Preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Acupressure "Magic points". The activities of the methodological service of the preschool educational institution

Parent meeting on the topic:

"Strengthening and maintaining the health of preschoolers"

Target: to acquaint the parents of pupils with the main factors contributing to the strengthening and preservation of the health of a preschooler at home and in a kindergarten.

Tasks: inform parents about the state of health of pupils for the period of the meeting; create conditions for parents to become aware of some factors that can adversely affect the health of preschool children; create conditions for parents to realize the need for joint work of the kindergarten and the family to preserve and improve the health of preschool children.

Plan of the event:

1. Speech by the head "The health of the child is in our hands."

2. Speech by the felsher "Vitamins".

3. Solution

Event progress:

“Parents are the first teachers. They are obliged to lay the foundations for the physical, moral and intellectual development of the child's personality,” reads the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”.

Caring for the health of a child and an adult has become a priority all over the world. Any country needs creative, harmoniously developed, active and healthy personalities.

Caring for the upbringing of a healthy child is a priority in the work of any preschool institution. healthy and developed child has a good body resistance to harmful environmental factors and resistance to fatigue, socially and physiologically adapted.

In preschool childhood, the foundation of a child’s health is laid, his intensive growth and development takes place, basic movements, posture, as well as the necessary skills and habits are formed, basic physical qualities are acquired, character traits are developed, without which a healthy lifestyle is impossible.

What do you think health is?

What is ZOZ?

(rational nutrition, compliance with the regimen, optimal motor mode, good sleep, healthy hygienic environment, favorable psychological atmosphere, hardening).

To date, there is a general trend of deterioration in the health of children.

Factors of the urban environment adversely affect the development and health of the child. Thus, environmental pollution with harmful substances leads to diseases of the tonsils, adenoids and lymph nodes in children. And a long stay in such unfavorable conditions causes an overstrain of the body's adaptive capabilities and leads to the depletion of the immune system. There are chronic diseases of the bronchopulmonary system, ENT organs and other diseases.

The increase in the number of childhood diseases is associated not only with the socio-ecological situation, but also with the very way of life of the child's family, which largely depends on family traditions and the nature of the driving regime. With insufficient motor activity of the child, the deterioration of the development of the motor function and the decrease in the physical performance of the child inevitably occur.

What can parents do to introduce their children to a healthy lifestyle?

First of all, it is necessary to actively use healing natural environmental factors: clean water, ultraviolet rays sunlight, clean air, volatile properties of plants, since the natural forces of nature are familiar components of the environment and are necessary for the life of the body.

The child needs calm benevolent psychological climate.

Quarrels in the presence of a child contribute to the emergence of a neurosis in him or exacerbate existing disorders of the nervous system. All this significantly reduces the protective capabilities of the child's body.

And our irritation mechanically passes to the child.

Emotional resilience and related behaviors are nurtured. Here it is important to be able to correctly and rationally relate to what we see, perceive, hear.

Adults should not only protect the children's body from harmful influences, but also to create conditions that contribute to increasing the protective forces of the child's body, its performance. And the important thing here is well organized daily routine.

Daily regime - these are optimally combined periods of wakefulness and sleep of children during the day. It satisfies their needs for food, activity, rest, physical activity, etc. The regime disciplines children, promotes the formation of many useful skills, accustoms them to a certain rhythm.

Walk - one of the essential components of the daily routine. This most effective type of rest well restores the functional resources of the organism, reduced in the course of activity, and first of all - working capacity. Staying in the air helps to increase the body's resistance and hardens it. After an active walk, the child always normalizes appetite and sleep.

The walk must be carried out in any weather, except for particularly unfavorable conditions. At the same time, clothing and footwear must comply with the weather and all hygiene requirements. During a walk, children should not be allowed to stay in the same position for a long time, so it is necessary to change their type of activity and place of play. It is good to combine a walk with sports and outdoor games.

Children must walk at least twice a day for two hours, unlimited in summer.

An equally important component of the regime is dream, which is especially necessary for weak children. It is important that the baby falls asleep at the same time every day (day and night).

Thus, the child's home regimen should be a continuation of the kindergarten day regimen, and especially on weekends.

Complete nutrition - inclusion in the diet of foods rich in vitamins A, B, C and D, mineral salts (calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, copper), as well as protein. All meals for children should preferably be prepared from natural products, unrefined, without additives, spices and preservatives. More often include cottage cheese, buckwheat and oatmeal in the diet of children.

It is important for children to form an interest in the improvement of one's own body. The sooner the child gets an idea about the structure of the human body, learns about the importance of hardening, movement, proper nutrition, sleep, the sooner he will be introduced to a healthy lifestyle.

When a child enters school, it is important not only his intellectual development but also the level of his physical development. The principle of "do no harm" should be the basis of the upbringing and development of the child. It should be remembered that " early learning"leads to overload, adversely affects health, provokes neurosis and other undesirable phenomena, resulting in a decrease in interest in learning.

Preparation for school in kindergarten is carried out not only in mathematics and speech development classes, but also in physical education classes that form the attention, thinking, memory, speech, imagination, fine motor skills of hands, and coordination of movements necessary for successful schooling. The play activity of children is also important. How better baby plays role-playing games, the more successful he will be in school. The game prepares well for school. Without play, children develop a sense of fear, lethargy and passivity. Play is the leading human need.

To improve health and normalize weight efficient walking and running that protect the human body from disease. They have a pronounced training effect and contribute to the hardening of the body.

What is hardening?

This is an increase in the body's resistance to the adverse effects of a number of environmental factors through a systematic short-term effect on the body of these same factors in small doses.

As a result of hardening, the body adapts to changing environmental conditions. When hardening, an increase in immunity occurs at the same time due to an increase in the production of interferon and other protective factors in the body.

Which of you conducts hardening activities with your child at home and which ones?

hardening, along with traditional methods hardening (air baths, water foot baths, gargles) are widely used and non-traditional:

1. Contrasted air hardening (children get from a warm room to a “cold one”).

2. Walking barefoot. At the same time, the arches and ligaments of the foot are strengthened, and flat feet are also prevented.

In the summer, give children the opportunity to walk barefoot on hot sand and asphalt, on small pebbles and cones that act as strong irritants. On the contrary, warm sand, soft grass, indoor carpet have a calming effect. When walking barefoot, the intensity of the activity of almost all muscles increases, blood circulation is stimulated throughout the body, and mental activity improves.

A contrast shower is the most effective method of hardening at home. After a short charge, the child gets up under the shower, douses with water at 36-38 degrees for 30-40 seconds, then the water temperature drops by 2-3 degrees, and the duration of dousing is reduced to 20-25 seconds. The procedure is repeated twice. After 1-1.5 weeks, the water temperature difference increases to 4-5 degrees. Within 2-3 months the temperature is brought to 19-20 degrees.

Gargling with cool water with a decrease in its temperature is a method of preventing nasopharyngeal disease. Gargling begins at a water temperature of 36-37 degrees, decreases every 2-3 days by 1 degree and is brought to room temperature.

It should be remembered that a break in hardening for 2-3 weeks reduces the body's resistance to cold factors and is therefore highly undesirable.

It is impossible not to take into account the individual characteristics of the child, his age, his sensitivity to hardening procedures. It is not recommended to carry out hardening against the background of negative emotional states e.g. fear, resentment, anxiety.

What conclusion can be drawn about hardening?

If we want to see our child healthy, we need to carry out hardening procedures daily. Minimal hardening is air and water procedures, properly selected clothes.

It turns out that it is possible to harden the body of a child with food. What foods or substances do you think help a child become more hardened?

What plants - shrubs, vitamin C accumulators, help against colds? Blackcurrant and rosehip increase the body's resistance to cold and SARS),

What "protection drink" increases the body's resistance to diseases of the upper respiratory tract and lungs, is it rich in vitamin A? "Drink of protection" - carrot juice. It is recommended to drink fresh carrot juice from 1 tablespoon to half a glass a day, but not more than 100 g, since in large quantities it can cause icteric coloration of the skin, in addition, it causes allergies in some children.

What is healthier for a child - juice or an apple? Juices are cleaner ecological products. They are quickly absorbed by the body and almost immediately after use they will be included in the metabolism, which has a beneficial effect on the recovery processes of the body. There is a lot of water in juices, but this is true living water- it is enriched with biologically active substances of plant cells. All juices have a tonic effect, stimulate digestion and assimilation of food, and also remove toxic substances from the body, including radioactive ones (carrot and apple). Juices are also a source of vitamins, mineral salts and numerous trace elements.

Systematically taking Eleutherococcus orally with compote or milk for 1-2 months can reduce the incidence of influenza and influenza-like diseases in children by more than 2.5 times.

To increase the protective forces of the child's body, it is recommended taking vitamins. Speech by a kindergarten paramedic.

Parent meeting decision:

1. Use the information received at the parent meeting to maintain and improve the health of children.

2. Introduce a healthy lifestyle into every family.

3. Set the child's home regimen in accordance with the daily regimen of the kindergarten.

4. Systematically conduct hardening of the child in a family setting.

5. On weekends, be sure to go for a walk with your children at least twice a day. Give the child the opportunity to move more during the walk, play outdoor games.

PROJECTpreservation and strengtheningpreschool health

(for children from 4 to 6 years old)

"We want to be healthy"

for 2 academic years

Quick reference-abstract

1.1. Objective of the project: Organization of work to preserve and strengthen the mental, physical and social health of children through health-saving technologies in preschool educational institutions.

Project tasks.

To achieve the goal of the project, the following tasks:

To study modern health-saving technologies, and their main content, principles and directions of use in a modern preschool educational institution.

Create conditions for maintaining and strengthening the health of children in preschool educational institutions and families

Develop activities for children preschool age and their parents with the use of health-saving technologies.

Develop a card file of health-saving technologies for working with preschoolers.

Describe the model of work of an educational institution for the protection of children's health in a preschool educational institution.

Create electronic presentations on the topic of health saving.

Create a memo for teachers of preschool educational institutions and parents of preschool children "Healthy lifestyle" to improve pedagogical competence in the issue of health saving

To increase parental competence on the issue of maintaining and strengthening the health of preschool children through health-saving technologies (hereinafter referred to as HTA) in the conditions of preschool educational institutions and families.

Project relevance.

Each person has great opportunities to strengthen and maintain their health, to maintain their ability to work, physical activity and vigor to old age. The most urgent problem today is the preservation and strengthening of children's health.

Sukhomlinsky V.A. wrote: “Physical culture should ensure a conscious attitude of children to their own body, develop the ability to spare health, strengthen it with the right regime of work, rest, nutrition, gymnastics and sports, temper physical and nervous forces, prevent disease ...”

Family and kindergarten are those social structures that mainly strengthen and preserve the health of the child. Entering kindergarten, many children have deviations in physical development: postural disorders, overweight, delay in the development of coordination of movements. Due to the unfavorable ecological situation in the city and constant temperature fluctuations, many of them had been ill before entering kindergarten 6-7 times with ARVI, acute respiratory infections, influenza.

After analyzing the questionnaire data obtained in our preschool educational institution, we came to the conclusion that, although all parents have higher and secondary education, the level of knowledge and skills in the field of cultivating the habit of a healthy lifestyle of most of them is low, and interest in this problem arises only then when their child is already in need of medical or psychological help.

This means that the employees of the preschool educational institution need to carry out systematic, versatile pedagogical education of parents, including assistance in acquiring practical skills and theoretical knowledge, as well as in disseminating positive family experience in the physical education of children.

From this it is clear how important it is, starting from early childhood, to educate children in an active attitude towards their health, understanding that health is the greatest value bestowed on man by nature. To achieve harmony with nature, you need to learn to take care of your health from childhood. It is very important today to form in preschool children the belief in the need to preserve their health and strengthen it through health-saving technologies and familiarization with a healthy lifestyle.

1.2. Expected Result:

preservation and strengthening of children's health through the FTA in the conditions of preschool educational institutions and families;

the formation of a sustainable interest in the rules of healthy and safe behavior, the development of the subjective position of children in health-saving activities;

increasing parental competence on the issue of maintaining and strengthening the health of preschoolers through the ZST in the conditions of preschool educational institutions and families;

the growth of the prestige of the preschool educational institution;

the child experiences a state of emotional comfort from his own motor activity and the activities of peers, adults, its successful results, sympathizes with sports defeats and rejoices in sports victories, rejoices or is upset about the state of his health, the health of others.

1.3. Project execution mechanism

Control over the implementation of the project is carried out by the head of the preschool educational institution and the senior educator within their powers and in accordance with the law.

The co-executors of the project are the State Budgetary Institution Children's City Hospital No. _______, Secondary School No. ________. Children with their parents actively attend sports sections and circles (acrobatics, dancing, swimming, figure skating, hockey, etc.)

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT.

2.1. Development object: child health process.
Subject: the use of health-saving technologies in educational activities.

2.2. The results of the activities of the preschool educational institution.

The main achievements of our DOU are the following:

Systematic health-improving and preventive work contributes to the stable attendance of children. The dynamics of the decrease in the incidence of ARVI and influenza in preschool children - (for 2015/2016 academic year) is a clear indicator of the effectiveness of the work of the kindergarten team in improving the health of children. Thus, a sick leave for one child was 10 days.

The performance of basic movements by children meets the age and program requirements.

Parents actively support the teaching staff and assist the kindergarten in the work of improving children's health.

2.3. innovative potential

Physical culture and health program;

2.4. Project development program

Stages	Tasks	Member activities creative team	The activities of the methodological service of the preschool educational institution	Timing
Value Oriented	Determination of the problem (topic) construction of an activity model.	Clarification of the available information, discussion of the task, awareness of the motive and purpose of the activity. Reflection.	Motivation for design, explanation of the purpose of the project	September
Constructive: planning decision making performance	Problem analysis. Identification of sources of information. Statement of tasks and choice of equipment and criteria for evaluating the results of the project. Discussion of alternatives. Choosing the best option. Refinement of action plans Project implementation	Formulating tasks, collecting the necessary information, drawing up a work plan for the project. Selection and justification of the success criterion. Reflection. Data processing. Synthesis and analysis of ideas. Work on the project, its design.	observation.
Evaluative-reflexive	Analysis of the implementation of the project, the contribution of each participant to the work, the results achieved.	Participation in the collective analysis of the project and self-assessment of activities. Accounting for critical remarks. Reflection.	observation. Coordination of the analysis process, if necessary, adjustment of the project.
Presentative	Preparation of the project for protection. Justification of the design process. Explanation of the obtained results, their evaluation.	Preparation of the activity product for the presentation. Defense of the project at the republican seminar. Reflection.	Participation in the collective analysis and evaluation of the results of general and individual work.	February 2016

3. Scientific and methodological support of the project

Alyamovskaya V.G. New approaches to planning educational work in kindergarten. - // Management of the preschool educational institution, N3, 2002, p. 21 - 27.

Borisova, N.N. Organization of health-improving work with children and parents.// Medical worker of preschool educational institution-2010-No.

Gavryuchina, L.V. Health-saving technologies in preschool educational institutions. Toolkit. - M.: TC Sphere, 2010.

Zvereva, O.L. Communication of the teacher with parents in the preschool educational institution. - M.: TC Sphere, 2009.

Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated November 23, 2009 No. 655 “On the approval and implementation of federal state requirements for the structure of the main general educational program of preschool education” // Office of the preschool educational institution - 2010 - No. 3. - P.51-63.

Ryabysheva, O.I., Lenetskaya, L.A. Health-saving environment of the kindergarten // Management of the preschool educational institution - 2011 - No. 1. - S. 22-25.

Solovieva, I.V. The managerial aspect of health-saving activities // Management of the preschool educational institution - 2011 - No. 1. - P.17-22.

Sokratov N.V. Modern technologies for the preservation and promotion of children's health. -M.: TC Sphere, 2005

Stepanenkova, E.Ya. Physical education in kindergarten. - M.: Mosaic-Synthesis, 2010.

Shebeko, V. Raising a child as a subject of physical culture and health activities // Preschool education - 2011. - No. 5. - S.28-33.

4. Financial and economic support of the project

The main sources for financial and economic support of the project implementation are: financing from the local budget , at the expense of parental payment (purchase gaming equipment: designers, developing games; gym equipment: hop balls, rubber balls, basketball hoop, gymnastic sticks, hockey sets, ladder, hoops and ropes, golf sets, etc.); financial and economic support by attracting sponsorship. Release of reminders for children and parents about a healthy lifestyle.

Material and technical conditions for project implementation

A medical block has been created: medical, physiotherapy and massage rooms, an isolation ward. The physiotherapy room is equipped with medical devices designed for the treatment and prevention of diseases of the upper respiratory tract, musculoskeletal system and gastrointestinal tract.

The kindergarten has a music and sports halls, a speech center, an ecological room, an art studio, a Bashkir living room, a Russian hut, a teacher-psychologist's office, in which a subject-developing environment has been created for the implementation of the tasks of the sports and recreation area.

3. In each group, physical culture corners are equipped for the daily physical activity of children, individual work with the child on the development of movements. Models of hardening after daytime sleep, physical culture and recreation activities were corrected.

4. On the territory of the kindergarten created " ecological trail”, where children have a rest, are held ecological holidays in an exciting form, entertainment (“Journey to the country of Health”).

5. Picked up methodical material, the following files have been drawn up:

Morning exercises in a playful way

Organization of daily walks in all age groups (in accordance with SanPiN)

Psycho-gymnastics

Finger gymnastics, physical minutes,

Mobile and didactic games.

Results presentation form

The preschool educational institution has developed additional educational programs:

Physical culture and health program

Ecology "Green School";

Training program "Me and my emotions";

- Exercise therapy for children with posture and foot disorders.

A cycle of consultations for parents "Educating the basics of a healthy lifestyle in children of early and preschool age" has been developed

APPS

Parent consultation cycle

Formation of cultural and hygienic skills in children

Is cleanliness the key to health? Most of us will answer "yes" and be right. "...Cleanliness brings a person closer to a deity," one European sociologist remarked. The very word "hygiene" comes from the name of one of the daughters of the Greek god-healer Asclepius - Hygiea (goddess of cleanliness and health).

Hygiene skills are a very important part of the culture of behavior. The need for neatness, keeping the face, body, hair, clothes, shoes clean, they are dictated not only by the requirements of hygiene, but also by the norms of human relations. Children should understand that if they regularly follow these rules, then they will show respect for others and the idea will arise that a sloppy person who does not know how to take care of himself, his appearance, and actions, as a rule, will not be approved by people around him. Education in children the skills of personal and public hygiene plays an important role in protecting their health, promotes proper behavior in everyday life, in public places. Ultimately, not only their health, but also the health of other children and adults depends on the knowledge and implementation of the necessary hygiene rules and norms of behavior by children.

In the process of daily work with children, it is necessary to strive to ensure that the implementation of personal hygiene rules becomes natural for them, and hygiene skills are constantly improved with age. At the beginning, children are taught to follow elementary rules: wash their hands with soap and water, lather them until foam forms and wipe them dry, use an individual towel, comb, mouthwash, make sure that all things are kept clean. That's why

work on the formation of personal hygiene skills in children should begin at an early preschool age.

To instill in children a good habit of washing their hands, you can use little rhymes:

Water, water,
Wash my face
To make the eyes sparkle
To make cheeks blush
To laugh mouth,
To bite a tooth.

The cat washed itself without water.
He washed his eyes and mouth with a paw.
But I can't wash like that
Mom might get angry...
V. Naumenko

In the bath.

Love to swim Vanya
In the White Sea - in the bath.
It's just embarrassing -
The coast is not visible.
Visibility is gone
Soap got in my eye...
A. Shlygin

Water and soap

You are dirty!
There's ink on your forehead! -
Water exclaimed,
Seeing Soap.
- Yes, - Soap says, -
I know it,
But others from dirt

I save!

The river ran out of water
Oh, trouble, trouble, trouble -
The river has run out of water!
It's because of Vali:
Valya - washed!!!
V. Shurzhik

The task of adults in the formation of cultural and hygienic skills is to develop self-control in the implementation of the rules and norms of personal hygiene. We invite children to learn how to wash their hands properly.

The duty of the parents is to constantly reinforce the hygiene skills brought up in the child in kindergarten. It is important that adults set an example for the child, they themselves always observe them. We hope that our recommendations will help you.

How to dress a child?

Many parents believe that the child should be dressed warmer. Children who are wrapped up are more likely to get sick. The movements themselves warm the body, and the help of "a hundred clothes" is superfluous. In the body, heat exchange is disturbed, and as a result it overheats. Then even a slight draft is enough to catch a cold.

Many people think that in order to keep warm, clothing should fit snugly to the body. Paradoxically, the most reliable remedy for cold is air. It turns out that in order to better protect yourself from low temperatures, you need to create an air gap around the body. Warm, but spacious enough clothes are suitable for this. What to wear under a jacket or coat? First, a T-shirt or T-shirt made of cotton, which absorbs sweat well, then a pullover or wool sweater, loose but snug at the neck and wrists. On the feet - woolen socks and warm boots with fur or boots, but not tight, but such that the big toe can easily move inside.

Many people think that in winter it is enough to walk for an hour. There are no strict rules on this. It all depends on the temperament of the child and the outdoor temperature. Children tolerate cold better if they are fed before a walk - food rich in carbohydrates and fats gives special warmth.

Many people think it's a disaster if a child's ears are frozen. In severe frost, fearing otitis, mothers and grandmothers use a whole arsenal, consisting of scarves, hats - earflaps, hats - helmets. However, if a child has inflammation of the ears, this does not mean at all that it is they who have become overcooled. Take care to tightly close the neck and back of the child's head - this is where the greatest heat loss occurs.

Prevention of colds

For many years, we have all been struck by the sad statistics of the frequency of illness in children of preschool and primary school age. Every third child has deviations in physical development. Now the situation has worsened even more: 50-80% of children have various diseases. There are many reasons for this: economic, social, genetic, and medical. One of them is not the attention of adults to the health of their child. Of course, we love our child, diligently treat when it gets sick. In everyday life, we do not use the entire arsenal of means and methods, based on the conditions of life and children's activities.

The main cause of most colds in children is the inconsistency of the child's clothes and shoes with the temperature regime. This means that it is always necessary to compare the air temperature and the child's clothes, avoiding both overheating and hypothermia of the body.

Very important for the health of the child music therapy and smell therapy, as components in creating the background, the environment where the child lives.

Mode. It has always been and remains the basis of the full physical development of children. It is no accident that children come to kindergarten nervous and difficult on Mondays. Probably because on weekends, children deviate from their usual routine and live according to the schedule of adults; they get up late, do not go out, by night (because of the guests) they go to bed late. Children are capricious because of this, because the well-established stereotype of the child's body is violated.

Morning gymnastics. How nice it is when there is a tradition in the family - to do morning exercises every day.

Walk. Physiologists and psychologists have scientifically proven that a child performs 6-13 thousand movements a day. Moreover, it is noticed that if the child makes less than 6 thousand movements, the child experiences discomfort. In conditions of hypodynamia, the baby develops worse, is naughty. Motor comfort for a preschooler is best provided in the fresh air. In inclement weather: heavy rain, snowfall, severe frost - children, as a rule, stay at home. Thus, children are deprived of oxygen, communication with peers. In this case,

tracksuit, hat), open the balcony door and actively move and play for 30-40 minutes. And on ordinary walks, practice hiking, running, universal means health promotion.

Outdoor games. It is good when parents and children have their favorite outdoor games. Among which there may be “lapta”, “third wheel”, “classics”. The child will definitely play if he sees those playing, dad and mom, grandma and grandpa.

Pantomime. An important role in ensuring the motor activity of children is played by pantomime.

Sport games. Of course, it is still too early to talk about real sports at preschool age, but various types of games with elements of sports are quite accessible to children 5-6 years old (and even earlier). Children, like food, should early years have your own sports equipment. It can be - sledges, skis, skates, a rubber circle, a bicycle, badminton rackets or balls, skittles, towns, checkers and chess. Thus, physical culture is a capacious concept. And only in a complex of procedures, taking into account the health of children, we will be able to achieve positive results on this paramount issue.

If a child is sick...

Illnesses are an unpleasant thing, especially for children. But it is winter on the calendar, which means that it will most likely not be possible to avoid numerous colds. Children very often do not like to be treated, therefore, as soon as the first "hot days" are left behind, they require an immediate cessation. bed rest, considering it a boring and unnecessary affair. Cheerful and vigorous kids cope with the infection much better and recover faster, and some outdoor games not only keep you in a good mood, but also know how to heal! Psycho-emotional state child plays a positive role in recovery. If in adults more than 70% of diseases have a psychosomatic basis, i.e. disease is the body's response to our emotional problems, then children often “respond” with illness to the anxiety and concern of their parents. Namely, in such a state are parents when their children are sick. This negative emotional background interferes with the recovery of the child.

Another feature of the child's body is the constant growth of organs. Consequently, those muscles develop more intensively, to which a stronger blood flow is directed, i.e. to organs in motion. In addition, it is known that the muscular system at an early age has a close relationship with the main regulatory mechanisms. Restriction of movement negatively affects not only the diseased organ, but also the nervous, endocrine and mediator systems as a whole. Restriction of movement affects the violation of posture, the weakening of the functions of respiration, blood circulation. A decrease in natural motor activity in children leads to a decrease in the flow of irritations that occur during movement and are perceived nerve endings skin, muscles, joints, in visual and auditory analyzers going to the cerebral cortex. As a result, disorders of the central nervous system and internal organs can develop: the emotional tone decreases, the neuromuscular apparatus weakens, the cardiovascular and respiratory systems weaken. This means that the body as a whole is weakened, which leads to more frequent diseases. These observations about the role of movement in human development and health are reflected in the whole field of medicine - exercise therapy. However, the psyche of a child, especially at an early age, is arranged in such a way that it is almost impossible to force a baby to purposefully perform any, even the most useful exercises. The child should be interested, engaged. That is why the exercises for health improvement and disease prevention are adapted and changed in the form of a game. Outdoor games harden the body, strengthen the immune system. It should be remembered that the healing effect of games is possible only with frequent and long-term exercises.

There was a “stuffy” throat, a runny nose, and a cough appeared two days later. This is an edema that affected the nasal mucosa, and affected the bronchi. It became difficult for the child to breathe. And then there is the sputum, which the inflamed lymphoid ring of the nasopharynx generously secretes day and night, flows down the bronchial tree. If the child is lying, the sputum stagnates, does not cough up, the microbes multiply in it, and it’s not far from pneumonia.

But children intuitively feel; no need to lie down. And as soon as the temperature drops, and it is high with acute respiratory infections for a day or two, they immediately begin to jump on the bed. And they do it right. While jumping and running around, the kids breathe more intensively, it turns out a kind of auto-massage. At the same time, the bronchi are freed from sputum, the cough passes faster and complications do not threaten fidgets.

On the first day after the temperature drops, you can start doing therapeutic gymnastics. Here are exercises for middle preschool children.

"Soldier step".

Calm walking around the room with the transition to marching. We raise our legs high, bent at the knees. In this case, you need to breathe through your nose, keep your back straight. Execution time - 1 minute.

"Airplane".

Running with arms spread out to the sides at shoulder level. At the same time, the child pulls the sound "oooo". 10-15 seconds before the end of the run, the pace gradually slows down.

"The clock is ticking."

Feet shoulder width apart, hands on the belt. Tilt to the right - "tic". Tilt to the left - "so." The back does not slouch, the words are pronounced loudly. The exercise is performed 4-5 times.

The natural factors surrounding a person: the sun, air and water - constantly affect the hardening of the body, and our thermoregulation system turns on when it's hot or cold. Hardening should be considered as natural (the influence of natural factors on a person in Everyday life) and specially organized, with the fulfillment of mandatory conditions.

Specially organized hardening, although shorter in dosage, is much more effective in its effect. Air has a powerful effect on a person. From birth to the end of life, we breathe air mainly through the lungs and skin. And our health depends on what the air is like, what temperature it is. If we constantly breathe air at room temperature, then no hardening effect will occur. It is better to be outdoors or in a ventilated area.

Sleep in a cool room. Who sleeps at a temperature of 17 - 18 *, he stays young longer. As the connection with nature was lost, the person began to lose his health. Previously, peasants worked all the time in nature, women rinsed clothes in an ice hole in winter ... All peasant labor was carried out in the sweat of their brow, with a constant change in the thermal balance in the body - heat and cold. A man walked barefoot on the ground and thus did not violate biological laws.

The disease of the century is psychological stress. Fight against them: more frequent stay in the air (dacha, fishing, in the forest). Many of us prefer to stay in the apartment watching TV - the scourge of our health. Having enjoyed nature, a person is charged with positive bioenergy, relieves himself of negative mental emotions, and receives the necessary physical training.

Fresh air also helps to quickly cure colds. Water is an essential source of our life. The more water is taken in, the more solids are absorbed. Cold water, when applied externally, produces irritation that is transmitted to the nervous system, and then to the circulatory system. Hot water, on the other hand, has a calming, relaxing effect.

The latest scientific evidence suggests that cold showers provide positive bioenergy, and hot showers even more so. In the morning it is more useful to take a cold shower, and in the evening - hot baths or showers. Cold water treatments have a positive effect on performance, i.e. charge the body, give vigor and confidence. Even the ancient Greeks believed that "water washes away all suffering." The most potent are cold procedures with snow, walking in the snow with bare feet, rubbing with snow. The greater the temperature difference between the heated body and the environment at the time of hardening, the greater the physiological effect we get. With the systematic hardening of the body, not only addiction, adaptation of the physiological restructuring of the body occurs, but much more - the need for systematic repetitions. According to experts, a person should be naked for at least 2 hours a day, with bare feet as much as possible, and even better in contact with the ground.

On vacation with family.

Whenever the next summer season begins, the number of vacationers with children increases significantly. And this is not surprising. Summer is considered to be the most favorable time for recreation. Some parents prefer to go to the south, where there is a lot of sun and a warm gentle sea, others - to the Baltic states, where there is a sea, but not so hot. Still others remain on vacation in the middle lane. But there are those who are just discussing their route, weighing all the pros and cons ... And they are doing it right. The question of where it is best to relax with children is not as simple as it might seem at first glance. And the point here is not at all whether there is a ticket, whether it is difficult to get tickets, or whether the beach will not be crowded.

The most important thing is how the child will feel in a new place, whether this climate suits him. Unfortunately, some parents sometimes miss this important aspect. Our country is far from homogeneous in its climate. At the same time, each climate has its own effect on the human body, and especially on children. Moreover, than less baby the worse it adapts to a new place. Most of all, people feel good within the zone that they are used to. Therefore, the desire of parents to take the child hundreds of kilometers away is not always justified. Many people simply underestimate the possibilities of climatotherapy in the conditions of our middle zone. Acclimatization in these conditions is not difficult, even for the smallest. The forest areas of the middle belt are the best vacation spot for weakened children, especially those who come from the North. Wonderful air, infused with the aroma of pine needles and forest flowers, rich in ozone, fills the lungs with life-giving force.

In many ways, the climate of the Baltics is similar to the climate of the middle zone. Summers are warm here, with slight temperature fluctuations, and beautiful beaches. This climate has a positive effect on children with chronic respiratory diseases and rheumatism.

You can also train your body in the sauna. The main therapeutic factor of the sauna is exposure to dry steam. Hot air warms the body, opens pores, expands capillaries. As a result, all body fluids are set in active motion. This improves the supply of cells with oxygen and nutrients, increases the protective functions of a person. In other words, there is an active training of the body.

We experience something similar when we find ourselves in a steppe climate. This climate is inherent in the south of Ukraine and the North Caucasus, up to the South Transbaikalia. Here the air is warm and dry. Frequent winds promote air ventilation and soften the heat. Experts consider this climate as hardening. This climate is favorable for children with sick kidneys, diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

The mountain climate is clean air with a high content of ozone. The air here is dry and cool, rich in aromatic substances of forests and meadows. There are an abundance of resorts (Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Truskavets) with springs mineral waters. Mountain air has an exciting, training and hardening effect. Mountain air is indicated for diseases of the blood, lungs, rheumatism and asthma, disorders of the nervous system.

Black Sea coast. For families with children, the Crimean coast, the Caucasian coast (from Anapa to Tuapse) is considered favorable. It has moderately hot, sunny and dry summers. Humidity is low, so children tolerate heat well. These conditions are most favorable for children with diseases of the kidneys, lungs and nasopharynx, tuberculosis.

As you can see, rest not on the shore of the same sea can give different results. Therefore, going on vacation with a child, be sure to consult with specialists.

Parents should know by heart the characteristics of their child. If a child has increased nervous excitability, then it is better not to take him to the south during the hot summer months. Make full use of active rest holidays and weekends.

When and how much to exercise

The opportunity to include in the daily routine compatible knowledge of one of the parents with the child exists almost always. It is necessary to give the child at least a few minutes every day. Try to figure out the best time to exercise in your family's routine and then stick to it. First of all, the principle of systematicity should be observed so that they become a daily need for him.

The duration of the lessons of parents with the child is different: it depends on the age of the child, on the time limit of the parents, on the time of day, and also on what the child does before or after classes (if the child is tired after

long walk or walk yet to be, the duration of the classes will be less than after the rest).

Morning exercises have the advantage that immediately after sleep, the muscles of the body “warm up”, blood circulation in the tissues improves. While charging, it is better to use easy and already familiar exercises, since there is usually not enough time and patience to learn new, more complex exercises. The duration of the morning classes is no more than 10 minutes. For the normal development of the child, daily exposure to fresh air is very important. An interesting fact is that while the child is in infancy, parents conscientiously comply with this requirement, but when children grow up, parents often forget about it. The child needs active movements in the air, and in any weather, this is especially beneficial for his physical development.

Compliance with elementary rules of personal hygiene should be instilled from an early age. Under this concept, we used to understand washing, brushing your teeth, observing the frequency of hands, body, clothes. Cleanliness often refers to the outward absence of dirt that can be seen with the eyes. But after all, not only external, but also “internal dirt” happens - the so-called toxins that are released through sweat glands. If they are not washed off, then self-poisoning occurs, which is expressed in the manifestation of fatigue, irritation, nervousness. To avoid this, daily water procedures are needed, preferably twice a day: in the morning and in the evening. The absence of the habit of dousing the whole body with water or rubbing with a wet towel can lead to a weakening of the body and frequent colds.

BATH, SHOWER, BATHING - an excellent means of hardening and a kind of massage.

YOGA ADVISE:

Many children are prone to colds, runny nose. Runny nose interferes with breathing through the nose. Yogis advise rinsing the nose with salted water in the morning and evening. How to do it? In a glass with warm water add 0.5 teaspoon of salt, mix well. Pour water into the palm of your hand, tilt your head towards it, close one nostril, and draw in the water with the other. Then blow it out, and do the same with the other nostril. Then tilt your head back and spit out the rest of the water through your mouth. Washing with salted water normalizes the functioning of the nasopharynx, increases resistance to colds and headaches.

CARD FILE OF HARDENING PROCEDURES

Salt hardening technique

Indications: The method of salt hardening is shown to all children of preschool age.

Technique: Hardening is carried out after a daytime sleep under the supervision of a teacher. The child walks barefoot on a flannel mat moistened with 10% room temperature common salt solution. They trample on the mat for 2 minutes. The children then move to a second mat, wiping the salt off the soles of their feet, and then move to a dry mat and wipe their feet dry. An important point during hardening is that the foot must be preheated. For this purpose, foot massagers, button and stick tracks are used.

Mechanism of action: Mechanical and chemical through thermo- and chemoreceptors of the skin of the feet. The saline solution irritates the chemoreceptors, causing the expansion of the "game" of the peripheral vessels of the feet. Heat generation increases reflexively, blood flow to the lower extremities and feet increases, heat is retained for a long time. Mechanical actions arise as a result of irritation of biological points on the sole.

Equipment: 3 flannel mats,

a) with different-sized sewn buttons,

b) with sewn sticks.

10% common salt solution temperature +10°+18°C 1 kg of salt per 10 liters. water 0.5 kg per 5 liters. water 0.25 kg per 2.5 liters. water.

This hardening method is affordable and simple, does not require large material costs and time, gives pleasure to children. And most importantly, it has a pronounced effect, plays a significant role in the prevention of colds in children.

Extensive wash

for children aged 4 to 7 years.

Rubbing is done with a mitten soaked in water, the fabric of which must meet the following conditions: absorb water well, not be too soft. It is desirable that the mittens are well moistened, but water should not drip from them.
After wiping, the body is rubbed with a dry towel. Rubbing is accompanied by light massaging movements, and massage is always done from the periphery to the center, in the following sequence:

at the expense of "1" - rub the chest in a circular motion clockwise;

at the expense of "2" - wipe the hands up to the shoulder from the bottom up;

at the expense of "3" - we rub the legs in the direction from the foot to the knee;

at the expense of "4" - simultaneously wipe the neck with both hands in the direction from the back of the head to the chin;

at the expense of "5" - wipe the face and ears.

At the end of the wet rubbing, the child's body is rubbed with a dry towel to a slight reddening.

At the beginning of learning this tempering procedure, adults (educator, assistant educator, nurse) help children. Further, the children perform all the steps on their own.

Walking barefoot

Technically the simplest non-traditional hardening method, at the same time it is a good means of strengthening the arch of the foot and ligaments. We start walking barefoot at t of the ground or floor not lower than +18. Initially, this is done in socks for 4-5 days, then completely barefoot for 3-4 minutes. We increase the procedure time daily by 1 minute and bring it up to 20-25 minutes. The procedure is very physiological and well tolerated by children of any age.

Contrast air baths in combination with the "Riga" method

The procedure takes place after a daytime sleep: it starts at 15.00, lasts 12-13 minutes and has the character of running from a "cold" room to a "warm" one with the obligatory musical accompaniment. This technique consists of the following procedures. During the sleep of children in the bedroom, windows open and the air temperature is brought to +13 +16 degrees. After waking up, children wake up and do physical exercises. This is followed by a run to the group room, where the air temperature reaches +21 +24 degrees.

The activities of children in the "warm" room are as follows:

Walking on a rug soaked in saline;

Walking on a path soaked in clean water;

Walking on a dry mat;

Walking the Health Path.

The pace of passing through the tracks is normal, and over time the pace can be gradually increased.

Then the children move to a "cold" room, where, under the guidance of a teacher, they perform physical exercises, dance elements, and play outdoor games.
In a warm room, a moderate pace of exercise should be followed to prevent children from overheating.
The number of movements from one room to another should be at least 6 times with a stay in each for 1 - 1.5 minutes. The whole procedure ends with a dash from the "warm" room to the "cold" one, where breathing exercises are carried out under the guidance of a teacher.
Children who have had acute respiratory infections, hardening is carried out for one week in half the amount of the specified time. Salt mat these children are temporarily contraindicated for 1 week.

When combining air contrast hardening with the "Riga" method and the "Health Path", in addition to the effect of hardening, massage and contrast salt hardening of the feet are carried out, prevention of flat feet and posture disorders. In general, this technique is included in the non-specific prevention of respiratory diseases and is aimed at increasing the body's resistance to adverse environmental influences.

Hygienic shower

In the summer, we use a shower for the purpose of hardening. A shower is stronger than, for example, dousing or wiping, since here the effect of jet pressure is added to the temperature factor. Water pouring from the shower under pressure has a massaging effect. Shower water feels warmer than water of the same temperature when poured or rubbed.
This raises the tone of the muscular system, increases efficiency, gives vigor, and promotes an increase in energy.
The temperature of the water, which does not cause a feeling of cooling at the beginning (approximately + 36 + 37 degrees), with a gradual decrease in it with careful monitoring of the reaction of children. But for this procedure, the temperature decrease is slow. The time spent under the shower is 20-40 seconds.
The shower is also used to keep the child's body clean. AT summer time this is especially important because exposed parts of the body are easily contaminated. Therefore, first of all, you need to wash your feet and hands with soap.

Acupressure "Magic points"

(according to A.A. Umanskaya)

Massage increases the protective properties of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and other human organs. Under the influence of massage, the body begins to produce its own medicines, which are often much more effective and safer than pills.

Acupressure techniques are very easy to master for adults and then teach children.

Point 1. Located in the center of the sternum, at the level of attachment of the 4th rib. Associated with the mucosa of the trachea, bronchi, and bone marrow. When massaging this zone, coughing decreases, blood formation improves.

Point2. It is located in the center of the jugular notch of the sternum. Regulates the body's immune functions. Increases resistance to infectious diseases.

Point 3. It is located symmetrically at the level of the upper edge of the thyroid cartilage, at the anterior edge of the muscle. Controls chemical composition blood and at the same time the mucous membrane of the larynx.

Point 4. It is located symmetrically, behind the ear, on the border of the scalp, in the center of the occipital cavity. The back of the neck must be massaged from top to bottom. The zones of the neck are connected with the regulator of the activity of the vessels of the head, neck and trunk. The work of the vestibular apparatus is normalized.

Point 5. Located between the 7th cervical and 1st thoracic vertebrae, where, when the head is tilted forward, a depression is felt below the most protruding vertebra

Point 6. It is located symmetrically between the nasolabial fold in the middle of the wing of the nose. Improves blood supply to the mucous membranes of the nose and maxillary cavity. Breathing through the nose becomes free, the runny nose disappears.

Point 7. It is located symmetrically at the inner edge of the superciliary arch. Improves blood circulation in the eyeball and frontal parts of the brain.

Point 8. It is located symmetrically in the recess in front of the ear tragus. Massage of this area affects the hearing organs and the vestibular apparatus.

Point 9. Symmetrical, between the 1st and 2nd metacarpal bones, at the end skin fold when abducting the thumb. Human hands are connected with all organs. When massaging these points, many body functions are normalized.

Massage technique

You need to massage the biologically active zones with the pads of the large, index or middle

finger with horizontal rotational movements clockwise and counterclockwise for 4-5 seconds in each direction. Massage should not be rough and sharp, should not leave bruises. It is better to start with light pressure, gradually increasing the intensity of exposure.

Zone 3 (in the neck area) should be massaged with light finger movements from top to bottom. If the massaged area is very painful, a light circular massage is performed. If the skin in the area of ​​the massaged area is changed (suppuration, abrasions, bruises), then the massage is canceled.

Hands should be washed frequently before massage. Warm, with well-trimmed nails. Massage should not be done immediately after eating. FROM preventive purpose massage is recommended 2-3 times a day, as well as after contact with a patient with an acute respiratory infection.

As a prophylactic, massage of biologically active zones can be carried out for a long time, especially in autumn and winter. It must be remembered that only regular massage supports the high resistance of the body.

air hardening

Room ventilation

For preschool children, it is necessary to create an optimal air regime. Indoors - this is the main condition for the effectiveness of hardening. Air temperature in the room:

· From 1 to 3 years - +20оС

· From 3 to 7 years old - + +18оС, +20оС

It is necessary to ventilate the room 4-5 times a day for 10-15 minutes through transoms: before morning exercises, before physical education and music classes, before going to bed. At this time, children need to be taken to the next room. During walks, through ventilation is carried out, which ends 30-45 minutes before the arrival of children (during the cold season).

The thermometer in the group, bedroom and washrooms should be located at the height of the children.

Walking is a way of hardening with air

Children in kindergarten walk 2 times a day. A day spent without walks is lost for his health (G.N. Speransky).

The activity of children on a walk on frosty days should often change: include jogging, climbing a hill. Climbing over the ramparts, walking on the ramparts and jumping into them. Skating on ice tracks. Within 40-60 minutes, the teacher should activate the movement of children.

Mouthwash

It is carried out with boiled water at room temperature after each meal. It is an excellent remedy for preventing diseases of the teeth and mucous membranes of the oral cavity. Mouthwashing is carried out from 3-4 years.

Children 4-5 years and older can be taught to gargle. Daily gargling in the morning after sleep and in the evening before bedtime with clean boiled water at room temperature is a very effective means of preventing tonsillitis, proliferation of tonsils and adenoids.

Approximately 1/2 - 1/3 cup of water is used for each rinse, and the “gurgling” of water in the throat should last as long as possible, for which, before taking water in your mouth, take a deep breath and throw your head back so that the water flowed into the pharynx, produce a very slow and prolonged exhalation through the mouth. For control, it is more convenient to pull in the voice “ah-ah-ah-ah-ah!”.

Strengthening and maintaining the health of children

preschool age

Everyone needs health - children, adults, and even animals. Children's health is the future of our country.

In modern conditions, there is a sharp deterioration in the health of children. However, health does not exist by itself, once given, permanently and unchangingly. You need to want and be able to take care of your health. If you do not take care of your health, you can lose it. Preserving and improving health is a huge daily work, starting from birth.

After analyzing the health status of children coming to our kindergarten, it is noted that most children already have a whole bunch of diseases, such as: bronchial asthma, allergic dermatitis, neurological diseases, umbilical hernia, FSS, etc. There are more and more children with frequent colds.

Strengthening the health of children should be carried out by the joint efforts of the family and the kindergarten. At the same time, the leading role belongs to the preschool institution, where the child spends most of his active time.

Therefore, strengthening the health of children in preschool institutions is the primary task of pedagogical and medical personnel. What should be done to be healthy? Since ancient times, it has been observed that hardening promotes health. Therefore, hardening measures should form the basis of the educational and health-improving process, the purpose of which is to reduce the incidence of children.

Hardening is one of the effective means of promoting health and preventing diseases. It has a positive effect on the mechanisms of adaptation to cold and heat, weakens the negative reactions of our body to weather changes, increases resistance to viral and bacterial infections, creates a strong shield against colds and thereby significantly prolongs the active creative life of a person. Everyone needs to harden their body. It is better to start hardening from an early age. The main natural hardening factors are air, sun and water. Sufficient stay of the child in the air; regular ventilation of the room; clothes that allow you to move freely without overheating - all these factors constantly and naturally have a hardening effect on the body.

A set of measures has been developed aimed at providing conditions for improving the health of children.

through ventilation;

compliance with sanitary hygienic regime;

morning exercises in a ventilated room;

breathing exercises (2-3 times a day);

game massage (2-3 times a day);

gymnastics in bed after a daytime sleep;

walking barefoot on the "miracle" - rugs;

salt paths;

washing with cool water;

walk in the fresh air;

outdoor games;

health days;

joint entertainment of parents and children;

optimal alternation of different activities

Morning gymnastics. The main task of morning exercises is to strengthen and improve the child's body. The movements that are given in morning exercises enhance all psychological processes: breathing, blood circulation, metabolism, help develop correct posture.

Morning exercises can be started with the words:

“Dili-dili! Dili-dili!
Bells woke up
Everyone is hare and everyone is eaten,
All the lazy bear cubs.
And the sparrow woke up
And the jackdaw started up ...
For charging
For charging
Who skipped,
Who squatting
Through the field
Straight -
Jump, jump, jump…”

In addition to health benefits, morning exercises also have educational value. With the help of morning exercises, children are accustomed to a certain regimen.

Through daily exercise, children improve basic movements: running, walking, jumping. Children acquire and consolidate the skills of placement in space - building in columns at a certain distance from each other using an eye, and not arms outstretched. Children are taught endurance, organization, discipline. Morning exercises contribute to the development of attention in children. Without attention, it is impossible to achieve a good quality of movement. Children develop memory, the ability to do exercises by showing, by word. Daily morning exercises organize children for further activities.

In order for the child to receive a charge of vivacity, Have a good mood and felt comfortable after charging, you need to spend it as interesting as possible, using an artistic word, various objects (cubes, handkerchiefs, flags, balls, sultans).

Play massage is the basis of hardening and healing of the child's body.

Breathing exercises strengthens the respiratory muscles

improves blood circulation in the upper respiratory tract and increases resistance to colds, as well as endurance during physical exertion. Its essence lies in the implementation of a set of playing exercises with the nose.

Intensive action on the fingertips stimulates the flow of blood to the hands. It promotes psycho-emotional stability and physical health, increases the functional activity of the brain, tones the entire body.

There are a large number of biologically active points on the auricle, which are reflexively connected with all organs of the body. Playing with the auricles is useful, in particular, to improve the functioning of the respiratory system and to protect the body from colds.

Exercises are carried out 2-3 times a day, using various rhymes corresponding to the actions performed. Children are very happy to join this game.

Gymnastics in bed. After a daytime sleep, hardening exercises are carried out in bed. The awakening of children occurs to the sounds of smooth music, the volume of which is growing. We begin to carry out gymnastics with awakened children, the rest join as they wake up. It includes such elements as sipping, alternately raising and lowering arms, legs, elements finger gymnastics, gymnastics for the eyes, elements breathing exercises. The main rule is the exclusion of sudden movements that can cause muscle strain, overexcitation and, as a result, dizziness. The duration of gymnastics in bed is 2-3 minutes. Next, the children move on to performing a set of respiratory exercises, which is very important for the prevention of colds and diseases of the upper respiratory tract.

In order to evoke an emotional response in children, as well as a desire to perform exercises together with the teacher, I use game exercises, accompanying them with various verses.

Salt paths, "miracle" - rugs. An effective remedy hardening is walking on salt paths. The effect of salt paths is that salt irritates the child's foot, which is rich in nerve endings.

The procedure is as follows.

The child stands with his feet on the first napkin moistened with saline, and then moves on to the second wet one, wipes the salt from the soles of the feet, and goes to the dry one, wiping the feet dry. An important point when hardening on salt tracks is that the foot must be preheated. The foot is easily stretched and warmed up from natural exercises. Therefore, children first pass through the “miracle” - rugs. "Miracle" - mats are made from various waste and natural materials: felt-tip pens, bottle caps, buttons, pebbles, cones. All children love these exercises.

Air procedures . Practice shows that any exposure to air low temperature has a useful hardening effect, training autonomic vascular reactions, i.e. improves physical thermoregulation.

Therefore, walking naked on “miracle” rugs, dressing a child before going to bed, sleeping in a T-shirt in cold weather, and in shorts in warm weather, as well as walking on “miracle” rugs after sleep is the most valuable tempering event.

Water procedures . Water treatments have a more intense hardening effect than air baths. Washing is the most accessible type of water hardening in everyday life. Young children are recommended to wash daily not only the face, but also the hands up to the elbow.

Children love to play with water; Such activities improve their mood, evoke joyful emotions in them. I use this to improve the child's body.

Walk. Outdoor games. Being in the fresh air is of great importance for physical development. The walk is the first and most accessible means hardening of the child's body. It helps to increase its endurance and resistance to adverse environmental influences, especially to colds.

We go for a walk in any weather, except strong wind or heavy rain, and when the air temperature is not lower than -15 FROM . The walk is organized in such a way that it is interesting for children. Children's hands and feet should not be allowed to be wet in winter. It is known that the hands and feet contain many thermoreceptors that are directly associated with the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, therefore, when cooled, a rapid manifestation of a reflex effect on the mucous membrane in the form of coughing, runny nose, sneezing, etc. is possible. The walk includes an outdoor game with an increased motor mode, in which cyclic exercises predominate (improving running, jumping, ball games). During the walk, 2-3 different games are played. Folk group games help to maintain an active motor mode. Minor fatigue caused by participation in an outdoor game is useful: systematically repeating, it helps the body adapt to increased physical activity, increasing performance.

health days. Health day is held once a month. During the day, a colorful announcement, posters with proverbs and sayings about health, about the benefits of hardening the body, are posted in the reception room. Reception of children on this day is carried out to the sounds of cheerful music. Throughout the day, children take an active part in outdoor games, dances, attractions. Various sports equipment (balls, balloons, ring toss, hoops, skittles) is displayed in accessible places. Surprise moments await children (the cat Leopold, Winnie the Pooh, Carlson comes to visit). These health days have proven to be the most appropriate and effective form of active recreation for children.

Working with parents. Particular attention is paid to interaction with parents, since I believe that the family, including all its members, should also be at the center of the work to preserve and improve the health of children. Active methods and forms are being introduced with the family. It has become a tradition to hold sports entertainment for parents and children. Each time after such events, children and parents understand each other better, receive a great emotional charge. Organization of work with parents on the problem of preserving and strengthening the health of children includes.

– Questionnaire “Strengthening the health of children and reducing morbidity”

– conducting parent meetings: “Prevention of colds through hardening measures”,

– consultations: “Hardening the body with the sun, air, water”,

– sliding folders: “Useful tips for parents”, “Games that treat”, “Prevention of colds”,

– pedagogical conversations with parents (individual and group) on hardening problems

– organization of joint affairs: sports entertainment “Fair”

– photo exhibitions: “We are close friends with the sun, air, water with the whole family”, “In healthy body- a healthy mind.

Optimal alternation of different activities. When conducting classes, it is necessary to apply health-saving technologies aimed at preserving and strengthening the health of babies. In the classroom, children walk, stand, sit on a chair, on the floor, look for objects, reach for them. The complex of physical minutes spent during classes is playful and creative in nature, includes: elements of breathing exercises, exercises for the eyes, finger gymnastics, exercises for the back, neck, arms, legs. Physical education minutes are selected in accordance with the topic of the lesson, they are not some separate part of the lesson.

Physical education can be carried out, also during the day, when moving from one type of activity to another.

For the physical development of children in a group, it is necessary to create conditions. There is sports equipment and equipment for physical activity: balls(rubber, stuffed) ; hoops of different sizes; toys that can be rolled; stairs(inclined and vertical) . The group should have a place for children to play together, an open space for hanging toys. All sports facilities and equipment are available for children.

The result of this work are indicators: a decrease in the proportion of frequently ill children, a decrease in the number of days due to acute respiratory viral infections, a decrease in the number of days missed on average by one child due to illness.

Literature:

Berestneva Z.I. Healthy baby. Children's health program in the preschool educational institution [Text] /Z.I. Berestneva; M : Creative Center 2008.

Veselova L. I. Physical entertainment [Text] // Child in kindergarten M: No. 5 2008.

Galanov A.S. Mental and physical development of a child from one to three years old [Text] / A.S. Galanov; M: ARKTI 2003.

Osokina T. I. . Outdoor games and entertainment for children [Text] /T. I. Osokina, E. A. Timofeeva, L. S. Furmina ; M: Enlightenment 1983.

Shiryaeva I. Hardening of children [Text] // Child in kindergarten M: No. 6 2001.

Kuznetsova M. N. contrast hardening[Text] // Child in kindergarten M: No. 12 2001.

Egorov B. Health-improving and educational work with weakened children [Text] // Child in kindergarten M: No. 12 2001.

State budgetary preschool educational institution kindergarten No. 1 of the Kolpinsky district of St. Petersburg

Purpose of the council:

1. To systematize the knowledge of teachers on this topic.
2. Learn to analyze and evaluate the activities of colleagues.
3. To consolidate the ability to form pedagogical conclusions on the basis of factual material.

Preparing for the teacher's council.

1. The study of methodological literature:

• Zimonina V.N. "Raising a child - a preschooler: developed, organized, independent, proactive, non-sick, communicative, accurate" .
• "Growing up healthy" : Program -method. manual for preschool teachers. educate. institutions.
• Doskin V.A. "Growing up healthy" : A guide for educators, parents and physical education instructors.
• Bogina T.L. "Protection of children's health in preschool institutions" . Toolkit.
• Program "Basics of a healthy lifestyle" Part 1 Guidelines for preschool institutions.
• Doman G. and D., Hagi B. "How to make a child physically perfect" .
• Kartushina M.Yu. "Scenarios of recreational activities for children 4-5 years old" .
• Kartushina M.Yu. "Scenarios of recreational activities for children 6-7 years old" .
• Penzulaeva L.I. "Improving gymnastics for preschool children (3-7 years old)» .
• Kartushina M.Yu. “Green light of health. Senior group" : Methodological guide for preschool teachers.
• Kartushina M.Yu. "We want to be healthy" . Health-improving and cognitive classes for children of the kindergarten preparatory group for school.
• T.I. Osokina "Physical Education in Kindergarten" . "Games and entertainment for children in the air" .
• "Organization of active recreation in kindergarten" d / in No. 10/07, p. 26; 2/02, p.12; 10/02, p.13; 3/03
• A.V. Keneman "Theory and methods of physical education of preschool children" .
• "How to Raise a Healthy Child" under the program of V.G. Alyamovskaya, d / in No. 11 2004, p. 8.
• "Physical culture in the family" .
• "Raising Interest in Physical Education" , filed 2/06, p.34.
• "Educational and health work" d / in No. 9/03, p. 23; 6/04, p.9; 10/04, p.9; 2/05, p.33.
• "An integrated approach to physical education" d / in “6/03, p.7; 3/09, p.37; 10/06, p.31; 11/06, p.14;, 2/07
• T.Veryasova "1, 2, 3, 4, 5 fingers went out for a walk" .
• "Teaching Children to Communicate" .

2. Viewing open events and conducting practical classes with teachers and children:

• Practical lesson "I have been doing gymnastics" (Kvitkova S. V.)
• Game lesson with elements of finger gymnastics (Kolesova N.A.)

3. Preparation of consultations for teachers:

• "Effective forms of physical culture and health work in preschool educational institutions" (Stanislavova M.V.)
• « Effective Methods and techniques in conducting physical education and recreation work of the preschool educational institution " (Kvitkova S. V.)
• "The use of non-traditional methods of rehabilitation in work with children of preschool age" (Timofeeva O. L.).

4. Thematic control on the topic of the teachers' council.

5. Diagnosis of knowledge, skills and abilities of children in the section: "Physical education" .

6. Express - a survey of teachers.

7. Questioning of parents.

Homework:

Making a folder - moving on the topic of the teachers' council.

The plan of the teachers' council:

1. Implementation of the decision of the previous teachers' council.
2. Introductory speech by the head of the GBDOU Poshekhonova O. V. on the importance of improving the quality of physical education and health work in the preschool educational institution.
3. - Analysis of the state of physical culture and health work in preschool educational institutions.

(Results of thematic control) Shumakova G. A., senior teacher of the preschool educational institution.

Parent survey results. Shumakova G. A., senior teacher of the preschool educational institution.

4. Speech by Khlopina N.V. .

5. Speech on the topic: "Effective forms of physical culture and recreation work in preschool educational institutions"

6. Speech on the topic: Kvitkova S. V., educator.

7. Speech on the topic: "Non-traditional methods of healing children" . Timofeeva O. L., educator.

8. Pedagogical warm-up. Shumakova G. A., senior teacher of the preschool educational institution.

9. Miscellaneous: adoption of the main educational program of GBDOU d / s No. 1.

10. Draft decision of the pedagogical council.

Council rules:

1. Answer questions on the topic briefly, competently, using pedagogical concepts.
2. Make additions and suggestions short, clear and convincing.
3. Follow the progress of speeches, highlight the main thing, analyze.

The course of the teachers' council.

1. Implementation of the decision of the previous teachers' council.

Listened to: Head of GBDOU "Kindergarten No. 1" Poshekhonova O. V. She said that at the previous teachers' council the annual tasks for the 2014-2015 academic year were adopted. The tasks set in the annual plan are solved according to the plan.

Decision: Continue the implementation of the annual plan to achieve the goals.

• Opening remarks by the head of the GBDOU "Kindergarten No. 1" Poshekhonova O. V. on the importance of improving the quality of physical culture and health work in preschool educational institutions.

Children's health is the future of the country. And health can be predetermined only by movement. “Movement is life,” as the great philosopher Aristotle said, “Nothing exhausts and weakens a person like prolonged physical inactivity” . And indeed it is. All this can give the child physical education. Physical education is not only physical education, but a whole system of organizing the motor activity of children at home and in kindergarten. Physical exercise contributes not only to optimal physical development, but also to the improvement of memory.

After all, it is not in vain that A. Schwarzenegger says: “The main attention in children's physical culture should be focused on the development of motor skills. Running, jumping, throwing, grabbing, kicking - this is the ABC of movements. We found that when children have these skills, fitness and sports become second nature. Most kids haven't mastered it yet, which is why they're so reluctant to move." .

There is some truth in these words.

The development of motor skills is of great importance not only for sports or physical training. These skills are also necessary in such seemingly completely different activities as the work of a surgeon, flying an airplane, dancing, modeling, auto racing. A person whose motor skills are not sufficiently developed is unlikely to be able to fully realize his desires in a wide range of human professions.

Before the child is 6 years old, we must do everything in our power to ensure that the child has mastered a wide range of motor skills.

This is a necessary condition for building the foundation of a child's life, which will provide him with the opportunity to play sports, and open access to a wide variety of human activities, and simply allow him to enjoy strong, confident and dexterous movements of his own body.

• Analysis of methodological literature on this issue, the selection of the most necessary and interesting, in which you can find a large number of methods and techniques for the implementation of physical education and health work in the educational process of preschool educational institutions.

Solution: use at work methodical literature on this issue.

3. Analysis of the state of physical culture and health work in preschool educational institutions.

Listened to: G. A. Shumakov, senior preschool teacher, she introduced the teaching staff with a certificate of a thematic audit on the topic of the teachers' council.

/reference attached/

4. Results of the survey of parents.

Listened to: G. A. Shumakov, senior educator. She introduced the teachers to the results of the survey, read out a report on this issue with recommendations (report and questionnaires attached).

Solution: Regularly conduct general education for parents on the upbringing of a physically healthy person.

5. Speech by the head nurse Khlopina N.V. "Ways to reduce the incidence and proper nutrition of preschool children" : "Prevention of diseases of employees of kindergarten" .

6. Speech on the topic: "Forms of physical culture and recreation work in preschool educational institutions" . Stanislavova M. V., educator.

7. Speech on the topic: "Effective methods and techniques in conducting physical education and health work in preschool educational institutions" Kvitkova S. V., physical education instructor.

8. Speech on the topic: "The use of non-traditional methods of rehabilitation in working with children" . Tutor Timofeeva O. L.

9. Senior teacher Shumakova G. A. pedagogical quiz game "Grow up healthy, baby!" .

"Pedagogical warm-up" .

Tasks given:

• Name proverbs and sayings about sports, courage and bravery (5 pieces each)

Sample proverbs and sayings:

Who dared, he sat on a horse.
- Who dared, he was the first to ripen.
- Fight loves courage!
- Cheek brings success!

Anyone will shut up by the belt.
Where there is courage, there is victory!
- One for all and all for one!
- Sport is not dangerous if you are red with courage!

Take it easy - it won't be hard.
- The strong one jumps, and the weak one cries.
* Demonstrate Physical Minutes (2 pieces each)
* Make riddles (5 pieces each)

Sample riddles:

Tell me which iron ball

A strong man pushed with one hand? (nucleus)

* I took two oak bars
Two iron rails
I stuffed planks on the bars
- Give me snow! Ready… (sled).

* This is a bird - not a titmouse
Not an eagle and not a cormorant,
This is a small bird
It's called... (shuttlecock).

* There are no clouds on the horizon
But an umbrella opened up in the sky,
In a few minutes
Got down… (parachute).

* Downhill - horses
Uphill - pieces of wood. (skis)

* I have two horses
They take me on the water
And the water is hard
Like stone. (skates).

* When spring takes its toll
And the brooks run ringing,
I jump over her
Or she through me. (jump rope).

What is it with Galochka?
Thread on a stick.
Wand in hand
A thread in the river (fishing rod)

* How many of you guys know
What helps hardening
And is it always good for us? (sun, air, water).

* Worth my horse
like a dug in
Doesn't stomp with hooves (vaulting horse).

• Recite poems about sports (2 pieces each)

Sample verses:
We were charging
They jumped and ran.
Became tanned

Strong and courageous.
We went downhill in winter
Swimming in the river in summer
So that later we have five

They rang in the diary.
Every day we guys
Starts with charging.
Even in the darkest morning

Physical education makes us happy.
And, of course, very important
So that everyone does the exercises.
For practice, as you know,

We need a hoop.
Both beautiful and useful
Do exercises with it.
Let's jump through the jump rope

The path is far.
Even the ball could not
So jump high.
We are charging

We start in the morning.
Let diseases fear us
Let them not come to us.
To grow and mature

Not by days, but by hours,
engage in physical education,
We need to deal
pedagogical situations.

Example pedagogical situations:

• Eat now! And not to leave anything on the plate, - Mom insists. She gets very upset when her three-year-old daughter pushes her plate of half-eaten food away.

He eats very little, not like Igorek - he eats on a par with adults! she sighs. Let him eat more, he will be healthier!

Is the mother right in believing that the amount of food for a child should be no less than that of an adult? What should be the amount of food for a preschool child? What advice can you give to a mother?

• Six-year-old Vitalik justifies his being late for dinner by saying that he is not yet hungry.

But you were called home! Mom says. Why didn't you listen?

So what? I'm not hungry yet, because they just gave me cookies.

In the evening, Vitalik cannot be rescued from a neighbor - a peer. Again bickering:

I do not want to sleep! It is too early!

Only the categorical intervention of the father makes the son submit to parental requirements. With tears and lamentations, hastily washed, Vitalik casually takes off his clothes and goes to bed. She does not fall asleep for a long time, whines: “After all, I said that I don’t want to sleep!”

How to explain Vitalik's disobedience, his unwillingness to eat and sleep on time? Is Vitalik accustomed to the regime? What kind of work will you do with Vitalik's parents?

• Valina's mother complains to the doctor that her daughter is often sick.

A little bleed, she starts to cough. In winter, all children go sledding and skiing. Blush all over! And mine sits at home pale, with a runny nose. Why are some children not afraid of a cold, but mine gets sick every now and then? Perhaps she is so weak by nature? Advise: it is necessary to harden the child. And we are not up to hardening! Let the healthy harden!

Is the mother right? Is it possible to improve the health of a weakened child? How to convey this to mom?

• When Serezha's mother and father work until late, the boy remains in the care of his grandmother. She tries so that her grandson does not get bored, and allows him to watch all television programs. ("Let the child have fun!" )

Sleep time comes, and Seryozha goes to bed with a scandal. For a long time he does not fall asleep, whimpering. Sleeps restlessly at night. This morning I had a hard time getting out of bed.

The mood is downcast, he ate badly, he was naughty.

Didn't you get sick? Grandmother worries. And before taking him to the kindergarten, he measures Serezha's temperature, just in case, dresses him warmer.

The kindergarten doctor, after examining the child, said:

The boy is healthy.

Grandmother is lost in conjecture: what is the reason for Serezha's well-being?

What is the reason for Serezha's low tone? What TV programs can a preschool child watch? How much time can a child spend watching TV? Explain why.

"Grammar of Fantasy"

Imagine that you:

• ball and sneaker - your dialogue

Racket and shuttlecock - your dialogue.

The jury gives points.

10. Discussion and adoption of the main educational program of GBDOU d / s No. 1.

The decision of the pedagogical council.

1. All the work of the teaching staff should be directed to strengthening the health of children and reducing morbidity through the inclusion in the work of effective forms of physical culture and recreation work.

Deadline: permanent

Responsible: all teachers.

• Expand the practice of using non-traditional methods of recovery by updating the educational process in preschool educational institutions.

Deadline: permanent

Responsible: all teachers.

• Replenish physical education corners with non-traditional equipment,

Use them all the time at work.

Deadline: permanent

Responsible: all teachers.

• Organize consultations for parents to assist in the upbringing of a physically developed and healthy child interested in a healthy lifestyle.

Deadline: 01.01.2015

Responsible: all teachers

2. Adopt and put into operation the main educational program of GBDOU d / s No. 1 for a period of 5 years.

on the results of the thematic audit in GBDOU d / s No. 1

on the topic:

"The system of work to preserve and strengthen the physical and mental health of preschool children through the formation of their ideas about a healthy lifestyle: physical activity of children in the daily routine of a preschool institution"

According to the work plan of GBDOU "Kindergarten No. 1" for the 2014-2015 academic year by a commission consisting of:

• Poshekhonova O. V., Head of GBDOU "Kindergarten No. 1"
• Shumakova G. A., senior educator of GBDOU "Kindergarten No. 1"
• Khlopina N.V., senior nurse

from November 10, 2014 to November 21, 2014, a thematic

examination "Motor activity of children in the regime of a preschool institution in the Kindergarten No. 1" .

Purpose: Analysis of the system of work to ensure the motor activity of children in different types activities in the daily routine of a preschool educational institution.

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Introduction

Chapter 1

1.1 Analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature on the development of basic movements in preschool children

1.2 Features of the assimilation of basic movements by children 5 years old

1.3 Using a variety of methods and techniques to develop throwing skills in 5-year-old children in a preschool environment

Conclusion

List of used literature

Application. The content of the main types of movements for children middle group

INTRODUCTION

According to the results of a survey of children entering preschool educational institutions (DOE), there is a decrease in indicators of their health and physical development. Insufficient motor activity - hypokinesia - is noted in very young children. Of course, first of all, the muscular system suffers from hypokinesia, muscle tone decreases. Thus, there is a violation of posture, blood circulation, the cardiovascular system, respiratory function, and the central nervous system. In this regard, the issue of organizing sports and recreational work with children is currently acute.

Health is a great blessing, not for nothing that folk wisdom says: “Health is the head of everything!”. An important aspect of recreational physical education is self-study with children at home, in a family environment, aimed at improving and hardening children. Physical activity is one of the most powerful means of preventing diseases, strengthening the body's defenses. No medicine will help a child like consistent and systematic physical education.

Physical culture contributes to the formation of a healthy lifestyle, including the implementation of personal hygiene rules, the daily routine, and the organization of rational nutrition. Therefore, it is important to start the physical education of the child in a timely manner. According to many modern authors, starting physical education after 3 years - parents are already late with the start of physical education of the child. However, the physical development of a child between the ages of 3 and 6 makes it possible to interest him and teach him the basic skills and principles of physical culture. Physical education strengthens the body's compensatory capabilities, increases its resistance. Recreational running, gymnastic exercises, skiing, cycling, swimming - all these means have a high degree of impact on the body, so it is necessary to control the intensity of loads on children during recreational activities.

Health is the natural state of the body, characterized by its balance with the environment and the absence of any painful changes. The concept of "health" has many definitions. Human health is determined by a complex of biological (hereditary and acquired) and social factors; the latter have so importance in the maintenance of a state of health or in the occurrence and development of disease, which is written in the preamble to the constitution of the World Health Organization: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." However, such a broad sociological definition of health is somewhat controversial, since the social usefulness of a person does not always coincide with his biological state. In general, the concept of health is somewhat arbitrary and is objectively established by the totality of anthropometric, clinical, physiological and biochemical indicators determined taking into account gender, age factors, as well as climatic and geographical conditions.

Health must be characterized not only qualitatively, but also quantitatively, since there is a concept of the degree of health, determined by the breadth of the adaptive (adaptive) capabilities of the body. The scientific organization of protecting the health of individuals and human groups should be based on increasing the protective properties of the human body, as well as on creating conditions that prevent the possibility of human contact with various pathogenic stimuli, or on weakening their effect on the body.

Important in many definitions of health is the attitude to it as a dynamic process, which allows for the possibility of purposefully managing it. This problem worries doctors, educators and parents, conditions are created in the preschool educational institution to preserve and strengthen the health of children.

Health-improving work with preschoolers in recent decades has become of particular relevance, which is associated with a stable trend in the deterioration of the health of the entire population of Russia, including children. There are many reasons for this: social, environmental, psychological.

The leading goals of physical culture and health work in kindergarten are the creation of favorable conditions for a full-fledged life of a child in preschool childhood, the formation of the foundations of a basic personality culture, the comprehensive development of mental and physical qualities in accordance with age and individual features preparing the child for life in modern society. These goals are realized in the process of various types of children's activities: play, educational, artistic, motor, elementary labor.

The sphere of physical culture is characterized by different types of activity: motor, competitive, cultural and sports, physical culture, etc. The central system-forming factor that unites all components of physical culture is physical activity. It is not limited only to the development and formation of the bodily characteristics of a person, but is in close relationship with his spiritual activity. This determines the specifics of physical culture activity, allows through it to solve general educational, general cultural tasks. In the process of this activity, the physical culture of the personality of each individual person is formed.

The following contradiction is also obvious: strengthening the health of preschool children in society is recognized as the main task of preschool educational institutions, however, in preschool education, a program to preserve and improve the health of preschool children has not been effectively developed and there are violations in creating the necessary conditions for this.

The problem of the research is to find and create effective pedagogical conditions for the effectiveness of the organization of physical culture and health work in preschool educational institutions.

CHAPTER I

1.1 Analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature on the development of basic movements in preschool children

The analysis of psychological-pedagogical and scientific-methodical literature, numerous pedagogical observations show that physical education is the first stage of a complex system of education of preschoolers. Therefore, it is extremely important to organize the process of physical education in childhood, which will allow the body to accumulate strength and ensure the comprehensive harmonious development of the individual in the future.

Many well-known doctors and educators dealt with issues child health and physical culture. For example, Academician A.P. Protasov, professor of anatomy, for the first time in Russia at the end of the 18th century. introduces the concept of "physical education". In his published works on physical education, the need for movements to maintain health is substantiated.

Second half of the 18th century became important period in the development of the idea of ​​physical education of the people. Physical education is considered as part of a comprehensive education. Physical culture was given serious attention by all the peoples living in Russia, which is why many people were so popular with a variety of outdoor games that arose in the distant past.

Problems of physical education in Russia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. occupied important place in the works of outstanding Russian teachers and scientists.

Considerable attention was paid to the issues of physical education by the famous Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov. His special merit is that in a number of his works he for the first time speaks about the need to use a scientifically based system of physical education in educational institutions, which did not exist in Russia at that time.

A huge contribution to the development of the theory of physical education was made by the Russian teacher, anatomist and doctor P.F. Lesgaft. His creative scientific activity belongs to late XIX- the beginning of the XX century. He is a recognized founder of the scientific system of physical education in Russia. Ideas P.F. Lesgraft and V.V. Gorinevsky in the field of preschool physical education was continued by E.A. Arkin, professor, full member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, hygienist. E.A. Arkin in an accessible form introduced preschool workers with the main patterns of higher nervous activity identified by I.M. Sechenov and I.P. Pavlov, the daily routine, the organization of the child's life, pointed out the importance of interaction between the kindergarten and the family. His fundamental work "Preschool Age" has not lost its significance to this day.

L.I. Chulitskaya, Professor, Doctor of Medicine, deepened the pedagogical views of P.F. Lesgaft and V.V. Gorinevsky. She relied on the anatomical, physiological and psychological norms of his upbringing and education of children.

E.G. Levi-Gorinevskaya, continuing the development of her predecessors, created a number of works on the development of basic movement skills in preschool children.

A.I. Bykova developed a methodology for the development of child movements, determined its meaning, content, organization.

A special role in the development of physical education of preschool children was played by N.A. Metlov. He wrote over 130 works on physical education. Among his most important publications, it should be noted "Morning exercises in kindergarten." He wrote a textbook for pedagogical schools "Methods of physical education", as well as a book for educators and music directors"Morning exercises to music"

A special place among specialists in the field of physical education of preschool children is occupied by an outstanding teacher A.V. Keneman. She developed a scientific basis and significantly deepened the methodological approaches to physical education. great place in the works of A.V. Keneman was assigned to teaching motor actions. The merit of A.V. Keneman in the creation of the textbook "Theory and Methods of Physical Education of Preschool Children", published in collaboration with D.V. Khukhlaeva. A significant contribution to the theory and practice of physical education was made by D.V. Khukhlaev. She wrote works on the formation of motor skills in children, developed methods and techniques for teaching throwing, created programs and teaching aids. Methodists M.F. Litvinova, T.F. Saulin and others.

Proper physical education of children is one of the leading tasks of preschool institutions, during which there is an acquaintance with the most rational ways of performing movements that positively affect the work of all organs and systems.

The theory of physical education of preschool children, having a single content and subject of study with the general theory of physical education, at the same time specifically studies the patterns of controlling the development of a child in the process of his upbringing and education, taking into account the possibilities of the body's performance, emerging interests and needs, forms of visual-effective, visual-figurative and logical thinking, the originality of the predominant type of activity, in connection with the development of which major changes in the child's psyche and preparing the child's transition to a new higher stage of his development. In accordance with this, the content of all forms of organization of physical education and optimal pedagogical conditions its implementation.

Knowing and taking into account the regularities of the potential capabilities of a child of each age period, the theory of physical education provides for the requirements of a scientifically based program of the entire educational complex of physical education (motor skills, physical qualities, some elementary knowledge), the assimilation of which provides children with the necessary level physical fitness for admission to school.

Physical education and health improvement of preschoolers is a complex process. The assimilation of the technique of performing physical exercises is initially carried out at specially organized physical education classes, but later on the child uses these movements in everyday life, in independent activities, so the habit of acting in a certain way is successfully formed only with the close interaction of the physical education instructor, group teacher and family.

For this work to be effective, it must be clear what kind of return is expected from each of them. At the same time, the role of a physical education instructor seems to be quite complex and diverse. A strict sequence is envisaged in the assimilation of the program by children, taking into account the age characteristics and capabilities of the child of each period of his life, the state of the nervous system and the whole organism as a whole. Exceeding the requirements, accelerating the pace of children's learning, bypassing the intermediate links of the program, should be considered unacceptable, as this causes unbearable stress on the body, which is harmful to the health and neuropsychic development of children. Physical education at the same time comprehensively solves the problems of mental, moral, aesthetic and labor education.

In all forms of organization of physical education of children (directly educational activity (GCD), outdoor games, independent motor activity, individual work, and so on), the attention of a physical education instructor is directed to the upbringing of a consciously acting child, to the best of his age, who successfully masters motor skills. skills, able to navigate in the environment, actively overcome the difficulties encountered, showing a desire for creative search.

A retrospective analysis of literary sources shows that the requirements for the level of physical fitness and health status of preschool children are constantly increasing (V.V. Kim, L.I. Lubysheva, V.I. Lyakh, L.P. Matveev, A.Ya. Nain, N .A. Fomin and others).

There is a growing need, starting from a very early age, to ensure the education of preschoolers of sustainable interest, the need for regular physical exercise, and value motivation for a healthy lifestyle.

The currently observed chronic deficit of motor activity in children hinders their normal physical development and threatens their health. One of the reasons for what is happening is the excessive regulation of the curriculum, which does not allow the teacher to take into account the level of development of children, their interests, as well as the possibilities of preschool educational institutions (V.I. Lyakh, V.N. Nepopalov, T.N. Prunin, S.T. Smagin and etc.).

Therefore, ongoing research aimed at transforming preschool physical culture is primarily associated with increasing the creative initiative of the teacher, expanding the range of tools and methods used, ensuring the variability and non-traditional content of GCD, taking into account the tasks and conditions for their implementation, the characteristics of the contingent of children, the search for non-standard organizational -methodological techniques, game orientation of activity. This is noted by many researchers: E.N. Vavilova, S.I. Galperin, O.A. Kozyreva, L.E. Lyubomirsky, T.I. Osokina, A.N. Shcherbak and others.

As mentioned above, the well-being of society largely depends on the state of children's health, and the formation of a healthy lifestyle should begin already in kindergarten, since it is here that the choice of alternative forms and methods of organizing the educational process takes place. It is necessary to build it on general pedagogical principles: scientific character and accessibility, continuity and practical purposefulness, dynamism and openness.

To date, the principles of alternative physical education have been formulated and defined:

The principle of integrity (the unity of educational, upbringing and developmental functions, where the combination of knowledge, skills and abilities make up a single system, the target setting for a qualitative change in one state of the child's body to another, more perfect with the help of various means of physical education);

The principle of variability of means of physical education (one and the same psychophysical quality can be developed using various means of physical education at the disposal of the teacher. This circumstance gives the teacher a unique opportunity to ensure the achievement of a single target setting in a physical education lesson, varying for this purpose the means of physical education)

Existential approach (adequacy of the content of physical training and its conditions to the individual state of the child, harmonization and optimization of physical education, the choice of the form of physical activity in accordance with the personal inclinations and abilities of each child).

Intensified in the early 90s, the need to create alternative forms of organizing and conducting physical education classes in preschool educational institutions led to the emergence of effective options for physical education programs for preschoolers. However, existing programs do not always allow to fully take into account the conditions, features work of preschool educational institution, requests of a particular teacher and child.

The problems of physical culture and health-improving work management in the conditions of educational institutions in recent years have been constantly in the field of view of scientists, specialists in physical culture and sports, and practical teachers. The scientific literature emphasizes that a specific object of management is always an activity or its individual components. The management of physical culture and health-improving work necessarily involves determining the goal of the upcoming activity, best ways and the means to achieve it.

The general goal of education in the field of physical culture is the formation of stable motives and needs among preschoolers in caring for their health, the holistic development of physical and mental qualities, the creative use of physical culture in the organization of a healthy lifestyle. In accordance with this, the program of preschool education, with its subject content, is oriented towards achieving the following practical goals:

development of basic physical qualities and abilities, health promotion, expansion of the body's functional capabilities;

· formation of a culture of movements, enrichment of motor experience with physical exercises with a general developmental and corrective orientation;

· Acquisition of skills in physical culture and health-improving and sports and health-improving activities;

· development of knowledge about physical culture and sports, their history and modern development, role in the formation of a healthy lifestyle.

Physical education most fully implements its educational and developmental functions in the purposeful pedagogical process of physical education and the construction of an individual strategy for a healthy lifestyle by each pupil.

Physical education is a purposeful process aimed at the formation of the physical culture of the individual, that is, that side of the general culture of a person that helps to realize the biological and spiritual potential. Therefore, the process of physical education must begin from the moment a new person is born.

Physical education is an organic part of general education; a socio-pedagogical process aimed at strengthening health, the harmonious development of the forms and functions of the human body, its physical abilities and qualities, the formation and improvement of motor skills and abilities necessary in everyday life and productive activities, and ultimately to achieve physical perfection.

The main means and ways of physical education - physical exercises (natural and specially selected movements and their complexes - gymnastic, athletics), various sports and tourism, hardening of the body (using the healing forces of nature - the sun, air, water), compliance with the hygienic regime of work and everyday life, mastering special knowledge and skills in the field of the use of physical exercises, hardening means, personal and public hygiene for the purpose of physical development and improvement.

Analyzing different points of view on the concept of physical education, we adhere to the following concept that physical education is a pedagogical process aimed at improving the form and functions of the human body, the formation of motor skills, skills, related knowledge and the development of physical qualities.

Each preschool educational institution works according to a certain basic general educational program of preschool education. The program is a state document that defines the goal, objectives, content of work with children in various types of activities.

In the context of the transition of preschool education to the implementation of FGT, the main attention in the process of work on the health protection of preschool children is given to the implementation of the educational areas "Health" and "Physical Education".

Thus, in order to improve the health of children and prevent diseases, it is necessary not only to increase the level of their physical activity, but also to systematically carry out active hardening measures. They can be local and general, traditional and non-traditional. An analysis of the practice of preschool institutions shows that in recent years there has been a decrease in the proportion of movements in the general daily routine, this negatively affects the formation of all systems and, undoubtedly, lowers the protective forces of the child's body. Thus, motor mode optimization becomes one of the elements of nonspecific prevention of acute respiratory diseases (ARI). Improving physical education in childhood is part of the health complex system. When conducting classes with preschoolers, physical exercises should be selected taking into account age-related physiology and in accordance with the characteristics of the age period of childhood, the nature of responses.

1.2 Features of the assimilation of basic movements by children of 5 years

In the system of physical education of preschool children, the development of basic movements is of great importance: walking, running, throwing, jumping, climbing, etc. They are characteristic of a person’s daily work activity and are an important means of physical education.

The systematic execution of basic movements has a positive effect on the comprehensive physical development of the child, improves the functioning of the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous systems, strengthens muscles and musculoskeletal system, develops such physical qualities as speed, agility, strength, endurance, etc.

Quite often you can meet boys and girls or adults who are still young in age who lack an elementary culture of movements: their gait is ugly, they waddle, often stoop, shuffle their legs and swing their arms too widely. If you have to jump over a groove or not a wide puddle, they get lost, feel constrained. Obviously, even in the preschool period, parents did not pay due attention to such, in their opinion, trifles.

Numerous studies have shown that the formation of skills in vital movements most effectively occurs in the preschool period of a person's life. If this did not happen, then during the school years, teaching children the basic movements stretches for a longer time.

The formation of skills in different types of movements in preschoolers begins with the first acquaintance with a certain movement and ends (conditionally) when the child performs it easily, confidently, with the least amount of effort. Consider methods for teaching children basic movements.

First of all, display is widely used. It is based on the historically established ability to imitate (imitate), to reproduce what is being done in the environment. Due to the fact that the attention of children is not stable and has an involuntary character, they often do not notice the main details of the shown movement. Therefore, the show must be accompanied by an explanation, concise and understandable.

For children 3-4 years old, it is best to give a figurative explanation of the exercise, while taking into account the high ability of kids to imitate, imitate. For example, walk softly on your toes, “like a mouse”; while running, raise your knees, “like a horse”, etc. However, the imitation of movements also has its negative sides: the movement is usually not performed accurately, only its general scheme is observed, and therefore it is necessary to constantly correct the noticed mistakes.

Showing and explaining at different stages of learning have a different ratio. At first, they try to ensure that the child has a correct idea of ​​​​the movement being performed. Subsequently, in the process of improving the movement, the demonstration is used sporadically, and the explanations acquire the character of instructions for its implementation in a concise and accessible form.

At younger preschoolers- imaginative thinking and relatively little motor experience. Therefore, the demonstration of movements occupies a leading place in them. In the future, with the enrichment of the child's motor experience, the word acquires all greater value. In children 6-7 years old, explanations and instructions take the leading place. They can already be required to consciously perform the movement. On this occasion, the well-known Russian scientist P.F. Lesgaft wrote: “If a child learns some mechanical method, without completely understanding what the meaning of its individual techniques is, then he will act mechanically, he will not be able to apply this method to a particular case. Practice confirms that children who understand what is required of them and can correctly explain the execution of the movement master it faster and make fewer mistakes.

Therefore, in all age groups in preschoolers, the specificity of requirements and tasks contributes to the fastest and more effective learning movements. In this case, the psychological characteristics of children must be taken into account. The child performs fuzzy, incomprehensible requirements and tasks with gross errors.

It should be taken into account the fact that at the beginning of training, the movement is absorbed better if it is not performed in full force. For example, a child strives to jump as far as possible, but, landing unsuccessfully, loses his balance, since the individual elements of the jump are still poorly mastered by him. That is why, at the initial stage of mastering the movement, it is necessary to limit the run-up when jumping in length and height (up to 3–4 m), to reduce the distance to the target when the child throws an object, etc.

Basic movements in preschoolers are usually learned in a holistic way. However, in the process of its implementation, attention should be focused on the most important details following the principle of gradualism. For example, when teaching a child to throw a ball at a target or at a distance, they first monitor the starting position before the throw - the position of the legs, torso; then they control whether the swing of the hand and the throw "from behind the back over the shoulder" are correctly performed.

It is also very important to interest the child, to arouse the desire to correctly perform this or that movement. To do this, he is given the task of performing the exercise as best as possible, and tasks of a game and imitation nature are also widely used.

Basic movements are acquired quickly and correctly only when the child periodically exercises in their implementation. In the learning process, it is necessary to bring the exercise to a definite result, systematically resorting to reinforcements. This includes, firstly, the results of the children's actions (jumped over, hit the target, etc.) and, secondly, the adult's verbal remarks (good, bad, right, wrong).

Special studies and practice of physical education of preschool children have shown that in such movements as walking, running, some types of jumping and throwing, one should form strong motor skills, strive for complete automatism in their implementation. This group can also include skiing, swimming, cycling. And, although their details are forgotten in the future, the basis of the movement remains, and the skill is restored again after a certain number of repetitions.

Exercises in the basic movements are selected with the obligatory consideration of the anatomical and physiological characteristics of children of this age. Preschoolers are not recommended movements that make breathing difficult, narrow the chest (climbing a vertical pole, tug of war, etc.).

Prolonged exercises should not be used. muscle tension during which the child makes maximum efforts and holds his breath; hanging or pulling up, bending the arms while lying down, lifting or carrying objects heavy for the child, etc.

Jumping from a great height or onto a solid support negatively affects the development of the musculoskeletal system. All this can lead to injuries of the ligaments and muscles of the ankle (their stretching) and flattening of the arch of the child's foot.

Asymmetric exercises that are performed with one hand or foot are also harmful: throwing the ball at a distance and at the target with only the right hand, jumping rope with only one leg. They unilaterally affect the development of the muscles of the arms, legs, torso and do not contribute to the harmonious development of the child's body.

Consider the features of the implementation of basic movements by children of 5 years old.

In the fifth year of life, especially towards the end of the year, all the structural elements of walking improve significantly: a certain rhythm begins to be established, the length of the step increases, which, combined with rhythm, leads to an acceleration of the pace. Improves overall coordination of movements. In most children, the movements of the arms and legs become coordinated.

However, walking children has certain disadvantages. There is a parallel setting of the feet and shuffling of the legs, the movements of the hands are not always energetic; the shoulders are lowered, the body is not straightened, the pace of movement is uneven. Being poorly oriented in space, children experience difficulties in changing the direction of movement at the signal of the educator, do not keep the required distance in walking and running, building and rebuilding.

For children of the fifth year of life, the program offers various exercises.

Loose walking. In the process of performing this exercise, independence of actions and the ability to navigate in space develop. The teacher offers the children walking around the hall (site), while he moves from one place in the hall to another; otherwise, the children crowd around the teacher and the goal of the exercise is not achieved. In the future, when repeating the walking in all directions, the children already independently cope with the task, using, if not all the space of the room, then most of it.

Walking with finding your place in the column forms the ability to act on the signal of the educator, navigate in space, be attentive and focused in order to remember your place in the column.

It is still difficult for children to navigate correctly and find their place in the column, especially at the beginning of the year. Therefore, the game "In places!" with the construction in a line at the signal of the educator facilitates the understanding and assimilation of this exercise.

The teacher invites the children standing in a line to look and remember who is standing next to whom. This is followed by walking in all directions throughout the hall (platform). On command: "In places!" - Each child must find his place in the line. After the children have mastered this task, you can begin to develop their ability to find their place in the column in motion.

Walking with stepping over objects(cords, cubes, bars, etc.) develops an eye, coordination of movements, teaches you not to shuffle your feet. Items for stepping are laid out in accordance with the length of the child's step (35-40 cm).

Walking in circles develops orientation in space, teaches to perform joint actions and observe the shape of a circle. At the beginning of the year, it is still difficult for children in the middle group to maintain the correct shape of the circle, so when teaching, you can use cubes, cords, etc. as landmarks. Children walk in one direction, then turn around and continue walking.

Walking with change of direction carried out in two versions. The first option is walking after the child leading the column; then, at the command of the teacher, all the children stop, turn around and continue walking behind the child standing at the end of the column. The teacher can give any items to the leader of the column, standing at its end, - handkerchiefs or cubes of different colors. “First, follow Tanya - she has a red cube, and then follow Kolya - he has a blue cube.” In the future, this task is performed without stopping, and the children perform the turn in the process of walking.

The second option is walking "snake" between various subjects(pins, cubes, stuffed balls, etc.) From children 4-5 years old, this exercise requires some effort. They need to keep a certain distance from each other - do not run ahead and do not lag behind, and most importantly, do not touch the placed objects.

Walking with a change in direction of movement develops orientation in space, the ability to act on the signal of the educator, sets each child to understand the task.

Walking in a column one at a time with the designation of turns at the corners of the hall (platform) - this is a new exercise for children in the middle group, which causes certain difficulties. The guys are not yet required to make clear turns when marking the corners (this task is set in the older group), but they are introduced to walking around the perimeter of the hall. To understand the task, they put landmarks in the corners of the hall, which the children bypass.

Walking in pairs is already familiar to children, but in the conditions of the hall this is a rather difficult task, since it is necessary to follow a certain direction, to walk next to a partner, keeping up with him and not running ahead.

Walking with change of leader. When walking in a column one at a time, the group is usually led by a child who has the skill of a leader. The teacher during the exercise changes the leader several times, and in the process of repetition, any child can play the role of the leader.

Walking alternating with running requires children to focus and attention. The teacher offers them different versions of this exercise, which are then widely used in game exercises and outdoor games.

Children learn running much better and faster than walking: a fast pace of walking is easier for them to master. In the fifth year of life, most children develop the rhythm of running, the ability to alternate it with other types of movements. The speed of running increases, spatial orientation improves in the process of its execution, children change directions with greater ease, run around obstacles, and adhere to a given direction.

But not all elements of running technique in a 4-5 year old child are correct and well expressed. The hands are still little active, the step remains short and uneven. The flight is small, and in connection with this, the speed is low. It should be noted that the flying step in girls develops earlier than in boys. An increase in running speed is associated with an increase in stride length. The step of four-year-old children in running on average: for boys - 64.4 cm, for girls - 61.5 cm; at the age of five, the step length in children increases by an average of 10 cm.

loose run develops spatial orientation, the ability to act on the signal of the educator. Practicing in this type of movement, children make good use of the area of ​​​​the hall. However, sometimes they put their hands forward, pushing each other. After several sessions, the guys run more freely and try not to interfere with each other.

Running with finding your place in the column is a more difficult exercise than walking. Correct execution depends on the joint actions of children. As in walking, they are first taught to find their place in the line after running, then this exercise is carried out in motion.

Step over run through objects develops an eye, lightness, flight. The step length in running is longer than when walking, on average by 20 cm. For running with stepping over (jumping) objects (cords, pigtails, bars), they are laid out in accordance with the length of the child's step - at a distance of 70-80 cm.

If the child has good coordination of movements, then jumping is usually performed in variable steps in the correct rhythm and pace. If the coordination of movements is not sufficiently developed, then the child takes side steps, stops, and then already jumps (steps over) over the object. The educator should not immediately seek from the children a clear performance of the exercise, this must be brought to this gradually, through repeated repetitions.

To teach children to run strongly push off, raise their hips higher, they use bars, cubes 6-10 cm high.

Krygy run, as well as walking, teaches children to perform joint actions. However, in running, keeping the shape of a circle is even more difficult: children either stretch very widely, break the circle, or crowd in the middle. At the beginning of training, landmarks are set, and running is performed at a slow pace for a short time. As the exercise is repeated, the movements of the children become more purposeful and the circle takes on the desired shape.

Running with a change of direction carried out in the same way as walking.

Equilibrium

Exercises in balance contribute to the development of coordination of movements, dexterity, education of courage, determination, self-confidence. At first, they are learned with preschoolers on the floor (walking on a cord, with a movement of the hands or with an object in their hands). Only after the exercises are mastered in simple conditions, you can proceed to perform them on shells (log, board, bench). During the exercises in balance on an elevated support (log, bench), an adult secures the child (supports his hand, walks next to him).

For children of older preschool age, exercises in balance are complicated by various tasks: while walking on a log (bench), sit down and turn around; step over a cube (ball) lying in the middle of the log; walking on a log with an object (ball, rope in hands).

During the exercises in balance, they make sure that the child walks with variable steps, evenly, looks forward, and not under his feet, at the end of the log performs a dismount with a soft landing on half-bent legs. It is advisable to carry out these exercises with a bag or medicine ball weighing 300-500 g on the head, so that the child learns to keep his head straight, while maintaining the correct posture.

When performing exercises in balance, the position of the hands can be different: to the sides, behind the head, behind the back, on the belt, etc. However, long-term fixed positions of the hands complicate the exercise to some extent and tire the children. Therefore, it is recommended to change the position of the hands more often (forward, sideways, on the belt, etc.).

Exercises for children 5 years old

1. Run between objects placed on the floor (ground) (cubes, balls, cones), without touching them with your hands.

2. While walking or running, at the signal of an adult, take a certain position (sit down, stand on one leg, etc.).

3. Walking with stepping over a stick or rope raised to a height of 20-25 cm from the floor.

4. Walk or run between two lines drawn on the ground (the distance between them is 15 cm) without stepping on them.

5. Walking on a cord (length 8-10 m), laid straight, in a circle and in a zigzag.

6. Stand on a log (bench), go to its middle, turn around, reach the end and jump off.

7. Stand on a log (bench) sideways, hands on your belt, walk with a side step to its end, turn 90 ° and jump off.

8. Stand on a log (bench), arms to the sides, under each step of the left leg, clap in the palm of your hand in front of the chest, right - arms to the sides. Jump off at the end of the log.

9. Stand on a log (bench), hands on the belt to go with an added step to the end of it and jump off.

10. Stand on a log (bench) with a big ball in your hands. Under the step of the left foot, raise the ball up, with the right foot - lower it down. At the end of the log, get off it.

11. Stand sideways on the board, one end of which is raised to a height of 35 cm (cube, bench), go to the end of it, turn around and run down.

climbing and crawling

Climbing and crawling exercises are very beneficial for preschoolers. Large muscle groups (back, abdomen, legs and arms) take part in their implementation. These exercises require more physical effort than many other basic movements. To perform them, you need to have simple equipment that is used at home (chairs, bench, hoop, stick). On playgrounds, in parks and squares, it is also desirable to use gymnastic walls, boards, cubes.

Moving arms and legs while crawling can be the same and different ways. With a different method, first expose the left hand and right leg and then the right arm and left leg. With the same method, the right arm and right leg move simultaneously, then the left arm and left leg. Preschoolers are taught to crawl in both ways.

It is desirable to combine crawling exercises with movements that help straighten the body. For example, after crawling between the legs of a chair, stand up, raise your arms through your sides up and clap your palms above your head.

Crawling under the rope (a stick that lies on the seat of two chairs) and climbing into the hoop, children of this age perform sideways and chest forward. Climbing and crawling forward with his chest, the child approaches the projectile, takes a step forward, crouches a little, moves his head and torso forward, and then the second leg. When crawling and crawling in the second way, you need to turn to your left or right side, take a wide step forward, bend over, move your head and torso forward, and then the second leg.

Children of older preschool age quickly master the exercises in climbing, crawling and crawling. With them, they learn to crawl in a plastunsky way on the floor (grass). The child lies face down on the floor. Then he rises a little and moves the right leg and at the same time the left arm as far forward as possible, the body turns slightly to the right. Pushing off with a bent right arm, he moves forward, pulling his left leg. Then the movement is repeated in the same sequence. Head while crawling should not be raised high.

Exercises for children 5 years old

1. Crawl in an emphasis on your knees to the ball, which lies on the floor at a distance of 4 m from the start of the movement. Take the ball, get up and toss it over your head several times.

2. Crawl in an emphasis on your knees under a rope tied to two chairs at a height of 40 cm, pushing a large ball in front of you with your head. Get up and lift the ball with both hands over your head.

3. Crawl in an emphasis while standing on an inclined board, one end of which is fixed on the gymnastic wall at a height of 35 cm, stand up, holding on to the crossbars. Turn around, take an emphasis on your knees and go down the board.

4. Crawl in an emphasis on your knees to the middle of the log (bench), climb into the hoop that holds the adult vertically to the log, crawl to its end and go down.

5. Approach the log, lie on it with your chest and climb over it to the opposite side.

6. Become facing the gymnastic wall, climb 1.5-2 m in alternating steps and go down.

Jumping exercises have a positive effect on the child's body: they strengthen the muscles and ligaments of the lower extremities, improve coordination of movements, develop dexterity and courage. However, it should be remembered that with the inept use of jumps (unpreparedness of the landing site, non-compliance with the recommended requirements for the height of the jump, etc.), injuries and flat feet may occur in preschoolers.

The jump requires the coordinated work of many muscles, complex coordination of movements, which is possible only with the appropriate level of development of the motor analyzer and the preparedness of the child's musculoskeletal system. Therefore, children are taught a certain type of jumps, based on their anatomical and physiological capabilities and age characteristics.

Standing long jump

Long jumps from a place in preschoolers of different age groups have a significant similarity. The starting position before the jump is the “start of the swimmer” (the legs are half-bent, the torso is tilted forward, the arms are laid back - to the sides). They push off with both legs with a simultaneous wave of the arms forward - up. In flight, the legs are bent at the knees and carried forward. During landing, the child crouches and takes out hands forward to side, thus providing a soft and stable landing.

Children 5 years old improve the jump with the help of such exercises: jump through the "stream" with a gradual increase in its width to 60--70 cm; forward jumps, “like frogs” (4-6 in a row). At the same time, it must be remembered that the child’s movement is better when he does not push off with full force. Therefore, the distance between the ribbons of the “stream” is increased gradually, thereby regulating the efforts of children during repulsion.

Depth jump (from low objects)

It is better to teach this jump when children have already learned to jump long from a place, since the formation of a new skill is based on previous motor experience. The depth jump has overall structure movements with a long jump from a place. The difference is only in the nature of repulsion and in the degree of load on the musculoskeletal system upon landing.

Preschoolers master this type of jumping very quickly. However, it should be remembered that improper landing on straight legs can lead to injuries and significant jarring of the body. Jumping on a firm footing causes stretching of the ligaments and muscles of the foot and its flattening. Therefore, the landing should be only on a soft support (mat or sand).

In children of 5 years old, a deep jump is formed and improved in the following sequence: a jump from a bench or some other elevation (height 20 cm); a jump with a landing in a specified place - on a "path" or a sheet of paper (cardboard) measuring 20x30 cm, a jump from a height of 20-25 cm with the correct execution of all its elements.

Running long jump

This jump is one of the most difficult types of basic movements for preschoolers. Therefore, they begin to study it from 5-6 years. They jump in length from a run in this way: the run is uniformly accelerated, the last step before repulsion is somewhat shorter; push off with one foot with a simultaneous swing of the arms forward - up; in the flight phase, the legs are bent at the knees and carried forward before landing; land on the heels or on the entire foot, for stability they bring their hands forward - to the sides.

The formation of a skill in this movement is carried out in the following sequence: jumps from one, two, four, six steps; improving the repulsion of one and landing on two legs; energetic swing of the arms at the moment of repulsion; flight (legs bent) and steady landing. When the child masters the correct repulsion and landing from an accelerated run (6-8 steps), they improve the individual elements of the jump from a full run - up to 10 m.

The main mistakes in children at the initial stage of learning this jump are the inability to combine a run with an energetic repulsion; quickly pull the jogging leg to the flywheel; landing instability.

The first mistake can be avoided if the initial attempts to jump are performed at an average speed (a quick run-up with an insufficiently formed skill disrupts the coordination of movement and does not allow the child to push off correctly).

The instability of the landing in some children is caused by weakness of the muscles of the musculoskeletal system. They cannot withstand a fairly high load during landing, and are forced to take a step forward in order not to lose their balance. When preschoolers land on soft ground, they usually don't make these mistakes. That's why you need to prepare a special place for landing after the jump. On the site, you can use a sand pit or a sandbox 2--2.5 m long, one side of which has no barrier.

Running high jump

In its structure, this movement is similar to a long jump from a running start. It is also performed by bending the legs. Some difference lies only in the nature of repulsion.

Preschoolers are not recommended to land on one leg, as required by other methods of jumping (stepping over, rolling, flipping), as this creates a large load on the musculoskeletal system during landing. Therefore, a high jump with a run with legs bent is the most acceptable for children 5-7 years old, since with this method they land on both legs.

In this jump, the run is performed perpendicular to the obstacle (a rope or rubber linen band stretched between two racks), repelled with one foot with a simultaneous swing of the arms up; in the flight phase, the legs are maximally bent at the knees; land on both legs, hands are carried forward - to the sides. Children 5-6 years old are taught high jump with a run in the following sequence: jump over a rope 10-15 cm high from one step with a push of one leg and a swing of the other with a landing on both legs; the same from two or three steps with a simultaneous swing of the arms up; jump from a 3-5-meter take-off run with the correct implementation of all its elements: uniformly accelerated run-up, vigorous repulsion, flight with legs bent, stable and soft landing; jump over a rope 30-35 cm high from a 6-meter run.

At the initial stage of training, the task is to teach the child to push off with one foot near an obstacle and land on both feet. Run-up and repulsion usually do not cause any special difficulties for preschoolers, the most difficult thing for them is a clear and soft landing (on half-bent legs).

In contrast to the long jump when performing this movement one should not demand from the child the maximum speed of the run, but on the contrary, he is advised to run more slowly. A quick run-up does not make it possible to push off correctly, the flight path will be low and, landing, the child loses balance, steps forward with his feet.

Rope jumping.

Rope jumping exercises are of great interest to children aged 5-7 years. The rope is selected according to the height of the child. Standing with both feet in the middle of the rope (feet shoulder-width apart), pull it up by the handles along the body. At optimal length rope handles should be slightly above the child's waist.

At first, the rope is rotated only forward, so that the child can see it better and make it easier for him to jump. The rope is rotated with the hands, the legs are slightly bent during the jumps, the torso is straight. At the initial stage of skill formation, jumps are performed at a slow pace, then the rate of rotation of the rope gradually accelerates. The child is reminded to jump on both legs or alternately on the right and left. All this contributes to the harmonious development of the strength of both legs.

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