What can be determined by urine analysis. Ischuria or urinary retention in women: causes and treatments for underlying urinary tract diseases. Causes of change in the smell of urine
They can fluctuate within fairly wide limits, and these fluctuations can be physiological or pathological. Physiological fluctuations are a variant of the norm, and pathological fluctuations reflect a disease.
An increase or decrease relative to the norm of any indicator cannot be assessed unambiguously, and it is impossible to draw a conclusion about the presence of a disease. The results of the analyzes can help to find out the possible cause of the disorders, which can only be at the stage of the syndrome, and not the formed disease. Therefore, timely detection of deviations in the analyzes will help to start treatment and prevent the progression of the disease. Also, test indicators can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment.
Consider the probable causes of changes in various indicators of the general analysis of urine.
Reasons for changing the color of urine
In the presence of pathology, urine can change its color, which indicates a certain syndrome and disease.The correspondence of urine colors to various pathological conditions of the body is reflected in the table:
| pathological color urine | Possible disease (cause of discoloration of urine) |
| Brown, black |
|
| Red (color of meat slop) |
|
| Dark brown frothy (urine color beer) |
|
| Orange, rose red |
|
| Brown (color of strong tea) |
|
| Colorless or white-yellow |
|
| Dairy (color of milk, cream) |
|
These color variations will help you orientate, but for an accurate diagnosis, you should take into account data from other examination methods and clinical symptoms.
Causes of turbidity in the urine
Violation of the transparency of urine is the appearance of turbidity of varying severity. Turbidity in the urine can be represented by a large amount of salts, epithelial cells, pus, bacterial agents, or mucus. The degree of turbidity depends on the concentration of the above impurities.From time to time every person has cloudy urine, which is formed by salts. If you are unable to pass this urine to analysis to the laboratory, then you can conduct a test to determine the nature of the turbidity.
To distinguish salts in urine from other variants of turbidity at home, you can slightly warm the liquid. If the turbidity is formed by salts, then it can either increase or decrease until it disappears. Turbidity, formed by epithelial cells, pus, bacterial agents or mucus, does not change its concentration at all when urine is heated.
Causes of change in the smell of urine
The smell of fresh urine is normal - not sharp and not irritating.Most often, the following pathological odors of urine are noted:
1.
The smell of ammonia in the urine is characteristic of the development of inflammation of the mucous membrane of the urinary tract (cystitis, pyelitis, nephritis).
2.
The smell of fruits (apples) in the urine develops in the presence of ketone bodies in people with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
Causes of changes in the acidity of urine
The acidity of urine (pH) can change into an alkaline and into an acidic region, depending on the type of pathological process.The reasons for the formation of acidic and alkaline urine are shown in the table:
Causes of changes in the density of urine
The relative density of urine depends on the function of the kidneys, therefore, a violation of this indicator develops with various diseases of this organ.Today, the following options for changing the density of urine are distinguished:
1.
Hyperstenuria - urine high density, more than 1030-1035.
2.
Hypostenuria - urine with a low density, in the range of 1007-1015.
3.
Isosthenuria - low density primary urine, 1010 or less.
A single excretion of urine with high or low density does not give grounds for identifying the syndrome of hypostenuria or hyperstenuria. These syndromes are characterized by prolonged urine output during the day and at night, with high or low density.
Pathological conditions, causing violations of the density of urine, are reflected in the table:
| Hyperstenuria | Hypostenuria | Isosthenuria |
| Diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 (the density of urine can reach 1040 and above) | diabetes insipidus | Chronic renal severe insufficiency degree |
| Acute glomerulonephritis | Resorption of edema and inflammation infiltrates (the period after the inflammatory process) | Subacute and chronic jade severe |
| congestive kidney | Nutritional dystrophy (partial starvation, deficiency nutrients etc.) | Nephrosclerosis |
| nephrotic syndrome | Chronic pyelonephritis | |
| Edema formation | chronic nephritis | |
| Convergence of edema | Chronic renal failure | |
| Diarrhea | Nephrosclerosis (degeneration of the kidney tissue into connective) | |
| Glomerulonephritis | ||
| Interstitial nephritis |
Determination of chemicals in urine for various diseases
As we can see, the physical properties of urine in the presence of any diseases can change quite significantly. In addition to changes in physical properties, various chemical substances, which are normally absent or present in trace amounts. Consider, in which diseases there is an increase in concentration, or the appearance in the urine of the following substances: - protein;
- bile acids (pigments);
- indican;
- ketone bodies.
Causes of protein in the urine (proteinuria)
The appearance of protein in the urine can be caused by various reasons, which are classified into several groups, depending on the origin. An abnormal increase in the concentration of protein in the urine above 0.03 g is called proteinuria. Depending on the protein concentration, moderate, moderate and severe degrees of proteinuria are distinguished. Moderate proteinuria is characterized by a loss of protein up to 1 g/day, medium - 1-3 g/day, severe - more than 3 g/day.Types of proteinuria
Depending on the origin, the following types of proteinuria are distinguished:- renal (kidney);
- congestive;
- toxic;
- feverish;
- extrarenal (extrarenal);
- neurogenic.
| Type of proteinuria | Reasons for the development of proteinuria |
| Renal (kidney) |
|
| stagnant |
|
| toxic | Use of the following medications at very high doses: salicylates, isoniazid, painkillers, and gold compounds |
| feverish | A severe increase in body temperature caused by any disease |
| Extrarenal (extrarenal) |
|
| neurogenic |
|
Causes of glucose (sugar) in the urine
The presence of glucose in the urine is called glucosuria. The most common cause of glucosuria is diabetes mellitus, but there are other pathologies that lead to this symptom. So, glycosuria is divided into the following types:
1.
Pancreatic.
2.
Renal.
3.
Hepatic.
4.
Symptomatic.
Pancreatic glucosuria develops against the background of diabetes mellitus. Renal glucosuria is a reflection of metabolic pathology, and occurs with early age. Hepatic glucosuria can develop with hepatitis, traumatic organ damage, or as a result of poisoning with toxic substances.
Symptomatic glucosuria is caused by the following pathological conditions:
- concussions;
- hyperthyroidism (increased concentration of thyroid hormones in the blood);
- acromegaly;
- Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome;
- pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal glands).
Causes of bilirubin in urine
Bilirubin in the urine appears with parenchymal or obstructive jaundice. Parenchymal jaundice includes acute hepatitis and cirrhosis. Obstructive jaundice is various options obstruction of the bile ducts with an obstruction to the normal outflow of bile (for example, cholelithiasis, calculous cholecystitis).Reasons for the appearance of urobilinogen in the urine
Urobilinogen at a concentration exceeding 10 µmol / day is determined in the urine with the following pathologies:- infectious hepatitis;
- chronic hepatitis;
- cirrhosis of the liver ;
- tumors or metastases to the liver;
- hemoglobinuria (hemoglobin or blood in the urine);
- hemolytic jaundice (hemolytic disease of the newborn, hemolytic anemia);
- infectious diseases (malaria, scarlet fever);
- fever of any cause;
- the process of resorption of foci of hemorrhage;
- volvulus;
- bile acids (pigments);
- indican.
Causes of Bile Acids and Indican in Urine
Bile acids (pigments) appear in the urine with an increase in the concentration of direct bilirubin in the blood above 17-34 mmol / l.Causes of bile acids in urine:
- Botkin's disease;
- hepatitis;
- obstructive jaundice (calculous cholecystitis, cholelithiasis);
- cirrhosis of the liver.
Causes of ketone bodies in urine
Ketone bodies include acetone, hydroxybutyric acid, and acetoacetic acid.Reasons for the appearance of ketone bodies in the urine:
- diabetes mellitus and high degree gravity;
- fever;
- severe vomiting;
- therapy with large doses of insulin for a long period of time;
- eclampsia of pregnant women;
- hemorrhage in the brain;
- traumatic brain injury;
- poisoning with lead, carbon monoxide, atropine, etc.
Deciphering the microscopy of the urinary sediment
One of the most informative fragments of a general urinalysis is sediment microscopy, in which the amount various elements located in the same field of view.Leukocytes, pus in the urine - possible causes of the appearance
An increase in the number of leukocytes more than 5 in the field of view indicates a pathological process inflammatory nature. An excess of white blood cells is called pyuria - pus in the urine. Reasons for the appearance of leukocytes in the urine:
- acute pyelonephritis;
- acute pyelitis;
- acute pyelocystitis;
- acute glomerulonephritis;
- treatment with aspirin, ampicillin;
- heroin use.
Sometimes, urine is stained to clarify the diagnosis: the presence of neutrophilic leukocytes is characteristic of pyelonephritis, and lymphocytes are characteristic of glomerulonephritis.
Erythrocytes, blood in the urine - possible causes of the appearance
RBCs in urine may be present in various quantities, and at their high concentration they speak of blood in the urine. By the number of erythrocytes in the urinary sediment, one can judge the development of the disease and the effectiveness of the treatment used.Reasons for the appearance of red blood cells in the urine:
- glomerulonephritis (acute and chronic);
- pyelitis;
- pyelocystitis;
- chronic renal failure;
- injury (bruise, rupture) of the kidneys, urethra or bladder;
- tuberculosis of the kidney and urinary tract;
- tumors;
- taking certain medications (sulfa drugs, urotropin, anticoagulants).
Cylinders in the urine - possible causes of the appearance
Among all types of cylinders, the appearance of hyaline is most often noted in the urinary sediment. All other types of cylinders (granular, waxy, epithelial, etc.) appear much less frequently.The reasons for the detection of various types of cylinders in the urine are presented in the table:
| Type of cylinders urinary sediment | Causes of the appearance of cylinders in the urine |
| hyaline |
|
| grainy |
|
| waxy |
|
| Erythrocyte |
|
| epithelial |
|
Epithelial cells in the urine - possible causes of the appearance
Epithelial cells are not just counted, but also divided into three types - squamous epithelium, transitional and renal.Squamous epithelial cells in the urinary sediment are detected at various inflammatory pathologies urethra - urethritis. In women, a small increase in squamous cells in the urine may not be a sign of pathology. The appearance of squamous epithelial cells in the urine of men no doubt indicates the presence of urethritis.
Transitional epithelial cells in the urinary sediment are detected with cystitis, pyelitis, or pyelonephritis. hallmarks pyelonephritis in this situation is the appearance of transitional epithelial cells in the urine, combined with protein and a shift in the reaction to the acid side.
Cells of the renal epithelium appear in the urine with a serious and deep lesion of the organ. So, most often, renal epithelial cells are detected with nephritis, amyloid or lipoid nephrosis, or poisoning.
Pathologies leading to the release of salts into the urine
Crystals of various salts may appear in the urine and are normal, for example, due to dietary characteristics. However, in some diseases, the excretion of salts in the urine is also noted.Various diseases that cause the appearance of salts in the urine are presented in the table:
The table shows the most common salts that have diagnostic value.
Mucus and bacteria in the urine are possible causes
Mucus in the urine is determined with urolithiasis or long-term chronic inflammation of the urinary tract (cystitis, urethritis, etc.). In men, mucus may appear in the urine with prostatic hyperplasia. The appearance of bacteria in the urine is called bacteriuria. It is caused by an acute infectious and inflammatory process occurring in the organs of the urinary system (for example, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis, etc.).
General analysis urine provides a sufficiently large amount of information that can be used to make an accurate diagnosis in combination with other techniques. However, remember that even the most precise analysis does not allow diagnosing any disease, since for this it is necessary to take into account clinical symptoms, and data from objective examinations.
Urine analysis plays important role during the examination of a person, but not everyone understands, which can be determined from the results of the study. Urine contains many metabolic products. By the presence of salts, enzymes, proteins, the doctor draws up a picture of the state of the internal organs, especially the kidneys.
What parameters are taken into account in the study
Clinical examination helps to determine the microbiological, chemical and physical composition. The study takes into account the color, transparency, smell, density and other parameters of urine.
By color, you can easily determine the presence of diseases:
- Hepatitis.
- Cirrhosis.
- Blockage of the bile ducts.
In a person with normal health the color varies from amber to yellow. A change in hue can occur due to medication or food intake, as aspirin contributes to a pinkish tint. In a sick person, fluid can acquire greenish color which cannot be overlooked at the first inspection of the material.
In a person without health problems, the liquid is transparent, turbidity appears when the amount of protein, mucus, bacteria and components increases.
In a sick person, not only the color changes, but also the smell of the liquid. It begins to smell sharply of ammonia or rot, as usually happens during infectious infections.
According to the pH reaction, a person can determine the presence of an infection in the bladder and urethra. When examining the fluid of a healthy person, the reaction is always slightly acidic, an increase in acidity indicates a disease.
Must be checked specific gravity, v normal condition it should be 1.008-1.024, and in case of kidney disease it drops to 1.000. Should not show the analysis and the presence of a protein that appears in diseases of the ureters, kidneys.
Violation of the production of thyroid hormones, diabetes mellitus, nephritis and other diseases manifest themselves in the form of the presence of glucose, which, like protein, should not be present in urine. If diabetes mellitus develops in an advanced stage, acetone bodies appear in addition to glucose. Bodies begin to be produced when glucose metabolism in the body is disturbed, but at a later date.
There are substances that are always present in a certain number in a liquid, but an increase in their number indicates the appearance of new problem. For example, bilirubin in a minimal amount is always excreted. If it becomes more than normal means that the person has problems with the liver.
Like bilirubin, red blood cells are also found during the study, but for men the norm is only 0-1, an increase in the indicator already indicates the presence of blood. The reason may be enough serious problems: pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis. Blood may appear when the stone moves through the urethra, with this result, appoint additional examination to reveal the true cause.
Read also: Candles with propolis from prostatitis - treatment with minimal risk for health
The last component, which in the amount of 0-3 pcs. is in the fluid in men - leukocytes. Any inflammatory disease is accompanied by an increase in this parameter.
Biochemical analysis
In medicine, this type of research is also called a fence for trace elements. Based on the information received, you can find out if a person has:
- inflammatory processes or rheumatic;
- liver problems;
- failures in water-salt metabolism.
Violation of the balance between microelements leads to the appearance of pathologies. If you find them on early stages, it can be eliminated during the course of treatment.
According to the data received, the doctor finds out how many lipids, carbohydrates, inorganic substances, enzymes a person has.
- Elderly men.
- Young people during puberty.
- Everyone who works in industrial enterprises.
- Athletes.
- Men who are constantly stressed.
- Patients with chronic diseases.
What is a fence according to Nechiporenko
Everyone at least once in their life passed a similar urine sampling, but few understood what it was for and what it gives the doctor in the end.
As a rule, such an analysis is prescribed for suspected inflammatory processes. urinary tract which may be acute or chronic. It is in the process of this study that the exact amount can be determined:
- leukocytes;
- cylinders;
- erythrocytes.
Erythrocytes are red blood cells that help carry oxygen. They should not be determined more than three, if the value is exceeded, we can speak with full confidence about the pathology of the genitourinary system.
Leukocytes are responsible for immune control, if they are more than normal, it means that a person suffers from an inflammatory disease.
In the case when the patient has a severe pathology, cylinders appear, which are formed in renal tubules. The cylinders do not have a constant composition, sometimes it is protein, in other cases, desquamated cells. An increase in their number already indicates that a person has a viral infection or a hypertensive problem that needs to be addressed quickly, before complications appear.
Fence on Zimnitsky
Such a fence is aimed at a qualitative assessment of the work of the kidneys. The analysis is aimed at finding out how much water is produced by the body per day, what is its density, how the volume of liquid is distributed during the day, but this is not all that can be learned from urine analysis.
By volume daily amount produced fluid can determine whether a person has diabetes mellitus, kidney failure. If the volume is reduced, the doctor is inclined to believe that the person has impaired normal functioning of the kidneys or has heart failure.
How color changes depending on the disease
When there are no pathologies, the color is straw yellow or more intense in color. Doctors admit the possibility of changing the shade if it is not some kind of disease. When a person has a pathology, the color becomes:
- Like in shade strong tea if there are disorders in the liver or gallbladder.
- A red tint indicates glomerulonephritis.
- Generally colorless or pale yellow urine is indicative of kidney disease.
- With inflammation of the urinary tract, transparency disappears.
Density, glucose and protein availability, what they say
By density, the doctor determines how much the kidneys are able to concentrate or dilute urine. Within one day, fluctuations in the indicator can be quite serious and this is not always associated with a disease; in some cases, a change in the normal parameter can be caused by the intake or absence of water and food.
External signs are a signal that the body gives. The color of urine, which is formed due to blood filtration, is a sign of a person's condition. It is not difficult to determine the disease by urine, having basic knowledge. In a healthy person, urine is transparent yellow, sometimes rich yellow. The indicators depend on the concentration of urine. If it is transparent yellow, it means that you have drunk a lot of liquid. If it is rich yellow, it means that there is not too much water in the body. How to identify a disease visual sign?
Pathological causes of urine color in kidney disease
Every day, at a normal rate, a person should excrete from 800 ml to 1.5 liters during urination. The reasons for the abnormal color of the natural fluid are those components that should not be in the urine (erythrocytes, proteins, leukocytes, etc.). In the presence of such components, it is possible to identify what is happening in the body pathological processes which are important to pay close attention to. Urine color is an important landmark for diagnosing the disease. The rate often varies with kidney disease.
But not only serious disorders in the body - the causes of color:
- Some vitamins, after taking which and.
- Carrots are always bright orange.
- Medicines contain dyes that affect the color of urine.
- Age is also considered a factor in changing color characteristics.
- At physical stresses in adults after 50 years of age, particles of blood can enter the urine, staining the urine reddish.
light urine
It is believed that light urine means the body is healthy. But too light urine is also found in diseases - diabetes, cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis. During pregnancy, urine acquires a light-transparent color. different view vitamin leads to the fact that the body can not digest useful elements. As a result, such elements in urine change color to sandy. A yellow biofluid with a sandy color is a consequence of the disease, it happens during the formation of stones and sand.
What does bright coloring say: neon yellow, yellow
Neon coloring indicates taking vitamins to improve health, or taking medications. The danger is that an excess of vitamin substances leads to a disease called hypervitaminosis. Drugs such as nitrofurans (used for inflammatory processes human body) is able to make urine bright yellow. Daily use of a different coloring product (carrot juice, asparagus) increases the amount of bright yellow pigment.
Coloration dark: golden or dark yellow
The dark color of urine indicates health hazards. But don't be so quick to worry. Dark color varieties range from dark brown, brown to golden. First, determine what color your urine is. To do this, make sure that the lighting is sufficient for correct conclusion. It is important to check if there are any dye residues on the toilet bowl. The spectrum of causes of discoloration is wide - from harmless to life-threatening.
If the dark color of urine has appeared recently, remember what food you ate in Lately. Blackberries, foods with dyes, rhubarb, and liquorice candy can cause temporary urine coloration. If you accept medical preparations(sleeping pills, laxatives, medical dyes for diagnostics), there is an effect of changing the tone of the biofluid. Very dark coloration possible with kidney disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis, bleeding). It is advisable to immediately go to the urologist to determine the definition true reason. To do this, you will do a urine test.
Dark or dark yellow urine
Talks about kidney disease and these types of problems:
- Dehydration. With frequent vomiting or diarrhea, low water intake, the biofluid is concentrated with nitrogenous slags, which gives a dark yellow color.
- Excessive consumption of food or medicinal supplements.
- The first symptoms of illness and disorder. Liver infections, anemia, jaundice, hepatitis change the breakdown of red blood cells, which stains urine in an unusual color.
The content of the article:
Violation of urination is the most common pathology of the urinary organs, which can manifest itself with a whole range of symptoms. Along with this, there are many reasons that trigger pathological processes. Some of them are the same for both men and women, while others may be inherent in only one of the sexes. Treatment is prescribed depending on the underlying cause and comorbidities only an experienced doctor. For a more detailed acquaintance with this topic, we suggest reading this article.
- Read about for treating problems in a man
Description and manifestations of urination disorders
A healthy body is able to maintain proper urination. However, when certain diseases and factors occur, the frequency and intensity of urine output, as well as its color and composition, may change. This gives rise to a series unpleasant symptoms, which indicate violations in the work of the urinary system - a disorder in the process of excretion of urine.
Violation of urination is a multifaceted concept, because. This pathology has several manifestations. These include:
- Enuresis. Lack of control of urine output, in other words - incontinence. Sometimes urges are completely absent or appear suddenly. Enuresis is a common urinary disorder in children and the elderly. Distinguish between day and night.
- stranguria. Urination is characterized by high frequency and difficult and painful excretion, the occurrence of sudden urges that are almost impossible to control. At the same time, urine is excreted in small quantities.
- Pollakiuria. Increased urination. Most often occurs with inflammation of the lower urinary tract, less often - upper tracts and kidneys.
- Ishuria. Characterized by the impossibility of self-emptying Bladder. Special devices, such as catheters, are used to drain urine. Ischuria can be of several types, for example, acute or chronic. In this case, urinary retention can be complete or partial. A special form is paradoxical ischuria, in which a person is not able to voluntarily urinate, but urine is still involuntarily excreted by drip.
- Dysuria. This is a broader concept. Firstly, it means difficulty in the process of excretion of urine due to pathological compression of the urinary tract or blockage, as well as spasms. Secondly, it is often used, speaking of painful frequent urination.
- Polyuria. This concept used to describe a pathology characterized by excessive urine production. Sometimes volumes exceed 3 liters per day. Most often, polyuria occurs against the background of the use of a large amount of fluid. In this case, it is called physiological, it is safe and temporary. However, often the excessive formation of excrement by the kidneys occurs due to serious disorders in the body. Then diagnostic procedures are required to identify the root cause of polyuria. Treatment should be carried out comprehensively.
- Oliguria. This is the opposite of polyuria. Indicates insufficient production of urine by the kidneys. It can also be physiological, occurring against the background of insufficient fluid intake or intensive removal of moisture through the sweat glands. Pathological oliguria occurs due to disorders in the body, for example, indigestion, fluid retention or bleeding. Treatment is aimed at eliminating the underlying cause.
- nocturia. This diagnosis is made in the case when the excretion of urine to a greater extent occurs at night. Such changes occur with lesions of the autonomic nervous system. Often nocturia occurs with chronic kidney failure in the early stages.
- Anuria. This complete absence urine in the bladder. It is a rather rare occurrence. May be caused by mechanical compression or blockage of both ureters, impaired renal function, or other causes.
Causes of the development of urination disorders
In the process of urination, not only the organs of the urinary system are involved, but also part of the nervous system and some muscles. So, ensuring the accumulation, retention and excretion of urine is regulated by somatic and autonomic nervous systems who must cooperate impeccably in this matter. In other words, to ensure the physiological coordination of the muscles in the bladder and sphincters urethra.
In addition, an important role in this process some striated muscles play, in particular, these are the muscles of the perineum, abdominals and urogenital diaphragm. Violations in the work of the described systems and muscles steadily lead to a disorder in the excretion of urine.
However, this cannot be considered the only reason. Evil Influence can also have other organs and organ systems, as well as microorganisms that have entered the body, triggering the development infectious diseases, mutations at the gene level and much more.
Steadily lead to violations of the process of excretion of urine various diseases and inflammatory processes of the urinary system. These include: urethritis, pyelonephritis, urogenital fistulas, infectious and fungal diseases, urolithiasis disease and etc.
The following reasons are considered common for all ages and genders:
- Prolonged or sharp overstrain of the body (physical or nervous);
- foot hypothermia, lumbar or the whole organism;
- Alcohol intoxication even mild degree, other types of intoxication of the body;
- Taking medications that can affect the process of urine output;
- Neoplasms both in the urinary system and in other organs and tissues of the body;
- Appendicitis;
- Injuries to organs associated with the release of urine;
- Damage to the brain and / or spinal cord;
- Diseases of the nervous system;
- Foreign body in the urinary tract;
- out of control sex life, frequent change partners, frequent sexual contacts;
- Congenital anomalies in the development of the urinary system;
- Multiple sclerosis.
The following conditions and diagnoses contribute to the development of urination disorders in the female body: pregnancy, omission or prolapse of the uterus, premenstrual syndrome, genital endometriosis, reflex ischuria postpartum period, malignant neoplasms, diseases of the vulva (dystrophic diseases, herpes, warts, vulvitis, synechia), thrush, etc.
Urination disorders in women, arising from the fault of inflammatory processes, are characterized by a higher frequency than in men. It's connected with anatomical features female body. In men, the urethra is longer, making it difficult for pathogens to pass through. The location of the urethra is also important. In women, it is located in close proximity to the anus and vagina, where there is a rich microflora that is not inherent in the urinary system. As a result, the risk and frequency of infection increases.
The main symptoms of urination disorders
In addition to the immediate disruption of the urine excretion process, a person may experience a number of other symptoms.
These include:
- Pain when emptying the bladder;
- change in the color of urine;
- Weak jet;
- Interruption of the outflow of urine;
- Burning or itching in the perineum;
- Fever (is an indicator of severe intoxication and an indication for hospitalization);
- Pain in the lower abdomen;
- Availability whitish discharge from the genital tract.
Without proper treatment or prolonged absence necessary therapy, complications may develop, which will be more difficult to deal with.
TO possible consequences include:
- The extreme degree of impaired renal function, in other words - acute renal failure;
- The development of inflammation in the kidneys (acute and chronic pyelonephritis);
- Inflammation of the bladder (acute or chronic cystitis);
- The appearance of erythrocytes in the urine in large numbers - macrohematuria (blood in the urine is determined even visually, without laboratory research);
- The occurrence of irritation on the skin;
- Severe intoxication of the body, sometimes fatal.
Diagnosis of urinary disorders
To identify problems in the functioning of the urinary tract, first of all, you need to contact a urologist, who will draw up an examination plan.
The following types are used to study the bladder and functions diagnostic methods and procedures:
- . This is the first diagnostic procedure to be carried out. The results may show the presence or absence of leukocytes and erythrocytes, strains of certain pathogenic bacteria, protein.
- Patient examination. Probing the area in the lower abdomen allows you to determine the fullness of the bladder and draw a conclusion about the diagnosis - ischuria (retention) or anuria (lack of urine). Women are often referred for a consultation with a gynecologist.
- Seeding for flora. Gives an idea of the bacterial composition of urine.
- Pap smear for genital infections. It is necessary to detect imbalances in the microflora. Allows you to determine the strain of bacteria with high accuracy.
- Ultrasonography. The object of ultrasound is the whole urinary system- kidneys, urinary tract, bladder, etc. As a result, you can get data on the presence foreign bodies, stones, tumors, determine the volume and nature of the contents of the bladder, as well as the structure and size of the kidneys. Men are often prescribed an ultrasound of the prostate gland to assess its condition and the degree of participation in the disorder of urination.
- Blood test. A general analysis shows the presence of an inflammatory process, the composition and some other blood parameters. Biochemical analysis helps to identify signs of impaired renal function, based on elevated levels of uric acid, urea, creatinine.
- Other Methods. In addition to the described procedures and methods, urography is also prescribed, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, cytoscopy, consultation of other specialists (neurologist, nephrologist, therapist, gynecologist, urologist).
Features of the treatment of urination disorders
After determining the causes that caused incontinence, urinary retention or other disorders of the urinary system, it is urgent to start treatment. Medicines and treatment procedures are prescribed depending on the underlying diagnosis, taking into account the symptoms of urinary excretion disorder. Treatment of urinary disorders may include strengthening muscles, fighting infections, normalizing the functioning of the nervous and of cardio-vascular system, hormone therapy, electrical stimulation, the use of assistive devices and much more. Let's take a look at the most common urinary disorders treatment options.
Physical exercises for violations of the outflow of urine
Physical education for patients with pathologies of the urinary system is quite important. It performs a number of valuable functions, which include:
- Increased blood flow;
- Normalization of metabolism;
- Improving the excretion of urine;
- Activation of important processes in the body;
- Strengthening the abdominal muscles;
- Strengthen the muscles that support posture to maintain physiological position kidneys;
- Strengthening the muscles of the thighs and buttocks;
- Normalization of the respiratory system.
The outflow of urine is facilitated by a 20-minute stay in the treatment room. knee-elbow position. In order to take this position, you need to kneel down, then stretch the body forward and add two more points of support - the elbows. For comfort, you can use softening rugs or pillows.
Treatment of urination disorders in infectious lesions with drugs
Taking drugs from the groups of antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal drugs is indicated for the spread of infection from the bottom up, i.e. from the lower urinary tract to the kidneys. An unpleasant manifestation of the disease recedes or weakens rather quickly - in 2-4 days. The type of drug is chosen by the doctor based on laboratory data after diagnosis.
Let's bring short list drugs used in the treatment of infectious diseases of the urinary system:
- Trimethoprim. Bacteriostatic and antibacterial agent. Actively affects both gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms. May be combined with Sulfamethoxazole to achieve a bactericidal effect.
- Amoxicillin. It has a wide spectrum of action as an antibacterial agent. Produces bacteriostatic effect. Has a wide list side effects and interacts differently with other drugs.
- Ciprofloxacin. It has a bactericidal and antibacterial effect. Has a wide spectrum of action. The main action is associated with the inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase. Practically does not affect the cells of the body, i.e. has low toxicity to humans.
- Fluconazole. It is an antifungal drug. It is active in the treatment of thrush, one of the symptoms of which is problems with urination. Simultaneous administration with Astemizol and Terfenadine is not recommended.
- Nitrofurantoin (Furadonin). Produces an antibacterial effect. Some medicines reduce the antibacterial activity of the drug. It is used to treat infections of the genitourinary system.
- Acyclovir. Has antiviral properties. Used in the treatment of herpetic viral infections. Valuable in the treatment of urinary disorders caused by herpes, to eliminate the root cause.
- Cycloferon (Acridonacetic acid). Models immunity, fights viruses. Able to trigger the synthesis of the patient's own interferon. Helps reduce inflammation. Active against the herpes virus.
If there are no symptoms in the presence of bacteria in the urinary system, then medications, for example, Amoxicillin, are prescribed only during pregnancy.
During treatment, the patient must adhere to simple rules that will stimulate recovery. These include adherence to bed and drinking regimen. Being in bed can be combined with the application of a warm heating pad. This will improve blood circulation, the effectiveness of drugs and speed up the healing process.
Use increased amount liquid, namely pure non-carbonated water with minerals, stimulates the accelerated leaching of pathogenic microorganisms, preventing bacteria from lingering on the walls of the mucosa. It is forbidden to drink tea, coffee, drinks with gas, alcohol, to prevent irritation of the bladder.
Treatment of urinary incontinence with surgery
Surgical intervention is indicated in the absence of the effect of conservative therapy or in the presence of mechanical causes.
Operational procedures have the following objectives:
- Creation of a synthetic or organic urethral sphincter;
- Enlargement of the sphincter through the introduction of collagen, teflon, adipose tissue, or others;
- Fixation of the bladder;
- Correction of congenital malformations, correction of abnormally developed elements of the urinary system;
- Removal of foreign bodies or neoplasms that caused problems with the excretion of feces by the kidneys;
- Sewing of an implant into the area of the bladder walls, the purpose of which is to stimulate normal muscle contraction in the region of the urethra.
Treatment of urinary disorders with folk remedies
An excellent addition to the main therapy are folk remedies that can support the body on the path to recovery. Their main role is to relieve symptoms, alleviate general condition patient.
Here are some traditional medicine recipes:
- . In order to combat pathogenic microflora, various products containing this ingredient are used. It could be like alcohol tincture and homemade jam. To prepare an alcoholic infusion, the fruits of a tea rose are poured medical alcohol and leave to infuse for a few days. The signal that the product is ready is the acquisition of a yellowish tint by the solution. Reception is carried out twice a day. The volume of one dose is 10 drops.
- Walnut. The cooking process is quite simple. Both the leaves and the bark of the tree are used. The available ingredients are crushed to the state of a powder, which is taken up to 3 times a day for only 10 g. The powder is not diluted, but washed down with warm water.
- Birch. The leaves of the tree, previously dried, are carefully crushed and poured with dry white wine. The resulting mixture is boiled for 25 minutes, cooled and filtered. Then add 30 ml of honey and take up to 3 times a day, 50-70 ml after meals.
- Rose hip. This is very effective remedy. The crushed fruits are placed in glassware up to half and poured with vodka. Withstand without access to light for a week. In the process of infusion, it is necessary to shake the contents. After the end of the weekly period, the fruits can be removed from the container. The result is a light brown liquid, which is used up to 3 times a day, 10 drops shortly before meals.
Preventive measures for urinary incontinence
It is impossible to protect oneself from all diseases, because it is impossible to guess where, when and for what reasons health may deteriorate. However, one should not rely on chance and, in order to reduce the risk of any disease, as many preventive measures as possible should be taken, many of which should be closely integrated into a person’s lifestyle.
There is no special vaccine that protects a person from problems with urination, because such a violation of the function of the body has big list possible causes described earlier. In this regard, it is required general strengthening body, increasing immunity, which will greatly help protect against the occurrence of many dangerous diseases.
Here is an approximate list of preventive measures to prevent the onset of urination disorders:
- Systematic visit medical specialists for health control;
- Timely treatment of emerging sexual infections;
- Safe sexual relations;
- Healthy nutrition for sustainable normal weight body;
- Normal level physical activity to keep muscles in good shape, and special training pelvic floor muscles;
- Rejection of bad habits;
- The correct mode of work and rest, wakefulness and sleep;
- Replenishment of vitamin reserves, nephrologists advise drinking cranberry juice, which can prevent the development of bacteria inside the urinary tract;
- Proper hygiene;
- Regular urination as a prevention of stagnation of urine and the development of infections.
The problem of the functionality of the urinary system can be an independent disease, but is also recorded great amount cases when this pathology is a consequence of other dangerous diseases. No matter how the case dictates, it is necessary to be extremely attentive to your health and adequately respond to the appearance of certain symptoms so as not to start the underlying disease and not lose precious time.