diseases of the liver and biliary tract. Purpose: Chemical sparing of the liver with adequate nutrition (2800-3000 kcal), normalization of liver and biliary tract functions, improvement of bile secretion. Food: boiled, baked dishes, low-fat cottage cheese (contains methionine), vegetables and fruits, dried bread. Dishes: low-fat soups, boiled lean meat (beef, chicken) and fish; skim milk, lactic acid products, cottage cheese; Fats are limited (mostly solid: butter - up to 20 g), vegetable oil - up to 50 g, eggs (contain cholesterol and choline that removes it - a lipotropic substance, no more than 1 egg per dish). Fried and very cold foods are excluded; food rich in extractives, cholesterol. Salt - up to 10 g, liquid - 1.5-2.0 l. Mode: 4-5 times a day.
Diet number 5p. Indications: acute and chronic pancreatitis, expressed or in the stage of fading exacerbation. Purpose: Sparing the pancreas. Restriction of all food components (up to 2500 kcal). Food in mashed and chopped form, boiled in water and steamed, baked, warm. Dishes: vegetarian soups with cereals (semolina, oatmeal, buckwheat, rice, noodles with butter (5 g) or sour cream (10 g); boiled lean meat, poultry, fish; skim milk, lactic acid products, cottage cheese; eggs (≤ 2 pieces per day), omelet; cereals, vegetables, fruits, diluted juices; butter (30 g), vegetable oils (10-15 g) in meals. Excludes: fresh bread, pastry products, fried, fatty and cold dishes, food rich in extractives, spices, coffee, cocoa, alcoholic beverages Mode: 5-6 times a day.
Diets No. 6 and 6о. Indications for diet number 6: gout, uric acid diathesis, kidney stones (urates); diet number 6o - oxaluria and kidney stones (oxalates). Purpose: normalization of purine metabolism, reduction of endogenous formation of uric acid and stones. Food: dairy-vegetable, mainly with an alkaline reaction of products. Cooking and temperature are normal. Dishes: vegetarian soups with vegetables and cereals, lean meat, fish and poultry; dairy products; eggs (1 per day); vegetables, fruits, sweets in increased quantities; juices, fruit drinks, compotes, kvass. Meat, fish, mushroom broths, animal fats, products containing oxalic acid and calcium (meat, fish, cottage cheese, cheese, sorrel, spinach, cauliflower, legumes). Increased fluid consumption (2-2.5 liters). Calorie content and diet are normal.
Diets No. 7, 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d. Indications: diet number 7 - kidney disease (acute and chronic nephritis without exacerbation) and urinary tract, hypertonic disease; 7a - chronic glomerulonephritis with moderately pronounced, and 7b - with pronounced violations of nitrogen excretory function kidney and azotemia; 7c - the same in the stage of decaying exacerbation, 7d - without impairment of renal excretory function and azotemia. Purpose: sparing the kidneys and urinary tract, reducing hypertension and edema; improved excretion of nitrogenous toxins, increased reparative processes in glomeruli. Food: not chopped; starch-rich dishes are steamed or boiled without salt; vegetarian soups with cereals, vegetables, fruits with the addition of sour cream, dill, parsley; meat, poultry, fish, lean, boiled (after which you can bake, pour jelly or lightly fry); milk, dairy products, cottage cheese, sour cream; cereals, vegetables, fruits, sweets, animal and vegetable fats. Restriction of proteins (up to 40-60 g in diets 7, 7a and 7d, up to 20 g - in diets 7b, 7c), liquid (up to 1-1.5 l); exclusion of table salt (3-6 g per patient's hands in the absence of edema and hypertension), alcohol, cocoa, chocolate, coffee, extractives. Increasing the potassium content in food (dried apricots, potatoes), enriching the diet with vitamins and microelements. Normal mode.
Diet number 8. Indications: obesity. Purpose: normalization of metabolism, elimination of excess fat deposits. Low-calorie food (1200-1800 kcal), rich in fiber, does not stimulate appetite (without spices and extractives); fried and mashed food is undesirable. Dishes: vegetable, cereal soups on low-fat meat or fish broth (up to 250 g per reception, 2-3 times a week; low-fat meat, fish, poultry (up to 150 g per day, milk (up to 250 g per day); low-fat dairy products, cottage cheese (up to 200 g per day); porridge - buckwheat, pearl barley; vegetables - preferably raw; unsweetened fruits, juices, compotes, weak tea, coffee; butter (up to 15 g per day, vegetable oils; black or wheat bread with bran (100-150 g per day). Restricted: carbohydrates (mono- and disaccharides), animal fats, NaCl, liquid (up to 1-1.5 l) .Recommended sugar substitutes (xylitol, sorbitol, etc.). Mode: 5-6 times a day in small portions.
Diets No. 9, 9a. Indications: diabetes 1st (No. 9) and 2nd (No. 9a) types. Purpose: normalization of carbohydrate metabolism, prevention of fat metabolism disorders, reduction of calories (No. 9 - up to 2000-2500 kcal, No. 9a - up to 1300-1600 kcal per day). Food is boiled, baked, less often stewed or fried after boiling. Dishes: vegetable and cereal soups on low-fat meat, fish, mushroom broths; lean meat and fish after boiling; low-fat milk and dairy products, low-fat cottage cheese and cheese; porridge: buckwheat, barley, millet, pearl barley; carbohydrate-poor vegetables and legumes; seafood; unsweetened fruits and berries; butter (15-20 g per day), vegetable oils; rye bread, protein wheat with bran (up to 300 g per day); drinks: tea, coffee with milk, unsweetened juices. Excluded: sugar and sweets, pastry products, white cereals, fatty meats and sausages, smoked meats, sweet curd snacks. Limited to: potatoes, bananas, pasta, salted and pickled vegetables, animal and cooking fats, alcoholic beverages, NaCl (3-5 g per day - No. 9a). Foods rich in lipotropic substances, vitamins, and fiber are recommended. Regimen: 5-6 times a day in small portions.
Diets No. 10, 10c, 10i. Indications: diseases of the cardiovascular system with circulatory insufficiency of 1-2a degree (No. 10), atherosclerosis, ischemic disease heart, hypertension (No. 10c), myocardial infarction (No. 10i). Purpose: creation of favorable conditions for blood circulation, sparing the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, normalization of lipid metabolism; improving the removal of nitrogenous toxins and under-oxidized products, preventing flatulence. The mass of the daily ration is within 2 kg, the calorie content is up to 2500 kcal in diet No. 10, up to 1300-1600 kcal in diets No. 10c, 10i. Food: chopped, boiled, slightly salted or without salt. Dishes: vegetarian soups with cereals and vegetables; low-fat boiled meat and fish (followed by baking or frying); seafood; fermented milk products, cottage cheese and dishes made from it, cheese; eggs (1 per day soft-boiled or in an omelette); porridge, pasta; vegetables, fruits, honey, sweets, compotes, jelly; butter and vegetable oil; weak tea, coffee, fruit and vegetable juices; white bread, dried, preferably salt-free, non-sweet biscuits and biscuits. Excludes: substances that excite the nervous system, foods rich in cholesterol or causing flatulence (pastry products, fatty meat and fish meals, rich broths, canned food, caviar, salted cheeses, hard-boiled and fried eggs, legumes, milk, pickled and pickled vegetables, mushrooms, sorrel, radish, radish, garlic, onion, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, animal fats, margarine, spicy dishes , strong alcoholic drinks). Limited to: NaCl (5-6 g per hand), liquid (up to 1.2 liters in diet No. 10, up to 0.8-1 liters in No. 10c, 10i). The diet is enriched with potassium, vitamins and lipotropic substances. Diet 10i is introduced in a "zigzag" mode. Meal regimen: 4-5 times a day.
Diets No. 11, 11m, 11n. Indications: tuberculosis, dystrophy (No. 11), anemia (No. 11m), suppurative processes in the lungs (No. 11n). Purpose: improvement of nutritional status and immunoreactivity, normalization of metabolism, acceleration of recovery processes in organs; restoration of hematopoiesis; fight against inflammation, stimulation of lung tissue repair. High energy diet (≥3000-3500 kcal). Foods rich in animal proteins and fats, vitamins, calcium and iron: meat, fish, liver, dairy products, vegetables, fruits. NaCl - 15 g, liquid - 1.5 l. Culinary processing - any. Diet No. 10n is enriched with lipotropic substances. Dishes: meat, fish, dairy, cereals, vegetables, seafood; fruits, drinks. Diet No. 11n restricts carbohydrates and table salt (up to 10 g). Mode: 4-5 times a day.
Diet number 12. Indications: neurological and mental illness. Purpose: to reduce the excitability of the central nervous system while maintaining the nutritional value. Calorie content and regime are usual. The food is mainly dairy and vegetable. Dishes are about the same as in diet No. 10. Canned food, caviar, salted cheeses, spices, strong tea, coffee, and alcoholic beverages are excluded. NaCl - 10-12 g. Regimen: 3-4 times a day.
Diet number 13. Indications: Acute infectious diseases. Purpose: sparing the digestive system and the cardiovascular system, enhancing the elimination of toxins and toxic substances. Caloric content - up to 2500 kcal. Food is liquid and puree, boiled, protein-vitamin. Dishes: soups on weak low-fat meat or fish broths, cereal and vegetable puree soups; cutlets, meatballs, soufflé; boiled fish or in cutlets; fermented milk products, cottage cheese, sour cream; soft-boiled eggs and omelets; boiled semi-liquid porridge in milk or broth; vegetables in finely chopped salads, boiled; fruits, jelly, compotes, jelly, juices. Wheat bread, dried, uncooked biscuits. Coarse fiber, legumes, fresh bread, baked goods, spicy and spicy dishes, mushrooms, fatty meats, canned food, smoked meats, spicy vegetables, strong tea, coffee, cocoa, chocolate, and alcoholic beverages are excluded. The temperature of the dishes is not higher than 60 o C. Frequent drinking (only 2-2.5 liters). NaCl - 10-12 g. Regimen: 5-6 times a day.
Diet number 14. Indications: phosphaturia, calcium-phosphorus stones of the kidneys and ureters. Purpose: fortification of the diet with acids, reduction of phosphaturic diathesis by restricting food alkaline reactioncontaining phosphorus and calcium. Calorie content and regime are usual. Limiting milk and dairy products, vegetables and fruits rich in calcium and phosphorus. Extensive use of meat, fish and other acidic products. NaCl - 15 g, liquid - up to 2.5 liters.
Diet number 15 (common table). Indications: diseases that do not require specific diets; for convalescents - transfer of the patient from a restrictive diet to balanced diet... The food is varied, a complete diet with the exception of hard-to-digest fatty and spicy foods, 2800-2900 kcal. All cooking methods are allowed. NaCl - 15 g, liquid - 2 l. Mode: 4 times a day.
By the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation dated 05.08.2003 "On measures to improve medical nutrition in medical institutions of the Russian Federation" recommendations are given on the possible combination of dietary tables in medical institutions (MPIs) into standard diets.
Characteristic, chemical composition and the energy value of standard diets
Standard diet number 1 (main option) combines simple diets Nos. 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15. general characteristics: physiological content of proteins (85-90 g, including animals 40-45 g), fats (70-80 g, including vegetable 25-30 g) and carbohydrates (300-330 g, including h. mono - and disaccharides 30-40 g), enriched with vitamins, minerals, plant fiber. Energy value 2170-2400 kcal. For diabetics, refined carbohydrates are excluded. Nitrous extractives, NaCl (6-8 g per day) are limited, spicy seasonings, spinach, sorrel, smoked meats are excluded. Boiled or steamed dishes, baked. Т ° not higher than 60-65 ° С and not lower than 15 ° С. liquid - 1.5-2 liters. The food rhythm is fractional: 4-6 times a day.
Standard diet number 2 (option with mechanical and chemical sparing) combines simple diets №№ 1b, 4b, 4c, 5p. General characteristics: physiological diet enriched with vitamins and minerals with moderate restriction of gastrointestinal irritants. The content of proteins (85-90 g, including animals 40-45 g), fats (70-80 g, including vegetable 25-30 g) and carbohydrates (300-350 g, including . mono- and disaccharides 50-60 g). Energy value 2170-2400 kcal. Energy value 2170-2480 kcal. Spicy snacks, spices are excluded. Limited to NaCl (6-8 g per day). Dishes boiled or steamed, mashed. T ° from 15 to 60-65 ° C. The food rhythm is fractional: 5-6 times a day.
Standard Diet # 3 (High Protein Option) combines simple diets Nos. 4a, 4d, 5, 5p, 7c, 7d, 9b, 10, 11. General characteristics: increased protein content (110-120 g, including animals 45-50 g), fat (80 -90 g, including vegetable 30 g); restriction of easily digestible carbohydrates (250-350 g, including mono- and disaccharides 30-40 g), enriched with vitamins, minerals, vegetable fiber. Energy value 2080-2690 kcal. Patients with diabetes mellitus and after resection of the stomach with dumping syndrome are excluded from sugar. Restricted to: NaCl (6-8 g / day), chemical and mechanical irritants of the stomach and biliary tract. Food rhythm: 4 times a day.
Standard diet number 4 (option with reduced amount squirrel) combines simple diets Nos. 7a, 7b, 9a, 10a. General characteristics: Restriction of protein to 40-60 or 20 g / day incl. animals 15-30 g), fats (80-90 g, including vegetable 20-30 g) and with a sharp restriction of NaCl (1.5-3 g / day) and liquid (0.8-1 l) ... Carbohydrates 350-400 g, incl. mono- and disaccharides 50-100 g. Nitrous extractives, alcohol, cocoa, chocolate, coffee are excluded. Dishes from sago, starch, protein-free bread, mashed potatoes, mousses are introduced. Dishes are cooked without salt, boiled or steamed. Unmilled food; enriched with vitamins, minerals. The energy value of the diet is 2120-2650 kcal. Food rhythm: 4-6 times a day.
Standard Diet # 5 (Low Calorie Option) combines simple diets Nos. 8, 9a, 10a. General characteristics: Calorie restriction to 1340-1550 kcal due to fats and carbohydrates. The diet contains 70-80 g of protein, incl. animals 40 g), fats (60-70 g, including vegetable 25 g), carbohydrates 130-150 g; mono- and disaccharides are completely excluded. Animal fats, NaCl (3-5 g / day) and liquids (0.8-1.5 l) are sharply limited. Vegetable fats, dietary fiber are included. Rhythm: 4-6 times a day. The average daily set of foods in standard diets for one inpatient is presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Average daily set of products according to standard diets per patient in a medical facility
| Product name | The number of foods in grams in standard diets Nos. | ||||
| Rye bread | |||||
| Wheat bread | |||||
| Pasta | |||||
| Cereals (total), including: | |||||
| Buckwheat | |||||
| Rice | |||||
| Oat | |||||
| Semolina | |||||
| Millet | |||||
| Pearl barley | |||||
| Wheat | |||||
| Corn | |||||
| Sago | |||||
| Potatoes | |||||
| Other vegetables (total) | |||||
| Including: beets | |||||
| · cabbage | |||||
| · bow | |||||
| Parsley, dill, celery | |||||
| · carrot | |||||
| Cucumbers, tomatoes | |||||
| · green peas | |||||
| Fresh fruits | |||||
| Dried fruits | |||||
| Juices | |||||
| Beef and offal | |||||
| Bird | |||||
| Sausage, sausages | |||||
| Fish, seafood | |||||
| Cottage cheese | |||||
| Cheese | |||||
| Egg | |||||
| Kefir, milk | |||||
| Butter | |||||
| Vegetable oil | |||||
| Sour cream | |||||
| Sugar, jam, cookies | |||||
| Rose hip | |||||
Types of therapeutic and prophylactic nutrition
Rations in the form of free lunches assigned to workers especially harmful professions... All diets, except for substances that have a specific protective effect, contain 150 mg of vitamin C and a moderately reduced content of sodium chloride, refractory fats, and fried foods.
Vitamin kits - for those working in hot shops in the absence of other pronounced occupational hazards.
Pectin - workers in contact with inorganic lead compounds (2 g in the form of marmalade, jam, jelly).
Milk or lactic acid products - with moderately pronounced harmful effects for persons who do not receive a diet of DILI.
table 2
Treatment-and-prophylactic nutrition and indications for its appointment
|
Production harmfulness |
products |
Mechanism preventive action |
|
|
Diet number 1 |
Work with radionuks leads and source s of ionizing radiation |
Milk, cottage cheese, cheese, liver, eggs, fish caviar, vegetables, fruits | Rich in lipotropic substances you (methionine, lecithin), which improve antitoxic some liver function; pecti- us and antioxidants. |
|
Diet number 2 |
Inorganic production nic acids, alkaline metal, co- compounds of chlorine and fluorine ra, nitrogen oxides, cy- unclean compounds |
Milk, cottage cheese, cheese, meat, fish, vegetable oil | Rich in complete protein mi, polyunsaturated fatty acids and calcium tions, inhibiting the accumulation chemical substances in the body. |
|
Diet number 2a |
Contact with chrome and arc. chemically- my allergens |
Lactic acid dry foods, cottage cheese, cheese, vegetable oil, fruits, carrots |
Rich in essential amino acids and vitamins that have desensitizing sizing properties. |
|
Diet number 3 |
Contact with connection lead pits under particularly hazardous working conditions |
Meat, fish, eggs, jams, non-acidic fruits kty and vegetables |
Rich in complete protein mi, pectin, vitamins, alkaline elements, pre- inhibiting the absorption and accumulation of lead. |
|
The diet |
Production of amino and nitro compounds of benzene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, plastics, compounds arsenic, phospho- ra, tellurium; |
Milk, yours horn, cheese, ra- vegetable oil, sweet fruits, vegetables, plentiful drink |
Enhancement functionality liver and blood branch organs; rich whether potropic substances and vitamin C, poor in fats. |
|
The diet |
Production of carbohydrate prenatal, carbon disulfide yes, tetraethyl lead (TPP), ba- riya, manganese, mercury; organophosphate pesticides. |
Lactic acid dry foods, milk, solid horn, cheese, ra- oil, fish, meat, eggs, pe- chen, vegetables and fruits |
Rich in lipotropic substances you, PUFA, vitamins C and B 1, which improve the the mental state of the nerves system and liver. |
| Vita-
mine preparations rats |
Work under the influence high temperature temperature and heat radiation |
Vitamins, mg: A - 2, B 1 - 3, B 2 - 3, PP - 20, | Support the function of the central nervous system and muscles; improve thermoregulation. |
| Milk | Work with various hydrocarbons, alcohols, ethers, organic compounds nenii, radionuclides low active without much harmful conditions labor |
0.5 liters of milk daily | Improving general functional the organisation's capacities nizma, softening the effect on the liver, protein and mineral exchange. |
| Acidic
Dairy pro dooks and jams |
Working with inorganic by which lead compounds in the absence of other pronounced hazards |
0.5 l of kefir, yogurt, etc. + 2 g pectin (in jam) | Contains complete proteins, calcium, pectin, which bind and remove lead. |
Contraindications to the use of milk: contact with fat-soluble poisons (phosphorus, phenols, nitrobenzene, etc.); lactase deficiency (malabsorption, hypolactasia); milk allergy; low acidity of gastric juice; with albuminuric type of chronic nephritis and amyloid-lipoid nephrosis; concomitant use of iron preparations for the treatment of anemia, antibiotics and drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis.
Products approved for milk replacement: fermented milk products (kefir, bio-kefir, yogurt, acidophilus, fermented baked milk with a fat content of ≤ 3.5%, yoghurts with ≤ 2.2% fat) - 500 g per day; cottage cheese - 100 g or curd cheeses and desserts (150 g); whole milk powder (55 g) or condensed milk sterilized without sugar - 200 g per day. It is also allowed to replace 500 g of milk with meat - lean beef (70 g per day, edible part - 66%), low-fat fish (90 g, edible part - 17-19%), eggs (2 eggs daily). Research is being carried out on the use of medical and prophylactic drinks such as "VITA", as well as jelly and compotes "Leovit" (200 ml per day) as milk replacers.
Among various factors external environmentaffecting the body, nutrition is one of the most important. Properly organized and built on modern scientific foundations, rational and dietary nutrition provides normal flow processes of growth and development of the body, as well as maintaining health. By changing the nature of the diet, it is possible to regulate and thereby actively influence the course of the disease. Diet therapy is an essential component complex treatment with all, without exception, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, metabolic diseases, diseases of the heart, liver, kidneys, joints, etc. nice results in cases where other treatments are ineffective.
Many diets have several options, indicated by additional letters. This article presents the most common diets No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5P, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10C, 13, 14, used in dietary therapy of major diseases internal organs... The characteristics of diets are the basis for compiling a menu of therapeutic nutrition, a reference material for medical professionals and canteen workers, as well as for the sick and their relatives.
DIET number 1... Indications: gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer with a mild exacerbation and during the recovery period after a sharp exacerbation; exacerbation of chronic a with preserved or increased secretion; acute during the recovery period.General characteristics: significant mechanical, chemical and thermal sparing of the gastrointestinal tract, limited strong pathogens secretions of the stomach, irritants of its mucous membrane, lingering in the stomach for a long time and difficult to digest foods and dishes. Food is prepared mainly pureed, boiled in water or steamed. Separate dishes are baked without a crust. Fish and non-coarse meats are allowed in a piece. Table salt is moderately limited (10-12 grams). Very cold and hot dishes are excluded. Free liquid - 1.5 l. Diet: 5 - 6 times a day. Before bed: milk, cream.
Approximate menu of diet number 1 (mashed). 1st breakfast: soft-boiled egg, pureed milk rice porridge, tea with milk. 2nd breakfast: baked apple with sugar. Lunch: pureed milk oat soup, steamed meatballs with carrot puree, fruit mousse. Afternoon snack: rosehip broth, crackers. Dinner: boiled fish, baked with milk sauce; mashed potatoes, tea with milk. At night: milk.
Approximate menu of diet number 1 (not rubbed). 1st breakfast; soft-boiled egg, crumbly buckwheat porridge, tea with milk. 2nd breakfast: fresh non-acidic cottage cheese, decoction of thorns-nick. Lunch: vegetarian potato soup, boiled meat, baked underneath, boiled carrots, boiled dried fruit compote. Afternoon snack: decoction of wheat bran with sugar and crackers. Dinner: boiled fish, baked with milk sauce, carrot-apple roll, tea with milk. At night: milk.
DIET number 2... Indications: chronic with secretory in case of mild exacerbation and in the stage of recovery; chronic enteritis and s after and without exacerbation.General characteristics: a physiologically complete diet with moderate mechanical sparing and moderate stimulation of the secretion of the digestive organs. Dishes allowed varying degrees chopping and heat treatment - boiled, stewed, baked, fried without the formation of a coarse crust (do not bread in breadcrumbs or flour). Mashed dishes - from foods rich in connective tissue or fiber. Exclude: foods and dishes that linger in the stomach for a long time, are difficult to digest, irritate the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, very cold and hot dishes. Salt - up to 15 grams, free liquid - 1.5 liters. Diet: 4 - 5 times a day without heavy meals.
Approximate menu of diet number 2. Breakfast: soft-boiled egg, cheese, oat milk porridge, tea. Lunch: meat broth with noodles, fried meat cutlets without breading with carrot puree, jelly. Afternoon snack: rosehip decoction. Dinner: jellied fish, rice pudding with fruit sauce, tea. At night: kefir.
DIET number 3... Indications: chronic intestinal diseases with amy in case of unsharp and fading exacerbation and without exacerbation.General characteristics: a physiologically complete diet with the inclusion of foods and dishes that enhance motor function and bowel emptying (vegetables, fresh and dried fruits, baked goods, cereals, fermented milk drinks, etc.). Exclusion of foods and dishes that enhance fermentation and putrefaction in the intestines and negatively affect other digestive organs (rich in essential oils, fried foods, etc.). Food is cooked mostly unmilled, boiled in water or steamed, baked. Vegetables and fruits, raw and boiled. The diet includes cold first and sweet dishes, drinks. Salt -15 g, free liquid - 1.5 liters. Diet: 4 - 6 times a day. Desirable in the morning cold water with honey or juices of fruits and vegetables; at night: kefir, fresh or dry fruit compotes, fresh fruit, prunes.
Approximate menu of diet number 3. 1st breakfast: vegetable salad with vegetable oil, steam omelet, tea. 2nd breakfast: fresh apple. Lunch: vegetarian cabbage soup with sour cream, boiled meat with stewed beets, dried fruit compote. Dinner: vegetable cabbage rolls, buckwheat groats with cottage cheese, tea. At night: kefir.
DIET number 4... Indications: acute diseases and a sharp exacerbation chronic diseases bowels with severe diarrhea.
General characteristics: a diet of low energy value due to fats and carbohydrates with a normal protein content. Mechanical, chemical and thermal irritants of the gastrointestinal tract are sharply limited. Products and dishes that enhance the secretion of the digestive system, fermentation and putrefaction in the intestine are excluded. Dishes are liquid, semi-liquid, mashed, boiled in water or steamed. Very hot and cold dishes are excluded. Salt -8-10 g, free liquid - 1.5-2 liters. Diet: 5 - 6 times a day in small portions.
Approximate menu of diet number 4. 1st breakfast: oatmeal porridge rubbed in water,
freshly made pureed cottage cheese, tea. 2nd breakfast: a decoction of dried blueberries. Lunch: meat broth with semolina, steamed meatballs, rice porridge rubbed in water, jelly. Afternoon snack: unsweetened warm rosehip broth. Dinner: steam omelet, buckwheat porridge rubbed in water, tea. At night: jelly.
DIET number 5... Indications: acute and convalescent s; chronic; liver without its failure; chronic and without exacerbation in the absence of severe diseases of the stomach and intestines.
General characteristics: physiologically normal content of proteins and carbohydrates with a slight restriction of fats. Exclude foods rich in nitrogenous extractives, purines, cholesterol, oxalic acid, essential oils and fat oxidation products that occur during frying. The content of lipotropic substances, fiber, pectins, liquid is increased. Dishes are cooked boiled, baked, and occasionally stewed. Wipe only sinewy meat and fiber-rich vegetables; flour and vegetables are not sautéed. Very cold dishes are excluded. Salt - 10 g, free liquid - 1.5-2 liters. Diet: 5 times a day.
Approximate menu of diet number 5. 1st breakfast: cottage cheese with sugar and sour cream, milk oatmeal, tea. 2nd breakfast: baked apple. Lunch: vegetarian vegetable soup in vegetable oil, boiled chicken in milk sauce, boiled rice, dried fruit compote. Afternoon snack: rosehip decoction. Dinner: boiled fish with white sauce on vegetable broth, mashed potatoes, cheesecake, tea. At night: kefir.
DIET No. 5P... Indications: chronic.
General characteristics: a diet with a high protein content, a decrease in fats and carbohydrates, in particular sugar. Extractives, purines, refractory fats, cholesterol, essential oils, coarse fiber, fried foods are excluded. The amount of vitamins and lipotropic substances is increased. Dishes are mainly mashed and chopped, boiled in water or steamed,
baked. Hot and very cold dishes are excluded. Xylitol instead of sugar in sweet dishes. Salt - 10 g, free liquid - 1.5 l. Diet: 5 - 6 times a day.Approximate diet menu number 5p. 1st breakfast: boiled meat, oat milk porridge, tea. 2nd breakfast: steam protein omelette, rosehip broth. Lunch: vegetarian soup from chopped vegetables, beef stroganoff from boiled meat, boiled potatoes, com-pot from mashed dried fruits. Afternoon snack: calcined cottage cheese, tea with milk. Dinner: boiled fish, carrot puree, tea with milk. At night: kefir.
General characteristics: the diet has reduced the content of animal fat and easily digestible carbohydrates. Proteins match physiological norm... Boiled salt, free liquid, extractives, cholesterol are limited. The content of vitamins C and group B, linoleic acid, lipotropic substances, dietary fiber, potassium, magnesium, microelements (vegetable oils, vegetables and fruits, seafood, cottage cheese) has been increased. Dishes are prepared without salt, food is salted at the table. Meat and fish are boiled, vegetables and fruits with coarse fiber are crushed and boiled. The temperature of the food is normal. Free liquid - 1.2 liters. Table salt - 8-10 g, cholesterol - 0.3 g. Diet: 5 times a day in small portions.
Sample menu diet number 10c. 1st breakfast: low-fat cottage cheese pudding, loose buckwheat porridge, tea. 2nd breakfast: fresh apple. Lunch: pearl barley soup with vegetables in vegetable oil, steamed meat balls, stewed carrots, compote. Afternoon snack: rosehip decoction. Dinner: vegetable salad with seaweed and vegetable oil, fish baked in milk sauce, and boiled potatoes, tea. At night: kefir.
DIET number 13... Indications: acute infectious diseases.
General characteristics: a diet of low energy value due to fats, carbohydrates and, to a lesser extent, proteins; increased content of vitamins and fluids. With diversity grocery set easily digestible, non-conducive foods and dishes prevail. Sources of coarse fiber, fatty, salty, indigestible foods and dishes are excluded. Food is cooked chopped and mashed, boiled in water or steamed. Dishes are served hot (not lower than 55 - 60 ° С) or cold (not lower than 12 ° С). Salt 8 -10 g (increase with heavy sweating, profuse vomiting), free liquid - 2 liters or more. Diet: 5 - 6 times a day in small portions.
Approximate menu of diet number 13. 1st breakfast: milk semolina porridge, tea with lemon. 2nd breakfast: soft-boiled egg, rosehip broth. Lunch: vegetable soup mashed in meat broth (1/2 portion), steamed meat meatballs, rice porridge (1/2 portion), grated compote. Afternoon snack: baked apple. Dinner: boiled fish, mashed potatoes ("/ 2 servings), diluted fruit juice... At night: kefir.