How to create a gemstone at home. Growing crystals is a great opportunity to get rich! Growing crystals from copper sulfate at home

10.04.2019

Technology for the production of synthetic sapphires, rubies and corundum

Single crystals of lamellar sapphire (colorless corundum) are grown by melt methods, which makes it possible to obtain crystals weighing up to several kilograms. Synthetic sapphire single crystals are grown from aluminum oxide by stretching with molds of a given profile according to the Stepanov method. As a colorless structural material, lamellar sapphire is used in semiconductors and the electronics industry, thin-film hybrid and integrated microelectronics, lighting engineering, chemical equipment manufacturing, and other industries.

Plates of optically transparent and colorless corundum (sapphire) vary greatly in price depending on the availability of visible to the eye micro defects. The average size plates is 170x170 mm and height 30 mm. The complete formation of high-quality raw materials is carried out in about a week. A plate with microscopic defects invisible to the eye (visually absolutely perfect) is quite suitable for use in jewelry business as a raw material, but may not be suitable for the needs of thin industrial optics, so the price of raw materials will vary greatly. What is ideal for jewelry and realistically priced may not be enough for industrial needs.

At the beginning of growth, sapphire crystals are colorless, but then, as impurities accumulate, they become slightly pinkish. And if you put pinkish corundum for some time under an ultraviolet (UV) lamp, then the pinkness gradually turns into a wonderful wine brownishness. The color of sapphire is like wine topaz, only harder.

Sapphire single-crystal plates, according to the growing technology, resemble the process of freezing ordinary water and its modifications. If it is the "sparkling water" type, there will be a lot of bubbles visible to the eye. If it is of the "tap or open source" type, there will be many hidden and invisible bubbles that make the sapphire unusable under a microscope. The type "water with foreign impurities" will give impurities in the sapphire. Perfect option- type "distilled water without gas and impurities, in vacuum" - used to make magnifying and reducing glasses for burning chips and processors of modern computers (Intel company in the USA, reports at seminars and symposia in 2006-2007 and later). Very relevant.

Single crystals of synthetic corundum are a modification of aluminum oxide, in which a small part of the aluminum ions can be isomorphically replaced by ions of the iron group or copper ions. Growing synthetic single crystals of a wide range of colors (rubies, sapphires, topazes, amethysts, etc.) is carried out by the Verneuil method. Synthetic corundums are used in the jewelry, watch and instrument making industries. Corundum waste is used to produce high quality abrasive and refractory products. The Verneuil apparatus also makes it possible to grow synthetic spinels and the like.

Ruby and sapphire are minerals that, although they differ in appearance, have an identical crystal structure and properties, except for the presence of minor concentrations of impurity elements that give them their characteristic colors. Ruby and sapphire consist mainly of aluminum oxide Al2O3, the crystalline form of which mineralogists call corundum. Crystals grown by the Verneuil method known as Buli, apparently due to the fact that initially they had a rounded shape. This term, coined by Gaudin and used by Verneuil, has become common among crystal growers, despite the fact that crystals are now cylindrical.

Verneuil grew Bouli weighing 2.5-3 g (12-15 carats) within 2 hours. Buli were round shape, and some of them had a diameter of 5-6 mm. Today, cylindrical boules with a diameter of 20 mm and a cylinder length of 50-70 mm and the so-called semi-boules (half of a cylinder cut lengthwise with a base of 10 x 20 mm) are grown. The volume of such a semi-boule 10 x 20 x 60-70 mm is 10-11 cubic meters. cm and weight, respectively, 40-45 grams. This raw material is not yet measured in carats (but it can be easily recalculated - the mass is 200-250 carats).

Monocrystalline transparent boules and rods of artificial corundum (synthetic rubies and sapphires) are obtained by melting and recrystallizing alumina (aluminum oxide) in an oxygen-hydrogen flame. Boules can be additionally colored: with impurities of Cr (chromium, up to 2%) ions - in red, V (vanadium) - in grayish green in daylight and purple in artificial light, Mn (manganese) - in yellowish pink, Ni ( nickel) - in yellow, Ti (titanium) - in pink-violet colors. When cutting synthetic corundum under different names (sapphire, ruby, topaz, alexandrite, amethyst), they are used in jewelry; red corundums - rubies - as supporting stones for mechanical watch and other precision instruments, and the rods - in optical generators (lasers). The density of synthetic corundums is 4 g/cc, the hardness is 9 for colored corundums and 9.25 for moissonite (the hardness of diamond is 10 on the Mohs scale). The crystal structure of corundum is composed of Al (aluminum) atoms surrounded by 6 O (oxygen) atoms, which form the densest hexagonal packing. Corundum is also characterized by high chemical resistance and high melting point (2020-2050 degrees C, refers to refractories).

Institute of Crystallography of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. A. V. Shubnikov, methods for the synthesis of corundum were developed, with the help of which corundum crystals are obtained by various shapes. This method makes it possible to grow leucosapphire crystals in the form of large plates with a certain predetermined crystallographic orientation. Molybdenum container filled source material, is placed in a vacuum furnace, where it is heated to a temperature of more than 2000 o C. The aluminum oxide is melted. The container with the melt slowly moves to areas with a lower temperature, and when the temperature drops to a certain value, the melt crystallizes. For directional crystallization, a seed crystal is introduced into the melt. The whole process is automated.

On an industrial scale, artificial corundum materials are obtained by melting bauxite in electric furnaces with a reducing agent (iron filings). They are also used as abrasives; using powder metallurgy methods, cutters are made from them for machining metals at high temperature. They are not suitable for the jewelry industry (for cutting as inserts).

It turns out that not only natural natural stones are being faked now. Since, after the collapse of the USSR, the prices for synthetic corundum raw materials became quite high, the prices for synthetic corundum, sapphires and rubies also turn out to be not cheap. The photo on the right is a typical example. counterfeits of synthetic single crystals of corundum(synthetic rubies and sapphires). Enough bright colours and characteristic goltovka (shape resembling rounded pebbles). It seems to be similar to corundum, and it can be sold expensively, but it was not grown using the Vernel method.

If someone still has Soviet-cut synthetic rubies (stones made in the USSR) in jewelry, do not rush to get rid of them. You have an example of an excellent machine-cut stone and a rare example of valuable synthetic corundum. Now you can’t just buy them in a jewelry store. Today, prices for cut synthetic corundums, rubies and sapphires for jewelry are many times higher than the prices for traditional colorless and colored cubic zirkonia (synthetic cubic zircons), although they are noticeably cheaper than the prices of natural raw materials and natural precious stones of the corundum group.

Technological features of corundum production

Auguste Verneuil method. The year of birth of industrial synthetic ruby is 1905. Verneuil's technology consisted in the use of a vertical burner with the supply of alumina powder into the flame through an oxygen stream. The powder is shaken in the gas flow under the action of an electrically driven vibrator. The use of a gas-tight rubber gland allows the shock of the vibrator to be transmitted to the vessel containing the alumina powder without oxygen leakage. A ceramic pin is placed in the cold part of the flame, on which drops of liquid alumina are collected, which are formed during the melting of the powder that wakes up through the hot zone of the flame.

The flame is surrounded by a ceramic shield, which plays the role of an insulator and protects the growing Bulya from drafts. This muffle is equipped with a viewing window, which was sealed with mica in the original Verneuil apparatus. Excessive heating of the upper part of the apparatus due to the heat flow from the hot zone is prevented by the use of water cooling.

IN initial stage Bouley growth powder, falling on the pin, hardens and forms a cone of a material of relatively low density. Subsequently, the cone is moved to the hot zone of the flame, where its top begins to melt. At this point, several crystals are formed, but one of them is oriented in the direction of the highest growth rate. It inhibits the growth of other crystals and serves as a seed for the developing Bulli. On the early stage Operator skill is critical to growth, as the flame temperature or powder feed rate may need to be adjusted during crystal selection.

After the predominant growth of one crystal begins in the central part, in order to increase the diameter of the Bouley, increase the feed powder feed rate and gradually increase the flame temperature by adjusting the oxygen flow rate. Top surface The boule becomes rounded, and fresh portions of alumina are fed onto it in the form of falling melt drops. Next, the stand with the stem is lowered at a speed corresponding to the growth rate of the Bouley. The most important condition for growing crystals High Quality is the uniform supply of the powder, so great effort is spent on preparing the feed material so that it has good flowability.

If the powder is too coarse, the incorporation of large cold particles can cause a thin molten layer to solidify. Then many small crystals are nucleated and Bulya loses the structure of a single crystal. The use of too fine powder is associated with the danger of evaporation of alumina in the flame. Optimal dimensions particles lie in the submicron range (less than thousandths of a millimeter - 20 microns). The particles must have correct form, since only in this case they react equally to the impact of the vibrator (and evenly pour). Verneuil obtained alumina from ammonium alum containing about 2.5% chromium alum impurities (classic red boules were obtained). A powder of this composition was heated until the decomposition of alum and the formation of oxides, which were crushed and sieved through a wire sieve to select particles of the required size.

Czochralski method(melt pulling method) is as follows: the melt of the substance from which the stones are supposed to crystallize is placed in a refractory crucible made of refractory metal - platinum, rhodium, iridium, molybdenum or tungsten - and heated in a high-frequency inductor above the melting point. A seed from the material of the future crystal is lowered into the melt on the exhaust shaft, and synthetic material is grown on it to the desired thickness. The shaft with the seed is gradually lifted up at a speed of 1-50 mm/h with simultaneous rotation at a frequency of 30-150 rpm -1 . Rotate the shaft to equalize the temperature of the melt and ensure even distribution of impurities. Crystal diameter up to 50 mm, length up to 1 m. Artificial garnet, as well as corundum, spinel, chrysoberyl, lithium niobate, etc. are grown using the Czochralski method.

Appeared big number scientific works for the cultivation of corundum and spinel flame melting method(zone melting method). In the process of growing crystals by this method, a small area - a zone - is melted using a heating mechanism, and then the heater moves along the sample, in connection with which a single crystal grows sequentially. There are two variants of this method: in the method of horizontal directional crystallization, a long narrow boat is used (the resulting crystals are in the form of plates measuring 220x100x20 mm or more, depending on the size of the boat), in the vertical version - a floating zone - a sintered rod (boule) is used, fixed in the upper and lower parts.

The main attention is paid to the relationship between defects in crystals and the conditions under which Boole is grown. The main imperfection of this method of growing crystals is the presence of a stepwise temperature gradient between the hot region of the flame, where the molten top of the Bouley is located, and the colder lower part. A sharp change in temperature along the Bouley axis creates strong stresses in the crystal and, when removed from the furnace, the Bouleys often crack (along the cylinder) with the formation of two semi-cylindrical fragments (half-boules). For the needs of the jewelry industry, such semi-boules are quite suitable for cutting.

Technological features of the production of star sapphires (asterixes)

In 1947, the Linde branch of the Union Carbide Corporation in East Chicago began producing star sapphires and rubies using the Verneuil method. In 1949 this method was patented. Star stones are named for their unusual view, if we consider the crystal along its main axis. Six brilliant stripes radiate from the center of the crystal so that an impressive picture is created, corresponding to the symbolic image of a star or asterisk. Very bright star stones are obtained, which are absent in nature.

Such a phenomenon in corundum is caused by the presence of thin needles of rutile - aluminum titanate (Al2TiO5), which are elongated into strips located in accordance with the symmetry of the crystal structure at an angle of 60 o relative to each other. This is achieved by adding alumina to the powder small quantities rutile. During the formation of the boule, rutile dissolves in the molten layer of alumina, but upon cooling after crystallization of the boule, it precipitates in the form of needles, but mainly in the form of Al2TiO5, which is formed as a result of the interaction of rutile and alumina. According to the Linde patent, the best results are achieved by adding 0.1% to 0.3% rutile to the powder and then annealing the boule at 1100-1500°C for several hours to isolate Al2TiO5 needles. Starstones are usually made in the form of fairly domed cabochons, in which case they are most spectacular.

The main difficulty in the manufacture of star stones is to achieve a uniform distribution of Al2TiO5 needles so that the star occupies the entire width of the stone. Linde experts have found that the best results are achieved by varying the oxygen flow rate, which results in periodic temperature variations. The most convenient way to do this is with a valve that partially shuts off the oxygen supply. This procedure was found to result in a periodic change in the distribution of needles. If, at a low flow rate of oxygen, the needles are distributed over the entire width of the boule, then a high flow rate favors their crystallization only in the peripheral part.

The most spectacular star pattern appears when the thickness of alternating layers is 1 mm. This procedure demonstrates one of the main advantages of artificial gemstones over natural ones: the crystal grower controls the conditions for making the material and can change them to achieve best result. Lovers of natural crystals admit the possibility of certain treatments of stones to improve their appearance, such as heating zircon, but they do not have the ability to control the conditions under which the crystals originally grew. Only in rare cases can a natural star stone compete with its man-made counterpart in purely visual perception.

Linde also makes star stones in another way, when a pre-cut cabochon from a stone synthesized without additives of rutile is immersed in a rutile melt in order to form a very thin layer needles. Only after that is the final polishing done. Such stones differ from ordinary star stones in greater transparency, but are not sold on a large scale.

In addition to ruby and sapphire, Linde star stones are represented by varieties of purple, green, pink, yellow and brown, as well as smoky blue and smoky red. Since the original patent has now expired, a number of other suppliers have emerged, for example in Germany. A colorless star sapphire has been reported. Such competition caused the price of synthetic star corundums to fall. The Linde firm has ceased their production and sold their equipment, although stones from the Alvin Company of New Jersey are still available for sale. Apparently, at present, the main supplier of star stones, which are still very popular in the USA, is the Jeva company.

I have already published three of my ideas on this site (Stained glass window, Making mosaic panels and tables, Growing mosaic panels in an incubator). A new idea that I called "Growing ruby crystals at home" was born similarly to the idea of 1404 in the process psychological counseling using my development techniques creative thinking. It was thanks to these techniques that I was born in collaboration with my other now business partner this new idea. I will not go into detail about what problems a young man named Alexander came to me with (now it does not matter), but the result of our joint work was the birth of this home business idea.

At the beginning, I came across information that, it turns out, almost all the gems that are sold as part of jewelry in our standard jewelry stores, are artificial! This does not mean that we are being deceived.

Synthetic gemstones in terms of their chemical composition and physical properties almost completely indistinguishable from natural stones. The whole problem. it turns out that among natural gems, not all have sufficient purity and others gem quality to be honored to be presented in jewelry stores, and in laboratory or factory production technological process can be debugged so that all crystals grown in the laboratory will have almost the same jewelry characteristics.

And in production, they are much cheaper than their "colleagues" of the same quality, mined in deep and life-threatening working mines. In addition, deposits of certain minerals are not scattered in abundance evenly throughout the globe, but are usually concentrated in a few places.

Further thought flowed by analogy with stained-glass windows and mosaics. If on the Internet I came across offers for these services from large reputable companies with solid production areas and cash flow, then I asked myself the question - why can't you make small stained-glass windows (inserts in interior doors, wall lamps, etc.) literally on your desk?

I studied the technology, racked my brains on how it can be simplified for home use, spent a certain amount of experiments - and got the result!

Similarly, Alexander and I began to creatively rework the idea of growing gemstone crystals at home. Studied (introductory level) different ways, and settled on the method of the French scientist Auguste Verneuil, who created more than 100 years ago an original technique and equipment that made it possible to grow ruby crystals weighing 20-30 carats in 2-3 hours. This was an outstanding achievement of science and technology, not only because it made it possible to artificially produce such a valuable material in the required quantities, but also because it opened up prospects for the synthesis and growth of crystals of other precious stones.

The success of O. Verneuil was preceded by almost half a century of research on the synthesis of ruby.

The simplicity and reliability of the Verneuil method led to quick organization industrial production of these crystals, first in France, and later in almost all highly developed countries of the world.

The first figure shows the very principle of the Verneuil method (isn't it - everything looks quite simple!), And the second picture shows the Verneuil apparatus.

Verneuil apparatus for growing ruby crystals at home

It looks quite complicated, even at first it inspires some fear - they say, I would never do such a thing! But these are false fears. After all, it should be remembered once again that the inventor created his technology more than 100 years ago!

Naturally, he did not have at his disposal those electrical and mechanical "tricks" that are available to any home master at the present time!

It was on this problem - how to simplify the Verneuil apparatus through the use of modern electrical components and mechanisms of wide availability and create a "kitchen" version of the apparatus - that we began to work.

And we succeeded!

Using the Verneuil method, you can grow crystals not only of ruby, but also of blue, white (transparent) and yellow topaz (as well as other shades as desired).

I am publishing a detailed description of the “kitchen” option (with the consent of Alexander) as the main generator of the idea and I am not at all afraid of competition from those enthusiasts who decide to follow this idea. The reason is very simple: currently artificial precious crystals are grown in many countries of the world, but as soon as you go to a jewelry store, it will immediately become obvious that prices are still “biting”. And the saturation of the market, apparently, is still very, very far away. And even if after reading this information there are several thousand enthusiasts, then with our “home” production, we all cannot make any special “weather” in this market segment. Therefore, the results of our research can be published without fear of anything. On the contrary, if something like the “Association of Home Crystal Growers” appears on the network :-), then it will be even more interesting and useful for everyone, since, as you know, two heads are good, and two thousand - one can confidently assume - much better. And some of these heads may turn out to be much lighter, and their ideas will help everyone who is interested to further simplify and improve the device, and turn it from a “kitchen”, for example, into a “bedside table” :-).

Now a few words about the economic efficiency of the project. To grow a ruby crystal weighing 20-30 carats (4-6 grams!), it will take 3 hours and about 3 kWh of electricity. Calculate how much it costs in your area. Think. that the figure will be less than 10 rubles. The cost of 6 grams of aluminum oxide powder and 0.2 grams of chromium oxide generally cannot cost more than 50 kopecks.

So if you, dear reader, offer even an uncut ruby crystal to an interested jeweler, then you don't need to have the head of Soros to understand that the profit from the transaction will be very solid. Well, if one of the handmade men with rubies and topazes makes happy own wife or a girlfriend, then the psychological dividends from such “investments” cannot be calculated at all! :-).

A few more words about the legal legality of such proceedings. Of course, we still have to thoroughly consult with lawyers, but in the law of the Russian Federation I reviewed “ON PRECIOUS METALS AND PRECIOUS STONES” ( last change dated 18.07.2005 N 90-FZ) it is stated very specifically that the object of regulation of this law are “precious stones - natural diamonds, emeralds, rubies, sapphires and alexandrites, as well as natural pearl in raw (natural) and processed form. Unique amber formations are equated to precious stones in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation. This list of gemstones can only be changed federal law.". Specially singled out the word - "natural". Nothing is said about synthetics.

So grow ruby crystals at home calmly.

In terms of their physical properties and chemical composition, synthetic gemstones practically do not differ from natural ones. Not all products sold in jewelry stores contain natural stones. And this is quite normal. Consider how to open your own ruby crystal growing business at home.

The main problem is that most natural stones do not have all the necessary characteristics to show off in jewelry. Stones obtained in the factory or laboratory conditions, have almost the same characteristics. Besides, synthetic production jewelry is cheaper than natural mining in deep and life-threatening mines.

Growing with limited salts

Potassium alum is suitable for this method. At home, it is best to grow crystals from copper sulfate. They don't grow well regular salt. But copper sulfate is easy to buy, and very beautiful blue artificial gems grow from it.

1. We prepare the container. We will make a saturated salt solution in it. Pour a few tablespoons of salt, pour it with water and stir. Add salt until it no longer dissolves. Use hot water so as not to make a mistake with the proportions. There are solubility curves for different salts. They show how many grams can be dissolved in 100 ml of water at a certain temperature.

Solubility Curves

2. Filter the solution. This step is very important, especially if you are buying blue vitriol from a gardening store. If the solution is dirty, the crystal will grow with defects. We leave the solution for a day so that excess crystals fall out of it. They settle at the bottom of the glass and serve as a seed for us (the main elements on which new ones will grow).

3. We tie the crystal to the fishing line. We wrap the fishing line on a pencil and hang this device on a glass with a saturated solution. Over time, the water evaporates, the saturation of the solution increases. An excess of a substance that cannot dissolve settles on our product.

4. Once every two weeks, add a saturated solution to the glass. Why do it? Over time, the water evaporates and at some point in the growth it will not be enough and the growth will stop.

Important! The solution added should be the same temperature as the solution where the crystal grows. If it is the highest, we can ruin everything.

5. After three months, we take out the crystal and dry it with a towel.

6. We cover the product with 1-2 layers of colorless nail polish. This is necessary so that it does not dry out and does not lose its luster. After drying, the product can be taken by hand.

Here are some wonderful rubies you can grow at home!

Growing ruby crystals at home is available to everyone. The work does not require an equipped laboratory, obtaining theoretical and practical knowledge in the field of mineralogy, purchase of special chemicals. Everything you need can be found in the kitchen.

Home experimentation

It is advised to start growing rubies with small volumes. First, experience is gained, the whole process is understood, and then direct systematic work begins. synthetic creation own hands will not yield in beauty and attractiveness to natural minerals. Stones are in demand among jewelers, so a successful experience can bring additional income if you find a market.

There are several ways to grow. It is advised to try all the options, then stop at the one you like.

Artificial precious rocks created by man do not differ from natural ones in terms of chemical content and physical properties. The advantage of home technologies is that they allow you to create perfectly pure breeds. In nature, this happens very rarely. The jewelry qualities of laboratory specimens are quite good. Another plus of the mineral is the cost. The stones are cheaper than their originals, which originate in deep mines.

organic salts

It is easy to grow a ruby crystal from various salts:

copper sulphate;
potassium alum;
regular salt.

The longest salt-based process, the most beautiful samples are obtained from vitriol. The production of ruby crystals is based on the following steps:

Tank preparation. It should hold salt and a saturated water-salt solution. Take hot water. The process is gradual. Dilute two tablespoons with water, mix thoroughly. Then salt is added and mixed. it is necessary to shower until the salt ceases to dissolve. To keep the proportions, they take a hint: a table of the solubility of different salts in 100 ml of water, their relationship with the temperature of the liquid.
Solution filtration. The solution must be clean. Dirt impurities will spoil the structure of the stone. It will show defects. The solution remains for 24 hours. During this period, crystals form at the bottom of the container. They will become the basis of the ruby.
The growth of an artificial mineral. A fishing line is tied to the stone formed at the bottom of the glass. It is wound on a pencil or wooden stick. The device is installed on the tank. The crystal is in solution, suspended. Water tends to evaporate, a saturated saline solution releases excess, which is fixed on the resulting sample.
Adding a salt solution. Water always needs a certain amount, if it becomes scarce, the crystal will stop growing. Under normal room temperature water is added once every 2 weeks.

To get rubies at home, you will have to wait about 3 months. The stone is then released from saline solution dry with a soft cloth. sample cover colorless varnish for nails in several layers.

Council of experienced crystal makers. The salt solution must be at the same temperature as the water in the container. The crystal grows at a slightly lower temperature, but high rises in solutions spoil and stop growth.

Apparatus for work at home

To create rubies at home, you will need an apparatus named after its creator, Verneuil. The inventor's technique allows growing a ruby weighing 30 carats in 3 hours. Technology has made it possible to create precious material in the right amount. Industrial facilities began to actively implement the development of Verneuil. Time has made its own adjustments, and today such a device is easily assembled at home. Components of the device:

cathetometer;
shaking mechanism;
bunker;
burner;
muffle;
growing crystal;
crystal holder;
crystal lowering mechanism.

The device is used to grow not only rubies. Often blue topaz, emeralds and stones with a translucent transparent structure are created in the device.

Home production process:

The powder is poured into the hopper through the funnel. Powder composition - Al2O3, additional component - Cr2O3.
With the help of a burner, a flame is supplied to the bottom of the bunker.
The powder starts to melt.
The layers of molten powder are a growing ruby crystal.

Through the drop mechanism artificial mineral moves down. In the device you can get various shades. The rate of crystal formation is higher than in the tank. It will take only 3 hours, and you can admire the ruby. For one sample, the following volumes of components are needed:

6 g Al2O3;
0.2 g Cr2O.

Raw crystalline formations are extraordinary in shape. They are originally similar to natural, but at the same time always unique.

Working with the device at first glance is complex and painstaking. In fact, a device invented by a French inventor over 100 years ago will not create special problems. It is assembled from parts that are on the farm practical people. Making an apparatus and purchasing powder are the main stages of preparation.

Economic calculations

Home technology is always cheaper. You can calculate the cost of all components, costs, and determine the approximate cost of the samples received. What is taken into account ruby:

the cost of parts of the device;
electricity costs;
price for the purchase of powders for the base of the crystal.

Even approximate calculations will show the benefit. The cost of all components will not be 500 rubles. For the money it's hard to buy jewel ruby beautiful view And excellent quality. The process should not frighten home experimenters with legality. State regulated natural minerals, synthetic under the action of documents do not fall. If a decision is made to open a small production, it should be registered in the prescribed manner. The soul will be in place, the work will bring only satisfaction.

A gemstone created by yourself will become a pride. The craftsman will gradually learn to change the shades of rubies. The next step will be creative work over the received samples, the transformation of their interior design items and original decorations.

I want to leave a review on the amulet of wealth from Baba Nina: “At no time did I believe in amulets or amulets. But problems at work, lack of money, debts just dragged me into a whirlpool. I couldn't resolve it on my own. And recently I found out about the coins that Baba Nina is talking about. I decided to purchase. Surprisingly, after a month I had new job and high salary…read more

I have already published three of my ideas on this site (Stained glass window, Making mosaic panels and tables, Growing mosaic panels in an incubator). A new idea, which I called "Growing Ruby Crystals at Home", was born similarly to the idea of 1404 in the process of psychological counseling using the techniques I use to develop creative thinking. It was thanks to these techniques that this new idea was born in collaboration with another business partner of mine. I will not go into detail about what problems a young man named Alexander came to me with (now it does not matter), but the result of our joint work was the birth of this home business idea.

At the beginning, I came across information that, it turns out, almost all gems that are sold as part of jewelry in our typical jewelry stores are of artificial origin! This does not mean that we are being deceived.

Synthetic gemstones are virtually indistinguishable from natural stones in their chemical composition and physical properties. The whole problem. It turns out that among natural precious stones, not all of them have sufficient purity and other gem qualities to be honored to be presented in jewelry stores, and in laboratory or factory production, the technological process can be debugged so that all crystals grown in the laboratory will have almost the same jewelry characteristics.

And in production, they are much cheaper than their "colleagues" of the same quality, mined in deep and life-threatening working mines. In addition, deposits of certain minerals are not scattered in abundance evenly over the entire globe, but are concentrated, as a rule, in a few places.

Further thought flowed by analogy with stained-glass windows and mosaics. If on the Internet I came across offers for these services from large reputable companies with solid production areas and cash flow, then I asked myself why it was impossible to make small stained-glass windows (inserts in interior doors, wall lamps, etc.) literally on your desk?

I studied the technology, puzzled over how it can be simplified for home use, conducted a certain number of experiments - and got the result!

Similarly, Alexander and I began to creatively rework the idea of growing gemstone crystals at home. We studied (at an introductory level) different methods, and settled on the method of the French scientist Auguste Verneuil, who created more than 100 years ago an original technique and equipment that made it possible to grow ruby crystals weighing 20-30 carats in 2-3 hours. This was an outstanding achievement of science and technology, not only because it made it possible to artificially produce such a valuable material in the required quantities, but also because it opened up prospects for the synthesis and growth of crystals of other precious stones.