Development of children up to 2 years. Sensory development of the child. We speak with different voices

“Every new baby comes out of diapers and gets lost everywhere, and is everywhere! He is always rushing somewhere, he will be terribly upset if something in the world suddenly happens without him. A baby from one to two years old can be safely considered the hero of this popular cartoon song. Let's talk about all the complexities and concerns of this special period child development.

Child 12-15 months

Note to mom. Even if your child feels quite confident while walking, you still need to take it for a walk. stroller so that the baby can sleep in it when he gets tired. Children during this period quickly get tired of physical activity, replenishing forces with healthy sleep.

Physical activity. The child repeats the actions he succeeded several times. He successfully seeks out difficult ways to achieve the goal: pits, mounds, puddles, failures do not stop him from repeating the past. Children "be impersonal", repeating after adults, gestures become more confident, craving for new and unknown is gaining momentum.

Speech. Now the baby accumulates words, and uses, as usual, already acquired vocabulary: exclamations and babble. But he understands a lot and fulfills monosyllabic requests: bring, put, take, give.

Emotions and behavior. Central nervous system the child continues to form, so he acts exclusively impulsively, emotionally, not realizing the consequences of his actions. The child in this period is a tracker, and all surrounding objects become the object of his research: a speck on the floor, a carnation in the wall, a paper clip on the table, a button on clothes, a flying butterfly. Now the child is interested in absolutely everything. Adults need to understand this and not interfere with learning the world, but just be there.

After research activities, the child develops independence, so it is almost impossible to persuade him not to pick up a candy wrapper on the road and not to put stones in his pocket. There is an interest in older children.

Care and Nutrition. The lack of fear and misunderstanding of the danger in a child can lead to sad consequences (iron, boiling water, socket, doorway, gap). Examine everything carefully and remove dangerous items out of sight. You can continue to breastfeed by continuing to introduce your baby to different types food by age. The diet should also include fresh vegetables and fruits in season.

Development. Play imitative games with your child: bathe, feed, put the doll to bed; show how to wash dishes, sweep the floor. Play hide and seek, catch up, outdoor games with a ball.

Child 15-18 months

Note to mom. You should not "load" the baby with a variety of toys at this age: practice shows the indifference of children to most newfangled toys and a great love for kitchen utensils and other household items. The child finds toys for himself, sometimes it can be unexpected objects, for example, a piece of notebook, a leaf from the street or an old shabby bear. A few educational toys plus a designer will be enough.

Physical activity. The child's walking is still far from perfect, he often "carries", falls and bruises are not uncommon.

Speech. The lexicon is expanding, and there are about a dozen disyllabic words in use. The child learns to understand better adult speech, he quickly understands the intonation of words, peering into the face of the speaker. Try to establish a dialogue with your child, provoke him to respond, you are guaranteed happy moments!

Emotions and behavior. A child very vividly and emotionally expresses his feelings towards loved ones and at the same time can show signs of stress when a loved one is not around for a long time, when there are problems in the family, when his usual way of life changes dramatically. The child's consciousness changes, he thinks for a long time, he can sit and play by himself.

Care and Nutrition. The final stage in potty training is coming, although some children still cannot be seated on it for anything. The kid becomes clean, protests against untidiness in clothes. Little has changed in the child's diet, food, as before, must be prepared fresh and given to the child to eat no later than half an hour after preparation.

Development. The "leaders" of games according to the preferences of the baby can be: finger theater, sorters and nesting dolls, large puzzles and pyramids.

Child 18-21 months

Note to mom. Right now the child absorbs everything like a sponge. And often including - not the most best habits adults. Control, if possible, your words and actions, so that later you do not see your “reflection” in your own child.

Physical activity. This stage of development of motor skills can be described as "walking-running". Also, the child is trying to climb and climb out to the highest point, trying his "skill", be careful!

Speech. The child tries to put words together into sentences in a very broken "gibberish" language. Try to write down his first speech, later it will be interesting to read these first words and sentences together. But if your baby stubbornly refuses to talk, don't be discouraged, many children start talking by the age of 2.5.

Emotions and behavior. The kid thinks about his actions, is careful with unfamiliar objects, which was not there before. The child often shows whims, therefore, in order to avoid tantrums, you must either warn them or learn to “extinguish” the fire.

In the circle of his family and on examples role playing help your child to form an idea of ​​friendship and mutual assistance, this is very important.

Care and nutrition: you can gradually refuse walks in a stroller, accustoming a child to walk for a long time. Instead of a stroller, you can buy tricycle with a handle. If the baby climbs the stairs without problems and help - this is clear sign that he is ready for potty training. Diversity is preserved in the diet, meat should remain lean, the menu should include liver, cottage cheese, milk with 3.5% fat content, and eggs.

Development. Girls will be delighted to play "daughters-mothers" with baby dolls, feed them, take them for a walk, dress them. You can play with the baby as a seller and buyer of vegetables and fruits, put together puzzles.

Child 21-24 months

Note to mom. This is the period of the ubiquitous “helper”: she wants to vacuum, wash dishes, cook, do laundry with her mother (or instead of her). Do not interfere with the baby to delve into these processes, they will help him later become a real mother's helper!

Physical activity. The child knows how to walk in all directions, keeps his balance, tries to jump over small holes, climbs an inclined plane, knows how to throw and catch a ball, rides cars with pleasure, and handles wheelchairs well.

Speech. Understands a short story filled with short sentences to the point (where we were, where we will go, what we saw). Fulfills more complex requests from adults (go, get, bring). The active lexicon is about 200 words, and sentences are built from 2-3 words. Memorizes verses and tries to finish lines of quatrains.

Emotions and behavior: it becomes easier to negotiate with the child, the baby can wait a little before the adult fulfills his request. Children begin to distinguish between gender and are more drawn to "their own", adopting their skills and habits. The child wants to children, imitates them or imposes his will, distinguishes girlfriends and friends from the social circle, shares his property with them. The kid is aware of the word "must", is sensitive to praise and punishment.

Development. Passion to musical toys can be appeased by buying musical instruments and teaching them how to play them. You can also buy a children's lotto and study colors and shapes, letters and numbers together.

No toys can fully develop a child, this can only be done by parents who are in constant contact with baby. Get to know the world together, reliving the moment of childhood again and again. Raising a child 1-2 years old is not easy, but great!

• The weight a child at the beginning of the second year of life is 3 times more than at the time of birth.
• Growth also increases significantly - from 25 to 29 cm.
• Development of the central nervous system and especially the brain. By the end of the first year of life, its size is already 60% of the "adult".

Gross and fine motor skills of children

Your movements one year old baby have become much more confident and diverse - now he stands on his own, and, perhaps, took his first steps. Well, if this has not happened yet, keep your video camera ready, because very soon you will be able to capture this magnificent moment.

By his first birthday, the baby already has some skills that allow him to feel independent:

• eats with handles or uncertainly holds a spoon;
• helps parents dress themselves;
• leafing through books with favorite fairy tales.

information At this age, the child is already beginning to understand the purpose of some items of daily use - combs, spoons, telephones, even if he has not yet fully learned how to manage them.

Sleep and nutrition

By this age, children are already moving to " night sleep”, but, most likely, the afternoon rest will remain in their habit for a long time.

information The child's digestive system is already sufficiently developed for him to. If you are still practicing - you can think about absenteeism (but this is not necessary), because now your child gets everything nutrients from products.

But be careful do not leave the child alone during the meal- at this age is very large.

Child development after a year

1. Does not understand the function of simple household items at 15 months of age.
2. Does not imitate any "adult" actions by the end of this period.
3. At 18 months, the child does not walk.
4. Cannot write a simple sentence by 24 months.

important Medical practice shows that often the above problems appear precisely because of insufficient communication and training. The development of children is an important task for every parent, because by investing your strength, time and love in your baby, you give him a ticket to a great future.

Having reached the age of 1 year, the child moves from the material satisfaction of his needs to intellectual food: the baby is actively developing psychologically and socially. Food and sleep provide his physiological needs, but the entire period of wakefulness is directed to accumulation and improvement. mental capacity. Of course, he continues to grow and get stronger in body. plays an important role and competent education given to the child by the parents.

Indicators of physical development

If the first year of life the child grew and developed normally, then by the age of 1 his weight should increase three times compared to how much he weighed at birth. Adds baby and growth. According to statistics, about 25-29 centimeters are added to the initial height with which the baby was born. There is a development of the brain: in a year its volume should be 60% of the volume of the brain of an adult.

motor skills

This article talks about typical ways to solve your questions, but each case is unique! If you want to know from me how to solve exactly your problem - ask your question. It's fast and free!

The arsenal of motor skills with which children meet their first year after birth suggests increased independence. little man. Many children by this time are already starting to walk. If your baby has not yet walked, do not miss the moment of his first steps. Capture on camera an event that takes a child's life to a new level.

Developing fine motor skills:

• The child takes food with his hands, learns to hold a spoon.
• Helps mom to flip through the pages of books that are read to him.

Dressing, gives arms and legs. Recognizes the purpose of household items, knows what a comb, broom or telephone is for. Tries to repeat the manipulations of adults with these objects. The movements may be awkward, but they are clearly deliberate. It is still far from the moment when your child will completely get rid of parental care, but without you he will not come to independence.

Development features

After the child is one year old, the frequency of visits to the pediatrician decreases - as a rule, preventive examinations are held once every 3 months (see also:). This regulation is associated with individual characteristics development of each child. Psychology often comes first. negative result. This happens due to the inexperience of the young mother, who has not been able to develop a sense of tolerance for the whims of the baby. Deviations from established norms may also have premature babies. From 1 to 2 years old they are slightly behind physically and intellectually, but, as a rule, after 2 years they quickly catch up with their peers in all areas.

The nature of the child, the contribution of parents to classes with the baby, the psychological and social environment correct progress in one direction or another. If a mother wants her child to develop faster than the rest, she must be a patient educator - thoughtful, responsible, rational.

calendar periods

Watching her child, it will be easier for mom to determine the degree of his development if you break the entire period from one to two years into calendar periods. Our impromptu calendar is tied to the frequency of visits to the pediatrician: this means that when you are going to see a doctor, you will have an idea of ​​what nuances in the behavior of the baby the doctor pays attention to. In addition, you can independently assess the level of development of your treasure and the correctness of its upbringing. Each calendar item is listed in ascending order - from simple action or ability to complex.

12-15 months

Here's what a little one can do:

• start playing on their own, without the help of adults;
• fulfill simple requests- for example, hug your mother;
• use a fork and spoon;
• go up the stairs;
• notice funny things and laugh at them;
• imitate the speech and actions of parents;
• speak your own language;
• gestures to show what he wants;
• clap;
• in addition to the words "mom", "dad", "grandfather", "woman", pronounce one more word;
• crawl quickly;
• walk leaning on furniture;
• take off socks without anyone's help;
• take a few steps without support;
• understand simple requests;
• notice the reaction of parents to his actions;
• stand confidently;
• walk holding mom or dad by the hand;
• shake your head, giving a negative answer;
• drink from a mug;
• try to “draw” with felt-tip pens and pencils;

• help parents dress him, keeping his arms and legs in a comfortable position;
• bend over a fallen object;
• recognize yourself in the mirror and enjoy your reflection;
• lift heavier objects;
• when playing with a ball, roll it back and forth;
• reinforce words with gestures so that he is understood;
• pull out and lay toys in a box or box;
• show their eyes, pens, nose and other parts of the body at the request of an adult;
• run;
• indicate the demand for silence with the gesture "shhh";
• "help mom around the house.

15-18 months

• turn over book pages when reading a fairy tale;
• feel affection for animals and favorite toys;
• walk confidently;
• sing and do it with pleasure;
• hysteria, if something is dissatisfied;
• walk backwards;
• climb on different surfaces while simultaneously exploring them;
• speak up to 15 words with different meanings;
• take off your socks or panties;
• sleep once a day after dinner instead of two;
• run fast;
• sort things by size, shape, color (we recommend reading:);
• playing, "feed" dolls or soft toys;
• put together phrases from words;
• independently "read" the book, looking at the pictures;
• confidently cope with a spoon, eat with it;
• brush your teeth under parental supervision;
• speak more clearly to adults.

18-21 months

• speak about 50 words;
• understand the meaning of about 200 words;
• make simple sentences from words;
• take off your own clothes;
• , controlling the acts of defecation and urination;
• wash and brush your teeth under the supervision of mom or dad;
• know and name the parts of your body (handles, legs, ears, nose);
• imitate more adult actions - for example, throwing garbage in a bucket;
• build towers from cubes;
• give descriptions of simple drawings from books;
• open and close doors in the house and cabinets.

21-24 months

• ask to go to the toilet;
• quickly learn new words or actions (10 words in one day);
• repeat everything after other people;
• collect simple puzzles;
• draw a straight line
• go down the stairs by the hand with mom;
• to distinguish cold - hot, a lot - little, big - small;
• put on and take off clothes independently;
• distinguish people by gender (boy-girl, uncle-aunt);
• jump;
• understand good and bad (behavior, word).

How to submit information?

After a year, the period of active mental maturation of the baby begins. All his actions are an avid interest in the world around him, in its internal and external structure. The easiest way to give him this knowledge is through the game. Make a lesson plan for yourself with your child, enter into it. Your task is to provide the baby with competent social and emotional development. Create situations during the game that the child may encounter in real life (we recommend reading:). This method of presenting information is optimal for a 1-2 year old baby, he remembers everything better and coordinates his behavior more easily.

Moments related to real life, explain when the child can see their visual embodiment: talk about personal hygiene when you wash your hands with the baby, and about the dangers on the road when you stand with the baby near speeding cars. Information not backed up vivid images, poorly perceived and not fixed in the mind of the crumbs. Help your little treasure develop properly.

Deviations in development

It’s great if the baby fits into the norms of behavior prescribed for his age. Small deviations from the standard may be associated with the individual characteristics of the child, and they, as a rule, do not cause alarm among specialists. There are also critical moments worth paying attention to Special attention. Assessing physical and intellectual ability child, check if he has similar problems:

• by 15 months, the baby still does not understand the functions of the simplest household appliances;
• does not seek to imitate the actions of adults;
• having reached the age of 18 months, the baby never learned to walk;
• at the same age speaks less than 15 words;
• at 2 years old, he does not know how to compose words into a sentence (more details in the article:).

Doctors believe that these deviations are most often associated with insufficient efforts of parents in teaching a child. Lack of communication can also be the cause of the problem. It depends only on the parents how well the development will go. little man. Give him as much warmth, knowledge and skills as loving and caring mom and dad.

Particular attention in the upbringing of children should be given to parents at the age of 1 to 2 years. By the age of three, the child becomes quite independent, he wants to do everything himself if possible. Parents in this matter should not interfere, but rather help the child and encourage his desire for independence.
The upbringing of children from one to two years old can be divided into 2 stages:
Raising a baby from a year to a year and a half;
Education from one and a half to two years.

During the second year of life, the behavior of the baby is still quite unstable and requires increased adult control in order to normalize his behavior. At this age, an adult should give enough time for the child to keep him in a good mood. In the second year of life, games with adults acquire, first of all, an educational character. The game should be built in such a way that the child has fun, and that the kid learns something new in each game and consolidates the knowledge that was previously obtained.

You can divide the upbringing of a child of the second year of life into the following sections:
Education of cultural and hygienic skills:
washing;
Dressing;
Appearance;
Food;
Dream.
Education of a culture of activity:
Mode;
Playing skills with toys and acquiring basic work skills;
keeping order, careful attitude to things and toys;
We teach the child to understand the requirements of an adult.
Education of a culture of communication:
Communication with adults;
Communication with peers.
We wash ourselves

During the second year of life, the child must learn to wash himself. The kid needs to be reminded that after the street and before eating, you need to wash your hands. The baby should know that after sleep you need to wash your face and wash your hands. Mom should show the child how to open the faucet, you need to show and explain what kind of jet should be, so that the child does not open the faucet too much and, as a result, does not end up all wet. Show your child how to adjust the water so that it is not too hot or too cold. At first, the baby will not succeed, but over time he will learn everything. Tell your child to roll up their wash sleeves and show them how to do it. You need to show how to lather the hands to get a lot of foam. Explain to the baby that the soap must be thoroughly washed off. After washing is finished, the baby closes the water itself (from about a year and a half), the mother checks whether the water is carefully closed or closes it herself if the child still does not know how.
dress up

From the age of one, the child shows interest in his clothes and the process of dressing. The child tries to pull on tights, socks, a hat. Do not interfere with these attempts of the child. On the contrary, praise him for the fact that he strives to dress himself. Teach your child how to dress properly. We dress from the bottom up, we undress on the contrary, from the top down. After the baby has undressed, show where to put things. Demonstrate respect for things by your example. If you scatter your things, then you should not expect order from the child in things, and do not even think of scolding the baby for the mess if your things are not in the best condition.

The main thing in education to remember:

CHILDREN TAKE AN EXAMPLE FROM THEIR PARENTS!

Appearance

In the second year of life, the child will gradually show a desire to eat from a spoon on his own, to drink from a cup on his own. Encourage this desire and praise the baby for such a desire. Starting at the age of one and a half, teach your child to use a napkin and keep his face clean while eating.

Dream

The regime is formed in the child gradually, do not require the baby to immediately follow the allotted regime. In order for the crumbs to form a sense of time, raise it in the morning at the same time, daytime sleep should also be at about the same time. Walks, games, activities with mom or dad, breakfast, dinner and lunch - all this should have its place and time in the baby's daily routine. Constantly following the regime, after a while, the baby will come up to you and say: "Mom, let's go for a walk."
Playing skills with toys and acquiring basic work skills

During the time that you have for games and activities, parents should show the baby what actions can be done with a particular toy. It's time to teach your baby how to take care of toys, show how you can swing a bunny, doll or bear. After a while, when you enter the room, you will see how your baby carefully shakes his favorite toy. Teach your baby how to feed toys. Tell us that first we will eat soup, then porridge, and then drink tea. So, during the game, the baby himself will know that while eating, he must first eat, the first, then the second, and then the time will come dessert.

In addition, during the game, the baby may try to imitate mom and dad. After the toys have been “eaten”, the child may show a desire to wash the dishes, of course, all this is done for fun. Thus, the child acquires the initial skills of labor activity.
Maintaining order, careful attitude to things and toys

These skills, the baby begins to acquire from one and a half years. The baby can already sit on a chair on his own, is already able to collect his toys and put them in place. Explain and show by example how and where to put toys after games. There should be a designated area for toys. It can be a box or a box.

We teach the child to understand the requirements of an adult

The second year of life is the formation of the child's speech. Adults are, of course, role models. Therefore, adults should give the child correct example. No need to lisp with a child, lisp and distort words. Such an example will not only not give the child a correct understanding of speech, but may also lead to the need to contact a speech therapist. Talk to your child like an adult. This does not mean that your communication will be devoid of positive emotions and will be dry. After all, you can communicate with a child with a smile and good mood, and at the same time not fluffy.

In addition, it's time to teach the child to behave culturally in public place. It is difficult for a child to forbid running and jumping. But you need to explain to the baby that in some places, if the baby screams and runs, he can interfere with someone. Do not enter too many restrictions. For example, the child should know that entering the clinic and the store, you need to be quiet. But after you leave the room, you can again run, jump, have fun and squeak.

It is necessary to consolidate the baby's ability to say hello, say goodbye, thank you for something.

Cultivating a culture of communication with peers

After the first birthday, you can teach your baby to play with friends, let the kids do at least some actions together. From the age of one and a half, children will be able to be carried away for longer joint games. Although up to three years old, the most favorite games of children are only with their parents, since mom and dad can come up with interesting and new games, and the toys in the game always come to life and begin to “talk”.

Time goes by very quickly with a small child. More recently, the baby was a tiny lump, unable to raise his head, or utter any sounds, or focus his eyes. During the first year, the baby has changed dramatically, began to understand a lot, said the first words, took the first steps and continues to learn. the world. Let's find out how to determine if a child is developing normally, as well as how to stimulate further development one year old baby.

Physiological changes

• Child by 12 months usually triples the weight he was born with. Now the rate of weight gain and increase in height compared to the first half of life is significantly slowing down.
• The feet of a one-year-old child are still flat, and they have no arch. If the baby has just begun to walk independently, there are still fat pads on his feet. As you learn to walk, they disappear, and a bend appears at the feet.
• The average number of teeth a one year old has is 8. At the same time, some children may already have 12 teeth, while others may have only 1-2 first teeth. These are all variants of the norm that do not require a visit to a doctor. It is only necessary to consult a pediatrician if there are no teeth in 1 year.

Physical development

During the twelfth month of life, the baby gains approximately 350 grams of weight, and its growth lengthens by another 1-1.5 centimeters. Both the circumference of the head and the circumference of the chest of a child at this age increase by an average of 0.5 centimeters.

Different children develop physically at different rates, but based on indicators a large number babies of a certain age category experts have established the limits of the norm for such indicators. These boundaries, together with the averages for one-year-old children, we noted in the table:

When hitting pieces of furniture, some parents teach the child to give "change". Is it worth it, see next video Larisa Sviridova.

Calculate the vaccination calendar

What can the baby do?

• A 12 month old baby moves very actively and a lot. Most of the little ones one year old already knows how to walk independently and is constantly improving this skill. However, some babies at 1 year old still need their mother's support while walking or are in no hurry to start walking, preferring to move quickly on all fours.
• Also, a child of one year old can already squat and rise independently from this position. The baby confidently climbs the stairs and climbs onto the sofa.
• In one hand, a baby of one year is able to take 2 small objects. The child takes buttons and other tiny objects with the index finger and thumb.
• A one-year-old child manages to collect a pyramid and build towers out of cubes.
• A child's speech includes approximately 10-15 simple words from 1-2 syllables. One word karapuz can have several meanings. The baby does not yet pronounce all the letters and can confuse syllables in places.
• A 1-year-old child understands the speech of parents well. He knows the meaning of the words "can", "cannot", "give", "take", "come" and many others. He also knows the names of people with whom he often communicates. The kid can already answer a simple question.
• The baby can perform simple tasks, for example, wash vegetables, lay out cutlery, wipe dust.
• The kid likes to hide and look for toys, throwing toys, creating and destroying buildings with blocks, filling crates and boxes, and then emptying them.
• Twelve-month-old baby is interested in story games and knows how to play them. The baby can put the toy to bed or feed it.
• Hearing the music, the baby will dance and try to sing along.
• The kid knows many animals and can show them both on a walk and in pictures.
• Baby knows way to use different items.
• long term memory the child is developing - the baby is already able to remember the events of a few days ago.
• Child becoming more independent every day. At the table, he already manages with a spoon and drinks from a cup himself. The little one already has certain preferences in food - the baby does not like some foods at all, and some, on the contrary, the child eats with great pleasure.

To check if the child is developing at a normal pace, you should:

• Assess whether the baby can crawl, stand holding your hand, and take a few steps with your support.
• Make sure the baby uses at least one gesture, such as shaking his head or waving "bye".
• Check if the child understands your simple requests, for example, to take a toy or give it to you.
• Make sure that there is at least one meaningful word in the child's speech.
• Check if the baby has at least one tooth or signs of its appearance in the near future.

If during such a check something alerted you, tell the pediatrician about it during scheduled inspection in year.

Activities for development

• The main skill on which "works" one year old baby, is walking. If the baby continues to crawl and is in no hurry to take the first steps, you can attract the baby with your favorite toy. Some children are afraid of losing their balance, so a toy in their hands can help them start walking.
• If there is an opportunity, let's baby walk barefoot on earth, sand or grass.
• To stimulate gross motor skills, offer your child play with big cars balls and other large toys.
• Keep practicing with your child development of fine motor skills. For example, you can attach clothespins to the edges of a coffee can and have your child take them off. As before, games with beans, cereals, sand, water are still interesting and useful for the child.
• Also continue speech development peanut. Talk a lot with baby so baby can learn a large number of new words. Describe everything you do and things your baby sees.
• Play with the little one but at the same time, let the baby do what he can do on his own. Play different stories with toys together, for example, how a bunny shares cookies with a teddy bear, a doll bathes in a bath, a mouse invites a teddy bear to visit.
• Include your child music of different genres, as well as the sounds of various objects. So you will stimulate the development of hearing.
• Take care of the little one drawing, allowing the little one to display the first scribbles finger paints, crayons or markers. The kid will also like to create using plasticine and salt dough.
• Walk with baby in the sandbox offering to play with a scoop, molds, a sieve, a rake.
• On a sunny day, pay attention to the crumbs your shadows. Offer to step on your shadow.
• Give the child a chance play with other kids. If the crumbs do not have a sister or brother, invite familiar families with preschoolers to visit.
• Do it for baby photo album, which will contain photos of all close relatives, as well as pictures of animals. The peanut will consider him for a long time.
• Spend some time every day joint reading with a baby. Buy children's books with colorful illustrations for the crumbs. Give the child the opportunity to choose which book he will “read” today.
• Throw while bathing in the bath small toys that can swim, and then give the baby a sieve or scoop, offering to collect floating objects in a bucket.

Diversify the day with a lesson according to the “Little Leonardo” method by O. N. Teplyakova, an expert in intellectual development.

mental development

Development mental sphere a one-year-old baby continues to be very intense. The child is awake longer and is able to concentrate on interesting game with mom. That is why all developmental activities should be carried out only in the form of a game.

On the basis of communication with the mother, by the first birthday, the baby develops trust or distrust in the world that surrounds him. If this communication experience is positive, the baby will feel safe, and will also project positive emotions to the surrounding world.

In the second year of life, the child actively continues sensory and cognitive development. The kid learns the properties of objects, their shape, colors. In games, parents should constantly guide the one-year-old peanut, because without help and prompts from outside, the actions of the crumbs will remain monotonous. Conducting simple classes with 1-year-old babies, parents help the little one compare and distinguish objects, develop memory, and master everyday skills.

To evaluate mental development a child at 1 year old, you can use the following tests:

• Give the kid 2 cubes and show how to build a tower. The child will not throw the cubes or drag them into his mouth, but will put one on top of the other. By 18 months, the baby will already be able to use 3-4 cubes to build a tower.
• Offer the baby a toy in which to invest geometric figures(frame insert or sorter). A one-year-old kid should put a circle in the hole for him.
• Give the toddler a pyramid, offering to collect it. A kid at 1-1.5 years old will try to string rings, but will not take into account their size. Children learn to fold the pyramid correctly, taking into account the size of the rings, only by the age of 2.
• Assess your ability to use household items. A toddler of 12-15 months already knows how to use a spoon and a cup correctly. At 1.5 years old, the child is able to take off his socks, hat and mittens.

Play with the baby and build towers with him from different figures, explain why the tower is falling

Motor skills

To assess the gross motor skills of the crumbs, find out if the baby knows how to walk for a long time, whether he has learned to bend over and squat, whether he is able to get up from his knees and climb onto the sofa. Exercises that develop gross motor skills, will include:

• Jumping. Hold the little one under the armpits or by the hands and let the baby jump in place.
• Climbing onto the couch and lowering back to the floor. For this purpose, you can attract the little one with your favorite toy.
• Climbing. Invite the baby to crawl under a chair, climb into big box and get out of it.
• Stepping over. Spread out on the floor miscellaneous items, walk around the room with the little one, holding the child by the hand. When the baby approaches the obstacle, show that you first need to raise one leg and step over the object, and then take the same step with the second leg.
• Ball games. Teach your baby to throw the ball to the floor, while first giving the ball to the baby in his hands, and then put it next to him so that the child himself takes the ball. Next, learn to catch the ball. To develop your eye, you can throw the ball into the box.

To develop fine motor skills of a one-year-old child, you can:

• Draw with pencils. First, hold the crumbs pen with a pencil and just leave marks on the paper. Try to get your baby interested in drawing.
• Draw with paints. Give your child a dry brush and show them how to leave strokes, and then start learning how to draw with paints.
• Sculpt from plasticine. Roll up the ball and show the baby how to make a cake out of it, then invite the little one to repeat.
• Stick pebbles, buttons, tubes into plasticine.
• Sculpt from salt dough.
• Stick stickers on yourself or on a piece of paper.
• Draw with finger paints.
• Play with laces.
• Wind the threads on a ball.
• Play with water, grains or sand using a sieve and a spoon.
• Screw on and off the caps.
• Play with sorter and insert frames.
• Learn to deal with hooks, Velcro, buttons, buttons.
• Play with clothespins.
• Practice with the sensory box.

Speech development

In the second year of life, the formation of the baby's speech takes place, as well as its rapid improvement. First, the baby begins to understand speech, and then replenishes it at a high pace vocabulary and the stage of active speech begins. At the same time, the facial expressions and gestural speech of the little one are enriched. In one year, one word of a baby can mean a whole phrase.

To stimulate the speech development of a one-year-old child, you can:

• Look at pictures in books, voicing what is drawn and asking the child simple questions according to the picture, for example, “where is the dog?”.
• Read with a crumb of counting rhymes and nursery rhymes, short stories and poems and sing songs.
• Perform articulation exercises.
• Do gymnastics and finger massage.
• Tell the baby about everything that can interest the little one - about nature, animals, seasons, houses and much more.

Finger games will help the development of the crumbs. Watch the video of Tatyana Lazareva, where she shows how you can play with a 1 year old child.

Approximate weekly plan for the development of a one-year-old child

So that the classes do not bother the baby, are not repeated and include all the important areas of development, it is worth planning them in advance for at least one week. This will allow the mother to cover all areas of development of the little one and prepare materials for educational games in advance.

We offer an example of a weekly schedule of developmental activities for a child aged 1-1.5 years:

It's only rough plan, which should be changed for each individual child. Be sure to include activities that your baby enjoys in your weekly routine. At the end of the week, do a review of what you have done, based on which you can add some activities or reduce the list of games for the day.

Toys 1 to 2 years old

Toys help the baby develop both physical and emotional sphere. With their help, the child learns the world, studies the environment, develops imagination, becomes proactive and learns cause-and-effect relationships.

See Anna Gapchenko's video for information on what toys to buy for a 1-2 year old baby.

Among the toys of a child 1-2 years old should be:

• Cubes.
• Sorter with several simple holes.
• Pyramid with 3-4 rings.
• Cups are square and round.
• Boxes of various sizes.
• Toys for the street - a spatula, molds, a car with a body, a bucket.
• Toys that pull or push.
• Soft toys that the baby can put to sleep, feed.
• Water toys.
• Plastic utensils.
• Toy phone.
• Toys imitating household items.
• Musical toys.
• Cardboard or fabric books.

Games with cereals are one of the most favorite among the crumbs. How to conduct such classes, see the following video.

Care

Hygiene procedures act important element daily routine in the life of a one-year-old toddler. In the morning, the child is washed and washed away. It is also important for the baby to brush their teeth and be sure to wash their hands before eating and after walking. Before going to bed, the baby is traditionally bathed, combining this water treatment with fun games in the water.

Daily regime

By the year, all children have a certain daily routine, changing several times over 12 months of life. Its maintenance is important for wellness baby. The main points of the daily routine of a child of 12 months are the organization of sleep and wakefulness, as well as nutrition.

Dream

Children 1 year old are more awake, but still sleep about 14-15 hours a night. Night rest on average lasts 10-11 hours, and during the day the child sleeps twice for 12 months. At the same time, the first daytime sleep usually lasts longer (2-2.5 hours), and the second one is shorter (1.5 hours). Babies begin to transition to one daytime nap around 18 months.

wakefulness

In the daily routine of a 12-month-old baby there are active and calm games, gymnastic exercises, reading books, walks, visits and much more. In the first half of the day active games are only welcome and should be avoided in the evening. Gymnastics with a child should be performed an hour before meals.

walks

Walking with a yearling is advised 2 times a day, and in good weather at least one of daydreams worth organizing for a walk. It is recommended to go out with the crumbs in the morning at 10-11 o'clock, and in the afternoon - at 16-17 o'clock. Walks should be 2 hours or more. It will be affected by weather conditions, for example, during warm summer days the baby may well spend 5-6 hours on a walk. If the temperature outside is below -10, it is raining heavily or it is very windy, you should refrain from walking.

Food

A 1-year-old child still eats 5 times a day with 3.5-4 hour breaks between meals. It is recommended to adhere to the diet, offering the baby food at about the same time, and also avoiding long breaks. Define common daily amount food for a one-year-old baby is possible by dividing the body weight of the crumbs by 9. On average, children of this age eat 1000-1300 ml of food per day. By dividing this amount by the number of feedings, you get an average serving size of 200-260 ml.

P baby feeding on breastfeeding includes more and more complementary foods. The baby is applied to the breast mainly around dreams, during the day (for example, if he fell) and after meals (to drink complementary foods). At night, active mid-morning feedings remain, which occur at 4-8 in the morning.

Children on artificial feeding you can continue to feed adapted mixture, offering it in two feedings (first and before bedtime). If necessary, the mixture can already be canceled by offering porridge for breakfast to the crumbs and replacing the mixture with a sour-milk drink before bedtime.

In the diet of a one-year-old child, spices, herbs, salt, and some types of sweets (marshmallow, marshmallows) appear. It is still too early for such children to get acquainted with fried foods, sausages and frankfurters, smoked meats, fatty species meat, exotic fruits, mushrooms and chocolate.

Calculate your feeding schedule