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How organs move during pregnancy. Changes in the location of internal organs during pregnancy. Psychological changes during pregnancy

Pregnancy this is a normal (physiological) process that occurs in a woman's body during fetal development. During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes profound transformations. With the normal development of pregnancy, all the changes that take place in the body of a woman are aimed at creating a harmonious relationship between the mother's body and the body. developing fetus. Also, from the very first days of pregnancy, the body of a pregnant woman begins to prepare for future childbirth and breastfeeding.

Below we take a closer look at the most important changes in the body of a woman during pregnancy, as well as their importance for normal evolution of pregnancy itself, childbirth and the period of breastfeeding.

Body systems that undergo changes during pregnancy
From the very first days of pregnancy, the body of a pregnant woman undergoes profound transformations. These transformations are the result of the coordinated work of almost all body systems, as well as the result of the interaction of the mother's body with the child's body.

Changes in the nervous and endocrine systems
The main roles in the implementation of the transformations of the female body during pregnancy are played by the nervous and endocrine systems.

At the level central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), complex nervous mechanisms are launched aimed at maintaining the constancy of substances in the body of a pregnant woman necessary for the normal development of the fetus. For example, it has been noted that up to the 39th week of pregnancy, impulses coming from the sensitive receptors of the uterus are blocked at the level spinal cord, which allows the preservation of pregnancy and prevents premature birth. Changes in the central nervous system lead to some changes in the mood and behavior of a pregnant woman. Especially in the first weeks of pregnancy, a woman may notice increased irritability, fatigue, drowsiness - all these are defense mechanisms developed by the central nervous system to prevent excessive fatigue of a pregnant woman. Changes in smell (intolerance to certain odors), taste and gastronomic preferences, as well as incoming nausea, vomiting and dizziness are associated with a change in the tone of the vagus nerve (the nerve that regulates the functioning of most of the internal organs).

It is well known that the nervous and endocrine systems are in close interaction. This interaction is especially clear during pregnancy, the normal course of which is the result of the interaction of these two systems. The inclusion of the endocrine system in the development of pregnancy takes place even before the moment of fertilization. The normal functioning of the hypothalamus (the center of the brain responsible for the transmission of nerve signals from the nervous system to the endocrine system), the pituitary gland (the central human endocrine gland) and the ovaries (the gonads of the woman's body), make it possible for the development of the egg and prepare the female reproductive system to fertilization. From the first days of pregnancy until the 10th week, the development of pregnancy is supported by hormones secreted by the ovaries. During this period, there is intensive growth fetal placenta. The placenta, as you know, in addition to the role of nutrition of the fetus, also carries out the synthesis of hormones necessary for the normal development of pregnancy. The main hormone of the placenta is estriol (it is also called the protector of pregnancy). This hormone stimulates the development of blood vessels and improves the supply of oxygen to the fetus and nutrients.

In smaller quantities, the placenta synthesizes estrone and estradiol. Under the influence of these hormones, the genital organs of a pregnant woman grow: the uterus, vagina, mammary glands, an increase in the volume of circulating blood in the mother's body (to improve the nutrition of the fetus). In case of violation of the functioning of the placenta (during various diseases of the mother or fetus), abortion or impaired fetal development (underdevelopment).

Also, the placenta synthesizes progesterone, which stimulates the development of the mammary glands and prepares them for lactation. Under the action of progesterone, the muscles of the uterus and intestines relax. Progesterone has an inhibitory effect on the nervous system, determining the drowsiness and fatigue described above. Importance has the effect of progesterone on the development of adipose tissue of a pregnant woman. The storage of nutrients in adipose tissue during pregnancy is necessary to ensure fetal nutrition and milk production in the postpartum period.

In addition to hormones synthesized in the placenta, important role play various hormones produced by the endocrine system of the mother's body. It should be noted that on early stages development, the body of the fetus is not able to synthesize many hormones, but they come to it from the mother's body. So, for example, extremely an important factor fetal development are thyroid hormones. These hormones stimulate bone formation, brain growth and development, and energy production. To meet the needs of the fetus, the mother's body synthesizes large amounts of hormones.

Various incoming changes, such as skin pigmentation and an increase in the width of bones and facial contours, occur due to the action of the pituitary gland of a pregnant woman, which synthesizes melanotropin (a hormone that stimulates the production of skin pigment) and somatotropin (a hormone that stimulates body growth).

Changes in the metabolic process
Metabolic changes during pregnancy are aimed at meeting the needs of the developing fetus. It is clear that for normal course metabolism, and, consequently, the development of the fetus requires the normal functioning of metabolic processes in the mother's body.

To increase the amount of assimilated food, the mother's body produces more digestive enzymes. At the level of the lungs, oxygen saturation increases. This is mainly due to an increase in the number of red blood cells, and an increase in the content of hemoglobin in them.

In the blood of a pregnant woman, there is an increase in the concentration of glucose and insulin, as well as fatty acids, proteins and amino acids. All these nutrients pass through the placenta into the blood of the fetus, thereby providing the developing organism with material for growth and development.

It is important to change the metabolism of minerals in the body of a pregnant woman. There is an increase in the concentration in the blood of many minerals: iron, calcium, phosphorus, copper, cobalt, magnesium. Like nutrients, these elements enter the blood of the fetus through the placenta and are used by the growing body for development.

During pregnancy, the woman's body's need for vitamins increases. This is due to the intensification of metabolic processes, both in the body of a pregnant woman, and with the fact that part of the vitamins from the mother's body passes into the body of the hearth and is used by them for their own development.

Changes in internal organs during pregnancy
During pregnancy, many internal organs undergo significant restructuring. These changes are adaptive in nature, and, in most cases, are short-lived and completely disappear after childbirth.

The cardiovascular system mothers during pregnancy are forced to pump more blood to ensure an adequate supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. In this regard, during pregnancy, the thickness and strength of the heart muscles increase, the pulse and the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute increase. In addition, the volume of circulating blood increases. In some cases, blood pressure increases. The tone of blood vessels during pregnancy decreases, which creates favorable conditions for increased supply of tissues with nutrients and oxygen.

All of the above changes in the cardiovascular system completely disappear after childbirth.

Respiratory system works hard during pregnancy. The respiratory rate increases. This is due to an increase in the need of the mother and fetus for oxygen, as well as in the limitation of the respiratory movements of the diaphragm due to an increase in the size of the uterus, which occupies a significant space of the abdominal cavity.

The most significant changes, however, occur in the genitals of a pregnant woman. These changes prepare the woman's reproductive system for childbirth and breastfeeding.

Uterus pregnant woman increases significantly in size. Its mass increases from 50 g - at the beginning of pregnancy to 1200 g - at the end of pregnancy. The volume of the uterine cavity by the end of pregnancy increases by more than 500 times! The blood supply to the uterus is greatly increased. In the walls of the uterus, the number of muscle fibers increases. Cervix filled with thick mucus that clogs the cavity of the cervical canal. Fallopian tubes and ovaries also increase in size. One of the ovaries shows corpus luteum pregnancy" - a place of synthesis of hormones that support pregnancy.

The walls of the vagina loosen, become more elastic.

external genitalia(small and large labia), also increase in size and become more elastic. The tissues of the perineum are loosened. In addition, there is an increase in mobility in the joints of the pelvis and a divergence pubic bones. The changes in the genital tract described above are of extremely important physiological significance for childbirth. Loosening the walls, increasing the mobility and elasticity of the genital tract increases their throughput and facilitates the movement of the fetus through them during childbirth.

Leather in the genital area and along the midline of the abdomen, it usually becomes darker in color. Sometimes "stretch marks" (striae gravidarum) form on the skin of the lateral parts of the abdomen, which turn into whitish stripes after childbirth.

Milk glands increase in size, become more elastic, tense. When pressing on the nipple, colostrum (first milk) is released.

The body weight of a pregnant woman increases in size. Normal weight gain at the end of pregnancy is 10-12 kg. Or 12-14% of the body weight of a pregnant woman.

All the changes described above that occur during pregnancy should be distinguished from the signs of the so-called "imaginary" or "false pregnancy". A false pregnancy occurs when a non-pregnant woman is convinced that she is pregnant. This situation is observed in some cases in patients with mental or endocrine disorders. At the same time, the power of self-hypnosis of a woman is so great that there are some physiological changes characteristic of real pregnancy: enlargement of the mammary glands, the appearance of colostrum, the disappearance of menstruation. Examination of the patient helps to establish the diagnosis and recognize false pregnancy. It is also important to recognize a false pregnancy from a simulated pregnancy, in which a woman knows that she is not pregnant, but based on some considerations, she tries to convince others of the opposite.

Bibliography:

  • Kokhanevich E.V. Topical issues Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology, M Triada-X, 2006
  • Savelyeva G.M. Obstetrics, Medicine, M., 2000
  • Carr F. Obstetrics, gynecology and women's health, MEDpress-inform 2005

During pregnancy, a woman's body undergoes significant physiological changes that ensure the proper development of the fetus, prepare the body for upcoming birth and feeding. In that difficult period the load on all organs and systems of the woman's body increases significantly, which can lead to exacerbation chronic diseases and development of complications. That is why you should register as early as possible in antenatal clinic, go through all the necessary specialists and pass tests. This will allow adequate preventive measures and prepare for childbirth.

A heart

The cardiovascular system during pregnancy performs more intense work, as an additional placental circle of blood circulation appears in the body. Here the blood flow is so great that every minute 500 ml of blood passes through the placenta. The heart of a healthy woman during pregnancy easily adapts to additional loads: the mass of the heart muscle and cardiac output of blood increase. To meet the growing needs of the fetus in nutrients, oxygen and building materials, the volume of blood in the mother's body begins to increase, reaching a maximum by the 7th month of pregnancy. Instead of 4000 ml of blood, 5300-5500 ml circulates in the body now. In pregnant women with heart disease, this load can cause complications; that is why at 27-28 weeks they are recommended to be hospitalized in a specialized maternity hospital.

Blood pressure

Blood pressure during a normal pregnancy practically does not change. On the contrary, in women who have its increase to or in early dates pregnancy, in the middle of pregnancy it usually stabilizes and is in the range of 100/60-130/85 mm Hg. This is due to a decrease in the tone of peripheral blood vessels under the action of the hormone progesterone.

However, in last trimester pregnancy, blood pressure can rise, reaching very high values. High blood pressure (140/90 mmHg and above) is one of the signs late toxicosis pregnant. This condition is very dangerous and may require an emergency delivery.

Lungs

Due to the increase in the woman's body's need for oxygen during pregnancy, the activity of the lungs increases. Despite the fact that as pregnancy progresses, the diaphragm rises and restricts the respiratory movements of the lungs, their capacity increases. This is due to the expansion chest and also due to the expansion of the bronchi. Increasing the volume of inhaled air during pregnancy facilitates the removal of used oxygen by the fetus through the placenta. The respiratory rate does not change, remains 16-18 times per minute, slightly increasing towards the end of pregnancy. Therefore, if shortness of breath or other respiratory disorders occur, a pregnant woman should definitely consult a doctor.

kidneys

The kidneys during pregnancy function with great stress, as they remove the metabolic products of the pregnant woman herself and her growing fetus from the body. The amount of urine excreted varies depending on the amount of liquid drunk. A healthy pregnant woman excretes an average of 1200-1600 ml of urine per day, while 950-1200 ml of urine is excreted in daytime, the rest of the portion - at night.

Under the influence of the hormone progesterone Bladder decreases, which can lead to stagnation of urine. Under these conditions, the introduction of infection into the urinary tract is facilitated, therefore, in pregnant women, an exacerbation of pyelonephritis often occurs. About infection urinary tract indicates the appearance of leukocytes in urine tests - more than 10-12 in the field of view.

In addition, the pregnant uterus, turning slightly to the right, can cause difficulty in the outflow of urine from the right kidney. In this case, the risk of hydronephrosis increases, that is, the expansion of the pelvis and cups due to excessive accumulation of urine in them.

Digestive organs

In the first 3 months of pregnancy, many women experience changes in the digestive organs: nausea and often vomiting in the morning (signs of early toxicosis), changes taste sensations, there is an attraction to unusual substances (clay, chalk). As a rule, these phenomena disappear by 3-4 months of pregnancy, sometimes at a later date. Under the influence of placental hormones, intestinal tone decreases, which often leads to constipation. The intestine is pushed up by the pregnant uterus, the stomach is also shifted upward and squeezed, while part of its contents can be thrown into the esophagus and cause heartburn (especially in the second half of pregnancy). In such cases, it is recommended to take antacids(eg, Maalox, Rennie), eating 2 hours before bedtime, and positioning in bed with a raised head end.

The liver during pregnancy works with a greater load, as it neutralizes the metabolic products of the woman herself and the fetus.

joints

During pregnancy, women experience some looseness in the joints. The joints of the pelvis become especially mobile, which facilitates the passage of the fetus through it during childbirth. Sometimes the softening of the pelvic joints is so pronounced that there is a slight divergence of the pubic bones. Then the pregnant woman has pain in the womb, a "duck" gait. This should be reported to the doctor and receive appropriate recommendations.

Milk glands

During pregnancy, the mammary glands are prepared for the upcoming feeding. They increase the number of lobules, adipose tissue, improves blood circulation. The mammary glands increase in size, the nipples become rough.

Sex organs

Biggest changes during pregnancy occur in the genitals and concern mainly the uterus. The pregnant uterus is constantly increasing in size, by the end of pregnancy its height reaches 35 cm instead of 7-8 cm outside of pregnancy, the weight increases to 1000-1200 g (without a fetus) instead of 50-100 g. The volume of the uterine cavity by the end of pregnancy increases by about 500 once. The change in the size of the uterus occurs due to an increase in the size of muscle fibers under the influence of placental hormones. Blood vessels expand, their number increases, they seem to braid the uterus. Irregular contractions of the uterus are observed, which become more active towards the end of pregnancy and are felt as a "squeeze". These so-called Braxton Hicks contractions, which are normal from the 30th week of pregnancy, are considered as training before the real contractions in childbirth.

The position of the uterus changes according to its size. By the end of the 3rd month of pregnancy, it goes beyond the pelvis, and closer to the birth it reaches the hypochondrium. The uterus is held in correct position ligaments that thicken and stretch during pregnancy. Pain that occurs on the sides of the abdomen, especially during a change in body position, is often caused by tension in the ligaments. The blood supply to the external genital organs increases, varicose veins may appear in the vagina and on the labia (the same varicose veins may also appear on lower limbs and in the rectum).

Weight gain

The growth of the fetus and physiological changes in the body of a pregnant woman affect her body weight. In a healthy woman, by the end of pregnancy, body weight increases by an average of 12 kg with fluctuations from 8 to 18 kg. Usually in the first half of pregnancy, it increases by 4 kg, in the second half - 2 times more. Weekly weight gain up to 20 weeks is approximately 300 + 30 g, from 21 to 30 weeks - 330 + 40 g and after 30 weeks before delivery - 340 + 30 g. In women with underweight before pregnancy, weekly weight gain may be even more.

Psychology of a woman

In addition to physiological changes in the body, a pregnant woman's mental state changes.

A woman's attitude to pregnancy and childbirth is influenced by various factors, including social, moral and ethical, economic, etc., as well as the characteristics of the personality of the pregnant woman herself.

In the first half of pregnancy, most women are more concerned own health, and in the second half, especially after the appearance of fetal movements, all the thoughts and concerns of the expectant mother are directed to the well-being of the fetus. A woman can approach a child with affectionate words, she fantasizes, endowing him with individual characteristics. Along with this, many women deliberately give up certain attachments and habits for the sake of the upcoming motherhood.

Also, pregnant women may have various fears and fears. During this period, a woman may be concerned about changes in appearance, loss of attractiveness, relationships with her husband. Close relatives (especially the husband) should become a reliable support for the pregnant woman and try to provide the woman with psychological comfort. For severe anxiety, depressed state pregnant women are advised to seek advice from a specialist.

With the onset of conception in the body of a woman, everything changes dramatically. The body begins to prepare for a new period. The body is tuned to provide proper development and good nutrition nascent little man. Some changes in the body of a pregnant woman are perfectly noticeable. They are seen by others, and the expectant mother feels. There are also those changes that are not felt at all and are not noticed. Let's see what changes the body of the fair sex undergoes, located in " interesting position».

Since the birth of a new life, the heart begins to experience a serious load. This is due to the appearance of the placental circle of blood circulation. The body begins to adapt to new conditions. There is an increase in the mass of the heart muscle. During the period of "interesting situation", the volume of circulating blood increases by about 40-55%. In absolute terms, this is 1.5 liters.

80% healthy women from the second trimester of pregnancy, a systolic murmur is heard. It occurs due to an increase in heart rate, stroke volume of the heart, and circulating blood volume. This is not a deviation. Similar phenomenon completely normal.

Increased blood circulation causes changes in the venous network. Many pregnant women experience varicose veins. This problem may arise due to an increase in the pressure of the uterus on the veins, an increase in the total blood volume, an increase in pressure in the veins of the lower extremities.

Most often, varicose veins are observed in those women whose relatives suffered from this disease. If there is a predisposition to varicose veins veins, then you need to try to minimize the likelihood of this problem. To prevent this physiological change in the body of a pregnant woman, it is recommended to observe the following simple rules:

  • monitor weight gain (kilograms should be gained gradually, and not abruptly);
  • do not stay in one position for a long time (for example, lying or sitting);
  • in a supine position, put something under your feet (for example, a pillow). You can just put your feet on the back of the sofa. This posture takes some getting used to.
  • do not lift weights;
  • wear special elastic tights (put them on in the morning after waking up, and take them off in the evening before going to bed);
  • do not wear tight clothing and tight shoes;
  • quit smoking;
  • study exercise and visit more often fresh air;
  • Include foods rich in vitamin C in your diet.

Respiratory system

A fetus growing in its mother's tummy needs oxygen. As a result, significant changes are taking place in the body of a woman. respiratory system. Progesterone, called the hormone of pregnancy, helps to relax the muscles of the bronchial walls. Clearance respiratory tract increases. The tidal volume (the amount of oxygen entering the lungs as a result of one respiratory movement) also increases.

In general, a woman's need for oxygen increases by 15-20%. The fetus needs 30% of the air of this volume. Another 10% is needed by the placenta. The remaining amount of oxygen is necessary for the female body for the normal operation of all systems and organs.

Digestive system

With the onset of pregnancy, many of the fair sex are faced with morning sickness and vomiting. Such "symptoms" arise in connection with special changes in the organs. digestive system. There may be an aversion to certain foods (such as meat). New taste preferences. Some women even begin to use chalk or some other unusual "food".

Highly discomfort causes heartburn. It occurs when the muscle that separates the esophagus and stomach begins to contract. As a result of this, gastric juice enters the walls of the esophagus. The liquid irritates the mucous membrane and contributes to the occurrence of uncomfortable sensations. Heartburn can be avoided by following these simple guidelines:

  • don't wear tight clothes, squeezing the stomach;
  • eat food in a normal amount;
  • exclude from daily diet foods that cause gastrointestinal discomfort (spicy, hot, fried foods, alcohol, coffee, chocolate);
  • move more.

The intestine during pregnancy announces a "boycott". Some women note the occurrence of bloating, problems with the stool. Constipation can continue to torment until the very birth. These changes are explained by a decrease in intestinal motility, a decrease in tone.

Another very unpleasant problem is hemorrhoids. It arises due to frequent constipation, excessive attempts. It can also appear due to the use of drugs containing iron.

Symptoms of hemorrhoids include burning, itching, bleeding from the rectum, pain during bowel movements. If this problem occurs, it is recommended to consult a doctor. However, we must also remember that any disease can be prevented. Here are simple tips, thanks to which you can not encounter such a physiological change in the body of a pregnant woman as hemorrhoids:

  • empty your bowels regularly (about once a day);
  • if constipation occurs, take warm sitz baths twice a day;
  • do not strain when emptying the intestines;
  • sleep on your side so that there is no strong pressure on the rectum;
  • wash the anus after emptying the bowels cold water with soap;
  • drink more fluids throughout the day;
  • lead active image life;
  • introduce into the diet those foods that contain fiber (for example, prunes, wholemeal bread, porridge from coarse grains, various vegetables, salads);
  • eat a little, but often;
  • chew food thoroughly.

If hemorrhoids can be avoided during pregnancy, then the likelihood of its occurrence after childbirth will be significantly reduced.

With an “interesting position” in women, such an important internal organ as the liver is in a state of great tension. However, its functioning is not disturbed. There is only a slight increase in volume and a decrease in antitoxic function.

In women during pregnancy, petechial hemorrhages, palmar erythema may occur. They are not considered signs of liver damage. Such changes in the body only indicate an increase in the concentration of estrogens. Approximately 1-2 months after birth, these symptoms completely disappear.

excretory system

During pregnancy, the excretory system does not remain unchanged. The kidneys are under double stress. Now they bring out the metabolic products of not only the expectant mother, but also the baby.

From about 10-12 weeks, a woman begins to expand the system of cavities that collect urine in the kidney (pyelocaliceal complex). In the future, they continue to expand due to an increase in the size of the uterus and the pressure that the organ exerts on the ureters. Progesterone increases bladder capacity. In the later stages, there may be signs of urinary incontinence.

All these changes in the body of a pregnant woman, occurring in the excretory system, make the expectant mother vulnerable to ascending infection. urinary tract. If the fair sex had inflammatory changes in the kidneys before conception, then exacerbations during pregnancy are unlikely to be avoided.

The expectant mother should drink at least 2 liters of water. If there is less fluid, then the kidneys will be in rather stressful conditions in terms of urine concentration. They will need to isolate not only the toxins that form in the mother's body, but also the toxins that are filtered through the placenta. Dehydration is dangerous for both the woman and her baby.

reproductive system

External labia during pregnancy become swollen. There is cyanosis (blue) of the mucous membranes. The vagina slightly lengthens and expands. The uterus undergoes the greatest changes. Her mass, length, volume, transverse and anteroposterior dimensions increase, the shape and position become different.

During pregnancy, the receptor system of the uterus changes. The sensitivity of the organ to excitatory factors is significantly reduced. Before childbirth, the situation is reversed. The excitability of the uterus increases.

Condition of the mammary glands

Changes in pregnant women in the mammary glands are a process of preparation for feeding a child. They start early in pregnancy. The glandular cells that produce milk begin to grow. Two hormones contribute to this: progesterone and prolactin. Then, due to the influence of estrogens, the milk ducts begin to grow, bringing milk from the glandular cells to the nipple.

The growing cell mass needs a good blood supply. In this regard, the blood flow to the mammary glands increases. That is why some women notice a pronounced vascular network in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe mammary glands.

At the end of pregnancy, a precursor of milk is released from the nipples, which is called colostrum. It is a light liquid. When pressing on the nipple, only a few drops are released.

Skin condition

In a woman's body with the advent of pregnancy, changes hormonal background. Some hormones begin to be produced intensively, while others, on the contrary, are blocked. Outwardly, this is reflected in the condition of the skin. It can become healthy, clean, elastic. Some women experience the opposite. The skin becomes oily or dry during pregnancy.

Due to the action of certain hormones, the pigmentation of certain parts of the body increases: the halos of the nipples of the mammary glands, middle line perineum and abdomen, skin area around the navel. Pigmentation is stimulated birthmarks. That is why women in position are not recommended to sunbathe. Visiting solariums is generally contraindicated. Learn more about how to prevent or fight pigmentation

To avoid such changes in the body of a pregnant woman is unlikely to succeed, but it is quite possible to reduce them to a minimum. First, you need to rethink your diet. For the sake of their beauty and health, the baby will have to give up many modern products (for example, instant noodles, chips, carbonated drinks). The menu must include natural products containing required amount vitamins and minerals.

During pregnancy, you should not use cosmetics every day. Fatty creams can only make things worse skin. The body must "breathe", because oxygen enters the body not only through the respiratory tract. a huge role pores play in this process. If they get clogged cosmetics, then oxygen will not flow through them, and sweat secretions will be difficult to excrete from the body. Do not forget about hygiene. Women in position should shower more often.

Other changes in appearance in pregnant women

In the second half of pregnancy, many women notice unusual changes. For example, the proportions of the face are violated. Enlarged nose, lips, chin, thyroid. There may also be slight enlargement of the limbs.

Almost all the fair sex in the situation changes the state of the teeth in the worst side. Pregnancy also affects hair. In some women, they begin to fall out, while in others, on the contrary, they acquire shine, become beautiful and strong.

Around 6-7 weeks, some women already notice a slight weight gain. It's absolutely normal phenomenon. The baby gradually grows in the tummy of his mother. During pregnancy, a woman's weight increases by about 10-12 kg. From this general meaning 4-4.5 kg falls on the fetus, placenta, amniotic fluid and membranes, 1 kg - for intercellular (tissue fluid), 1 kg - for the uterus and mammary glands, 1.5 kg - for blood, 4 kg - for adipose tissue mother's body.

Many women are interested in the question of what weight gain is considered normal and what is excessive. There is no specific answer regarding this physiological change in the body of a pregnant woman. Here you need to take into account individual characteristics. For example, if a woman had a weight deficit before pregnancy, then she can gain 15-18 kg. It will not be considered a deviation. For women with normal body The optimal weight gain is considered to be 10-12 kg. For the fair sex with a tendency to obesity, weight gain should not be more than 10 kg.

During pregnancy, you need to stop smoking. It negatively affects the intrauterine development of the fetus. Women who smoke tend to gain less weight normal value and babies are born underweight.

Psychological changes

The new condition provokes the emergence of various emotions in women. For example, a representative of the fair sex may experience either an emotional upsurge, or anxiety, or joy, or fear. The sooner you get used to new role, topics faster mood will return to normal.

In general, anxiety is not dangerous, if it is not about insomnia, a painful and obsessive feeling, a constantly bad mood. It is very easy to overcome negative emotions. Here are the main ways:

  • start learning special relaxation techniques (for example, auto-training, swimming, breathing exercises);
  • keep a sense of humor. Thanks to him, you can win Bad mood in absolutely any situation;
  • rest during the day and get used to the idea that mood swings are part of the "interesting situation";
  • try to do everything possible to cheer up (meet friends, exercise interesting things, look for other beautiful aspects of life);
  • give vent to emotions (if you want to cry, then you do not need to keep tears in yourself);
  • try not to drive all your grievances and gloomy thoughts into the depths of your soul (pregnant women have long been advised to share their thoughts with loved ones, talk about their problems);
  • do not forget that psychological changes in the body of a pregnant woman are temporary. After childbirth, they will no longer bother, as a small miracle will be born that will bring happiness and joy;
  • tell your doctor about your fears (the specialist will explain all the nuances of pregnancy);
  • start preparing things for the baby, or at least make a list of everything you need, look after certain goods.

We must not forget that pregnancy is a period of change. Conflicting feelings can still visit a woman in position. The challenge is to significantly reduce negative emotions and increase positive ones. Do not worry about external changes (for example, due to extra pounds, poor condition of hair or skin). All these phenomena are temporary. When a woman truly accepts her new state, she will become very charming no matter what.

If negative emotions do not go away, a bad mood is constantly observed, accompanied by a decrease or loss of appetite, insomnia, physical weakness, apathy, melancholy, a feeling of hopelessness, then in such a situation one cannot do without the help of a doctor. All of the above are signs of depression, which is not a harmless condition, but is serious illness. Prolonged depression definitely needs treatment.

Behavior of the expectant mother

The main task of a woman in a position is to protect her baby, not to harm him, to maintain her health. That is why you need to take into account your internal and external changes and, based on this, build their future behavior.

First, you need to study your body, carefully listen to its needs. It is very important that a woman should always be comfortable walking, lying, sitting. She shouldn't feel uncomfortable.

Secondly, you need to take care of your body. Thanks to the observance of the rules of hygiene, you can not face the occurrence of various health problems, and the child will develop correctly.

Thirdly, do not ignore security measures and precautions. Such changes in the body of a pregnant woman, such as an increase in the abdomen, weight, lead to a shift in the center of gravity. From the first days you need to adapt to a new state, always be attentive and try not to lose balance. In the later stages, it will be very difficult to get used to this.

To protect yourself from all accidents, you need:

  • refuse inexpensive and poor quality shoes, high heels;
  • adequately assess all hazards (e.g. slippery floors, poor lighting, steep stairs, icy steps). Take a shower with extreme caution. It is recommended to lay a special mat made of rubber on the bottom of the bath;
  • do not climb ladders, ladders, tables or chairs;
  • use seat belts in airplanes or cars.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that at present, not all of the fair sex are aware of what changes occur in the body of the expectant mother, how the child grows in the tummy, which affects its development. It is precisely because of the lack of knowledge and misunderstanding of the importance of the ongoing process that women lead wrong image life, experience any fears associated with pregnancy and childbirth.

No need to be lazy to look for useful information. You can find specialty books and movies, sign up for courses, or just talk to your doctor. New information will only benefit. And then it will be possible not to worry about your condition and the development of the child, and pregnancy will indeed become the happiest period in life.

Answers

Pregnancy is undoubtedly the most emotional and unforgettable period in the life of any woman. Expecting a child changes not only the perception of the expectant mother, but also her. The female body is being transformed to help new life emerge.

Internal organs during early pregnancy

What is the location of the internal organs during pregnancy by week? Already in the first days after the onset of conception in female body changes occur, often imperceptible to the woman herself. And with the course of pregnancy, almost all internal organs change in size and function in a new way. Some of them even move from their usual places under the pressure of the growing fetus.

First of all, the hormonal background changes, progesterone, the hormone responsible for strengthening the uterine mucosa, begins to be actively produced. Thanks to this, the fetus receives a normal blood supply. Progesterone helps the body fight external infections. In the same time a large number of This hormone provokes digestive disorders and can become a catalyst for toxicosis in the early stages.

Important transformations also take place in the genitals of a woman. At the very beginning of pregnancy, the color and structure of the cervix change. The mucous membranes gradually loosen, the walls of the uterus become elastic. This helps it grow as the fetus grows. Before conception, the weight of the uterus is 20-25 grams, and already before the very birth, it can reach a kilogram or more. At 4-5 weeks of gestation, the uterus reaches the size chicken egg, approximately to fourth month it already goes beyond the pelvis, and closer to childbirth it will increase so much that it reaches the zone of the ribs. Its mass, size and volume increase tenfold. During the bearing of a child, the number of blood vessels supplying the uterus also increases. The ligaments that hold it in the pelvis become elastic during pregnancy and gradually stretch. A woman may feel this process is insignificant. pulling pains on the sides of the abdomen.

Bigger compared to the same size, the ovaries also become, in one of them is the corpus luteumproducing special hormones for the normal course of pregnancy.

From the very beginning of pregnancy, changes also occur in the female breast. The glands are preparing for the upcoming lactation (the production of breast milk). The chest begins to increase, the nipples become rough.

Pregnancy changes the state of the so-called vagus nerve, which affects the functioning of some internal organs. For this reason, pregnant women often have an increased appetite, taste preferences change, previously incompatible products seem tasty: a sandwich with sausage and jam, cakes with tomato juice. Sometimes a woman feels nauseous. As a rule, these phenomena disappear by the end of 12-14 weeks.

While waiting for a child, a woman's body weight increases by 10-12 kilograms, although it happens that for the entire period the expectant mother gains more than 20-25 kilos. Usually in the first half of pregnancy, weight gain is insignificant - 4-5 kilograms. The main increase in body weight occurs in the second half of the term.

Some women already at the beginning feel changes in urinary system. I want to go to the toilet more often. Such changes are caused by the pressure of an ever-growing uterus on the bladder and an increase in the level of the hormone progesterone in the blood. The latter has a relaxing effect on the muscles of the sphincter of the bladder.

The main transformations of the internal organs occur in the second half of gestation as the fetus and the uterus in which it is located grow. How do organs move during late pregnancy?

For nine months in female body the amount of circulating blood increases, a new one is formed circulatory system- placental. The heart works with an additional load, the mass of the heart muscle increases. Increases in the later stages heartbeat(up to 90 beats per minute). Quite often, pregnancy also affects the state of blood pressure. In the first weeks, it may be below normal, and in the later stages it may increase. The level of pressure must be monitored, because it high performance, especially at the end of pregnancy, can signal pathological processes. For example, about the development of preeclampsia (late toxicosis).

Expecting a baby affects the condition of the lungs. They are also working hard. After all, on the one hand, the need for oxygen increases, they need to be provided not only for the mother, but also for the growing fetus. On the other hand, the growing uterus begins to press on the diaphragm. The mucous membrane of the bronchi swells. The woman breathes faster and deeper. Often, pregnant women are recommended special breathing exercises (without holding their breath) to prevent possible inflammation of the respiratory tract. Regular walks in the fresh air are also suitable for this. Before childbirth, the situation is a little easier, the pressure on the diaphragm decreases, because the fetus descends to the birth canal.

Almost more than all other internal organs, the stomach suffers, especially in recent months. He moves up. The growing uterus constantly presses on it, because of this, gastric juice enters the esophagus - and heartburn occurs.

During pregnancy, the location and intestines change. At first, it rises, and at the end of pregnancy it moves apart, giving way to the uterus with the fetus, which descends to the birth canal. Often such bowel movements provoke constipation. To avoid them, a pregnant woman should drink enough water, eat small meals, include fiber-rich foods in the menu and have enough gentle physical activity.

The main filter of the body - the liver, which during pregnancy works with a double load, also shifts up and to the side. Sometimes this can lead to problems with the outflow of bile and the appearance of colic. In such cases, doctors recommend a special diet.

Although the kidneys do not move, they also work in an enhanced mode, “serving” two organisms - maternal and child.

During pregnancy, the state of the skeletal system also changes. It loses a large amount of calcium, which is used for full development and fetal growth.

Changes in the work, as well as the size and location of the internal organs during the bearing of a child are natural. Often such transformations bring physical discomfort to a woman. But all these are temporary phenomena. A short time after childbirth, the work of all internal organs, their size and location will return to normal.

Specially for -Ksenia Boyko

Basic knowledge of anatomy and physiology can help a woman avoid problems during conception, pregnancy and childbirth, as well as prevent various reproductive diseases. Therefore, it is useful to learn about such an important organ of the female reproductive system as the uterus: how it is arranged and how it changes throughout life, during the bearing and birth of a child.

What is the uterus and where is it located

The uterus is an organ reproductive system in a woman in which a fetus develops from the moment a fertilized egg leaves the fallopian tube until the baby is born. It is shaped like an inverted pear.

The uterus is located in the pelvis between bladder and rectum. Its position can change during the day: when the organs of the urinary and digestive systems are filled, it shifts slightly, and after urination or defecation, it returns to its original place. But the most noticeable change in the position of the uterus is observed simultaneously with its growth during pregnancy, as well as after childbirth.

The structure of the uterus

With the help of ultrasound of the uterus, you can see that it consists of three structural parts. The upper convex side is called the bottom, the middle expanded part is the body, and the lower narrow one is called.

The neck consists of an isthmus, elongated cervical canal and the vaginal part. Inside the uterus is hollow. Its cavity communicates on the lower side with the lumen of the vagina, and on the sides with the canals of the fallopian tubes.

The wall of the organ is three-layered:

1 The outermost layer facing the pelvic cavity is called perimetry. This membrane is closely connected with the outer integument of the bladder and intestines, and consists of connective tissue cells.

2 Medium, most thick layer – myometrium, includes three layers of muscle cells: outer longitudinal, circular and inner longitudinal - they are named so in the direction of the muscle fibers.

3 Inner shell, endometrium, consists of a basal and functional layer (facing the uterine cavity). Contains epithelial cells and many glands in which uterine secretions are formed.

In the cervix, there is more connective dense collagen tissue, and there are fewer muscle fibers than in other parts of the organ.

The wall of the uterus is permeated with numerous blood vessels. arterial blood, saturated with oxygen, bring steam uterine arteries and internal branches of the iliac artery. They branch and give rise to smaller vessels that supply blood to the entire uterus and its appendages.

The blood that has passed through the capillaries of the organ is collected in larger vessels: uterine, ovarian and internal iliac veins. In addition to blood vessels, there are also lymph vessels in the uterus.

The vital activity of the tissues of the uterus is controlled by the hormones of the endocrine system, as well as the nervous system. Branches of the pelvic splanchnic nerves connected with the lower hypogastric nerve plexus enter the wall of the uterus.

Ligaments and muscles of the uterus

In order for the uterus to maintain its position, it is held in the pelvic cavity by connective tissue ligaments, of which the most famous are:

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1 Paired wide ligaments of the uterus(right and left) are attached to the membrane of the peritoneum. Anatomically, they are associated with ligaments that fix the position of the ovaries.

2 round ligament contains both connective tissue and muscle cells. It starts from the wall of the uterus, passes through the deep opening of the inguinal canal and connects with the fiber of the labia majora.

3 cardinal ligaments connect lower part uterus (near the cervix) with the urogenital diaphragm. Such fixation protects the organ from displacement to the left or right side.

The uterus is connected by ligaments to fallopian tubes and ovaries, which ensures the correct relative position of the organs of the female reproductive system.

In addition to links, correct location of the pelvic organs, including the uterus, provides a set of muscles, which is called the pelvic floor. The composition of its outer layer includes the ischiocavernosus, bulbous-spongy, superficial transverse and external muscles.

The middle layer is called the urogenital diaphragm and contains a muscle that compresses urethra and deep transverse muscle. The internal pelvic diaphragm combines the pubococcygeal, ischiococcygeal, and iliococcygeal muscles. The muscles of the pelvic floor prevent the deformation of organs, which would lead to a violation of their blood supply and performance of functions.

Uterine dimensions

When a girl is born, the length of her uterus is about 4 cm. It begins to increase from the age of 7. After the final formation of the reproductive system during puberty, the uterus reaches a size of 7-8 cm in length and 3-4 cm in width. Wall thickness in different parts body and in different phases menstrual cycle varies from 2 to 4 cm. Its weight in a nulliparous woman is about 50 g.

The most significant changes in the size of the uterus occur during pregnancy, when in 9 months it increases to 38 cm in length and up to 26 cm in diameter. Weight increases to 1-2 kg.

After childbirth, the woman's uterus decreases, but no longer returns to its original parameters: now its weight is about 100 g, and its length is 1-2 cm more than before conception. Such dimensions persist throughout the childbearing period, after the second and subsequent births, there is no noticeable increase.

When the reproductive period of a woman's life ends and menopause occurs, the uterus decreases in size and mass, the wall becomes thinner, and the muscles and ligaments often weaken. Already 5 years after the end of menstruation, the body returns to the size that it was at birth.

uterus during pregnancy

During each menstrual cycle a woman reproductive age there are periodic changes in the structure of the uterus. Most of all they affect the functional endometrium.

At the beginning of the cycle, the woman's body prepares for a possible onset of pregnancy, so the endometrium thickens, more blood vessels appear in it. The amount of discharge from the uterus increases, which maintain the viability of spermatozoa.

If conception did not take place, after the death of the egg released from the follicle, the functional layer is gradually destroyed under the action of hormones, and during menstruation, its tissues are rejected and removed from the uterine cavity. With the beginning of a new cycle, the endometrium is restored.

If the egg is fertilized and pregnancy occurs, the continuous growth of the uterus begins. The thickness of the functional endometrium increases: it is no longer rejected, because menstruation has stopped. The layer is penetrated by an even greater number of capillaries and is supplied with more abundant blood to provide oxygen and nutrients to the organ itself (which is growing intensively) and to the baby developing in the uterine cavity.

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The volume of the myometrium also increases. Its spindle cells divide, elongate and increase in diameter. The layer reaches its maximum thickness (3-4 cm) around the middle of pregnancy, and closer to childbirth it stretches and becomes thinner because of this.

During regular examinations, starting from the 13-14th week of pregnancy, the gynecologist determines the height of the fundus of the uterus. By this time, its upper part, due to an increase in the size of the organ, extends beyond the small pelvis.

By week 24, the bottom of the uterus reaches the level of the navel, and at week 36 its height is maximum (palpable between the costal arches). Then, despite the further growth of the abdomen, the uterus begins to descend due to the baby moving down, closer to the birth canal.

The cervix during pregnancy is compacted and has a bluish tint. Its lumen is covered with a mucous plug, which protects the uterine cavity from infections and other adverse factors (read about the discharge of the plug on the website site). Due to the rapid growth of the uterus and displacement from its usual place, its ligaments are stretched. In this case, pain may occur, especially in the third trimester and with sudden movements.

Uterus contraction during pregnancy and childbirth

The myometrium (the middle, thickest layer of the uterus) contains smooth muscle cells. Their movements cannot be controlled consciously, the process of fiber contraction occurs under the influence of hormones (primarily oxytocin) and the autonomic nervous system. The muscle fibers of the myometrium contract during menstruation: this ensures the expulsion of secretions from the uterine cavity.

During the bearing of the baby, the uterus also sometimes contracts. Its surface hardens, and the pregnant woman may feel pain or heaviness in the abdomen.

This happens either because of a threat (hypertonicity), or during times that periodically occur when carrying a child and prepare the myometrium for labor.