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How to teach a child to count. Learning to count. The best age to start learning. What parents need to understand

Hello dear readers! In this article, we will talk about how to teach a child to count to 10 quickly and easily using play techniques... After reading this article, you will be able to short term master basic math skills with your kid. Want to try? Then read on!

Preparing inventory

Kids begin to study counting at 2-3 years old. By the age of 4, many children can already count to 10. When starting to master basic knowledge of mathematics, there is no need to arrange real school lessons for a three-year-old child. Conduct classes in game form, for which you will definitely need visual aids. What can be used to interest the baby?

  • Cubes with numbers (soft or wooden);
  • plastic numbers with magnets and a tablet for fastening;
  • numerical lotto, puzzles;
  • accounts;
  • cards with objects and numbers drawn on them;
  • counting sticks (they can be replaced with matches or popsicle sticks);
  • educational cartoons, videos.

If there is no way to buy bright toys, manuals can be made by hand. Do you have potatoes at home? Cut off a thick circle of potatoes and cut out the number that is this moment is studying your kid. Fry the preparation and offer it to the crumb for breakfast.

You can make numbers from any available materials:

  • cardboard;
  • colored paper;
  • plasticine;
  • cereals;
  • seashells;
  • pebbles;
  • twigs;
  • beads, etc.

Count any objects and phenomena that you see on a walk or on the street:

  • steps;
  • cars;
  • trees;
  • toys;
  • people, etc.

Everything that surrounds you is suitable as a counting material.

Where to begin?

The sooner you introduce your baby to counting, the better. If a preschooler at 2 years old already speaks and thinks well, you can start. First, limit the range of knowledge to the first two numbers. Place one stick in front of the child and say: "One." Then put the second one down and say, "Two."

When these concepts are mastered, count to two everything that you find in your environment. If the skill is fixed, go to three, four, etc. Do not rush to acquaint the kid with the written drawing of numbers. Count verbally. The crumb must realize practical use counting skill.

On the way of mastering numbers up to 5, counting rhymes can be of great help, small rhymes... By memorizing them, the child will quickly remember the order of the numbers. Play hide and seek, saying the well-known countdown "I count to five ..." The game will be both useful and interesting.

When the direct account is mastered, we proceed to the opposite. Hang a picture of a rocket on the wall. Now imagine that it needs to be launched into space. Try counting back from five. Practice shows that the skill of counting down is learned rather slowly and requires maximum patience and attention from the parents and the child.

  • at home for everyday activities;
  • away;
  • on a walk;
  • in transport;
  • on the way to Kindergarten etc.

Count straight and back. Arrange for your child game situations in which the simplest math skills are essential:

  • Draw a winding path. Divide it into cells. Throw the dice in turn and go through as many cells as the number of dots on the dice. V children's store you can purchase a ready-made game. She perfectly trains the skill of counting within 6.
  • Game "Shop". Arrange the toys on an imaginary counter, assign a price to each of them within 10. Cut out small rectangles from colored paper - these are money. If you have 1 kopeck coins that are out of use, they are great for playing. Let the kid be the buyer. His task is to correctly count the number of coins or paper "bills".
  • Involvement in household chores. Offer the baby to wash or dry 3 cups, and give the rest to mom. The child's task is to count the required number of cups.
  • The messenger game. Place cubes, a construction set, magnets and other toys in one room. Go to the next room. The kid plays the role of a messenger: he must bring from the next room as many items as he was asked to.

Encourage any achievements, praise the baby. But don't turn praise into training when, after answering correctly, your toddler gets candy or permission to watch a cartoon. This will give the child the impression that learning and gifts are directly related.

Learn numbers on paper

Only after the baby has learned to count to 10 without mistakes orally and mentally, you can acquaint him with the graphic design of numbers.

Introducing the child to writing a number, show the appropriate card, put on a video of a cartoon or children's TV show, which tells about this number. Sculpt a figure out of plasticine, draw and color it, cut it out of colored paper, lay it out of matches, etc. The more visuals you use, the sooner you get the result.

Offer your child the game "Guess!" For her, you need cubes or cards with numbers written on them. Show your baby the number and ask him to name it.

If your baby loves outdoor games and does not want to play with cubes or magnets in any way, do otherwise. Hang a piece of paper with scattered numbers on the door or on the wall. And now the fun part: ask the kid to do a somersault (jump, throw the ball, etc.), and then name the number that you will show. So alternate between physical and mental exercise... Changing actions perfectly trains not only memory, but also reaction.

Older children can be taught to write numbers. Use for these purposes printed copy... Invite your baby to write a number first. big size, then gradually reduce the styles to the size of the square in your school notebook.

Solving examples

After mastering the counting, it's time to learn how to solve examples. We start with a simple one: introduce the baby to the plus sign and add: 1 + 1 = 2. For clarity, use counting sticks, matches, any identical objects.

When this simplest example learned, add one to two and get three. We do this until we get to 10. To reinforce the addition, repeat the studied examples regularly in oral and written form. When the child to your question, how much will be, for example, 5 + 1, begins to answer correctly without hesitation, go to the next stage.

Add to all numbers up to 10, first 2, then 3, etc. When addition within 10 is fully mastered, give the child examples randomly, without being tied to a specific term.

Important! Do not let the baby count on your fingers, use a ruler or other means at hand. Solving examples for addition and subtraction within 10 is the basis of all mathematical operations. The task of parents is to ensure that the child knows the answers of the examples by heart.

Learn subtraction in the same way as addition. After successfully consolidating the knowledge gained, the complexity of the examples can be varied: given in the form of an equation with one unknown (instead of X or Y, used in high school, draw a square, a house or any other image in place of the missing number).

What do you need to remember?

When studying numbers with a child, follow the learning rules:

  • One lesson should last no more than 10 minutes, so as not to bore the baby and not tire him. Do 3 of these "lessons" during the day.
  • Return to what you have learned periodically, but do not do it daily.
  • Do not scold your baby if something does not work out for him. Calculate the difficulty of the tasks correctly.
  • Secure the material in ordinary life so that the child can see its practical application.

And most importantly, psychologists believe that in the learning process, the baby goes through three stages:

  1. gets used to terms, designations;
  2. understands the essence of what is presented;
  3. remembers.

Take your time to get things done! Practice more, and at some point your baby will successfully count to 10!

If you know others successful methods teaching children to count, share them in the comments. Until next time!

Numbers and mathematical calculations are not necessarily boring and joyless. For some reason, many, raising mathematics to the rank of "queen of all sciences", endow it with just such characteristics.

However, the world of numbers can be very exciting - you just need to find it the right approach... And if you still haven't found it, then with the advent of the need to teach the mathematical basics and counting to your child, you will have to search with a vengeance.

At the very beginning of the path, a lot depends on you, so you should not let the process take its course or teach the child inconsistently. In fact, kids love to count, the main thing is to choose the teaching method that suits you and try to convey the information to the child in the simplest and most interesting, and better, playful way.

Peculiarities children's perception such that the child simply does not perceive and does not remember things that are not interesting to him. You can make him learn numbers as much as you like, but until he himself wants to do math, nothing will come of your studies.

One of the common mistakes parents make is rushing. Often adults are in a hurry to brag about the successes of their baby in front of acquaintances or friends, parents of other children of the same age, who, according to their assurances, already know how to count with might and main and even do it in their minds.

Pursuit of an ephemeral result for the equalization of abilities own child with someone's children not only will not help you in learning, but will even harm you. Most the best option- start working with the baby when he is ready for it.

How to teach a child to count to 10?

It is quite easy for a child to learn to count to ten at the age of two or three, depending on their individual characteristics and general development.

Many mothers do math with their kids without even knowing it. For example, when you show your child different play exercises into accounts like "Magpie-crow", "Ladushki" or "They went out for a walk" - as a rule, acquaintance with such nursery rhymes occurs earlier than the crumbs are six months old.

Of course, he does not yet learn numbers, as such, but on the other hand, you help him develop memory, the perception of the presence of objects and their number, contribute to the formation figurative thinking working to improve fine motor skills hands and fingers.

After a year or one and a half years on the example of toys - the same nesting dolls or any other objects, the child can get acquainted with the concepts of "one-many".

At the same time, try to show him numbers, so it is easier to teach counting in a playful way. Various cubes, magnets on the board, colorful posters, and many other devices with which you can teach mathematics in a fun and interesting way are suitable for these purposes.

If you practice counting constantly, gradually increasing the number of familiar numbers, then by the age of three it will be quite easy for a child to count to ten without prompts and mistakes.

From this video you can learn how to teach a child to count to ten, how much time it is recommended to devote to classes, what tools can be used.

Two-digit numbers: Counting up to 100

At the age of four, the kid, with whom they regularly studied, will be able to distinguish which number is greater and which is less, and will also know concepts such as "equal" and zero.

Be prepared for the fact that the baby may not immediately understand. Do not rush - it means that for now put this information aside and repeat it after a while. It is good if you learn the count from ten to twenty so far.

There are children who quickly grasp and show more pronounced abilities for mathematics - they will be able to master counting in tens to one hundred and at four to five years. If your child is an expressed humanitarian, then this ability will come to him just a little later.

Some teachers advise, nevertheless, to first show the child the processes of subtraction and addition with those numbers with which he operates well, that is, from zero to ten or to twenty. This will significantly help in consolidating the material and in understanding the subject, as such, and only then it will be possible to move on to mastering tens and counting to a hundred.

Fast Invoice

  • he will remember the numbers well - he will remember, and not just memorize, that is, he will know their forward and backward sequence, will be able to recognize the number by spelling, find the missing or missing number, compare the written number with the same number of objects, etc.;
  • learn the basics of counting and the composition of numbers;
  • will clearly separate the concepts of "more-less-equal", "one-many";
  • will be able to count objects well and correctly, perform elementary mathematical operations with sticks, cards or other aids.

As a rule, children learn to count quickly at about five or after five years of age.

Mental counting

At the same time, it is worth gradually weaning the child from using various aids when counting, like sticks, for example. Also, at the age of five or six years, a preschooler should stop counting on his fingers, and switch to counting in his head.

This process may take a lot of time, but your task is patience and constant regular exercises to develop memory, until the child brings the operations first with the first ten digits to automatism.

Having mastered the simple mechanisms of counting in his head, he will memorize more and more much easier and faster and will soon be able to solve complicated examples.

Basic rules and nuances of training

In order for the classes to be a joy to both you and the child, it is worth following several rules and recommendations of specialists.

  • Patience and calmness. This state should be your motto in the learning process. Even if it seems to you that the information is elementary to understand, three year old child may think quite differently.
  • Do not force the kid, do not yell at him or judge him for mistakes - the atmosphere in the classroom should be calm and comfortable.
  • Substantial assistance in learning will be provided by the world- just count everything around with your child: buttons on a blouse, dishes that you put on the table for dinner, purchased food, toys, cars, animals and birds for a walk, steps on the way home, etc.
  • To conduct a lesson, it is not at all necessary to sit at the table, as in a lesson - the child's acquaintance with mathematics should be fun, exciting and interesting, otherwise he will get bored, become absent-minded and will not accept the information you want to convey.
  • For a small child, classes can last no more than ten minutes. You can work with preschoolers for up to half an hour, but it is important that the child does not get tired.
  • There is an opinion that it is necessary to devote time to classes every day, constantly repeating the previously covered material. If the child goes to kindergarten or to developmental classes, then this is quite possible, but at home the parents may simply not find time for regular classes.
  • Repetition and regularity, of course, are important, but the child also has his own natural learning rhythms, for example, at some point he will be enthusiastic about counting and learning numbers with pleasure, and then suddenly his interest in this topic will subside and he will switch to anything else. Then it is better to wait a little or present the information in a different form.

Be sure to take into account all these points and study with the child not because it is necessary, but be, first of all, interested and carried away by yourself - then your lessons will become a joy for the child, and from the lessons you will both be able to receive not only knowledge, but also positive emotions.

Learning by playing

Pay attention to the existing game techniques that help you get to know the world of mathematics faster:

  • you can use cards with numbers or pictures on which, in addition to the number itself, will still be drawn various subjects in a certain amount;
  • visual material can also be in the form of posters or tables;
  • cubes and numbers on magnets also work well;
  • you can find educational lotto or dominoes on the topic of account;
  • Various counting material will also be useful - Kuisiner's sticks or specialized sets with fruits, geometric shapes or other objects.

How it works? In fact, it all depends on your imagination, because you can invent educational games on your own, relying on or taking as a basis already existing methodological developments.

  • Visual aids help your child visualize numbers. Show him the numbers on a poster or on cards, let him think about what each number looks like or come up with a special image for it, for example, a two is very similar to a floating swan, and an eight is like two bagels, which were placed one on top of the other, etc. etc.
  • Buy or make your own "knowledge cubes" with cards. At first, the child can put cubes in the box, counting them and choosing the appropriate card with the desired number.
  • Zaitsev's tables and cubes are very useful in this regard, since they can be used to show the child the difference between large and small numbers, colored cubes are well suited for teaching column counting - laying out examples, the child will see that the units are indicated by one color, and tens - to others.

Dominoes for learning counting can be made from plasticine or quickly hardening plastic. Just blind small rectangles and make indentations in them with an arrangement like domino dots. Then make small balls of different colors.

Forms can play the role of houses, cars, ships, an airplane carpet or any other object in which the balls-characters will live, play or move in different quantities:

  • let the child lay out the balls and count how much fits on each rectangle, after that you need to find and put next to the card with the desired number;
  • cover any of the rectangles with a sheet of paper and invite the child to remember how many balls were there;
  • you can play like a real domino - then you need to make a lot of chips, and additional players can be toys for which you will also perform moves;
  • arrange all the numbers from one to ten in order and fill the rectangles with balls, then let the child turn away, and someone harmful, for example, Baba Yaga will fly in and confuse everything, and the baby will be tasked with fixing everything;
  • using multi-colored knuckles and balls, you can learn to divide them into groups by color and number of dots;
  • show your child how the larger number differs from the smaller one, let him find knuckles with the same number of points.

How not to miss the moment when you can start teaching mathematics, so that the account fits in the child's head, says the teacher.

We teach the account quickly and easily

You can familiarize a little baby with numbers by doing ordinary daily activities:

  • here you wash both eyes and one nose, here you wash two hands and feet;
  • here you put on two shoes, but put on one blouse;
  • then you can count fingers - first on one pen, and then on two, accompanying the count with rhymes and nursery rhymes;
  • try to consider to your child the characters of a fairy tale that you read at night, for example, all the inhabitants of the house or everyone who pulled a turnip, etc.;
  • special educational cartoons and presentations can well acquaint the baby with numbers;
  • numbers can be drawn or colored, played with magnets on the board;
  • use nesting dolls, pyramid rings, labyrinths and other toys that may be interesting and useful for a child in teaching.

Learning to count to ten

Many techniques advise you to start learning counting with actions with objects, and not with numbers. That is, at first you operate only, for example, with toys: the child has one machine on the table, if another one arrives, then there will be two of them, and then a third, fourth, etc.can join them.

You can practice, as already mentioned, always and everywhere, counting the birds on the branch, and the trees along the road, and the steps in the stairs.

Then the acquaintance with the numbers themselves will begin. Remember that it will be easier for a child to visualize their images, and this can be done with the help of various visual aids.

The most traditional and in a simple way learning has always been finger counting, but keep in mind that this way you completely prevent him from using the memory mechanism, and later you will have to wean the baby from using fingers and teach him to count in his head, and this is not easy enough.

Another way to mechanically memorize numbers and their order is to learn to count "by a ruler". However, many teachers believe that with it you run the risk of weaning your child from remembering and thinking, because such a primitive method not only trains, but also inhibits memory and mental development.

Its essence is that in order to obtain, for example, the number five, you must find the number two on the ruler and count three divisions one centimeter to the right from it.

You can play a digital train with your child. To do this, line up his favorite toys or cars in a large train, adding one carriage at a time. Let the baby name himself: the bear is one or the first carriage, a bunny joins it - this is two or a second carriage, etc. Then the train must be disbanded and the numbers in reverse order.

Learning to count to a hundred

First you need to fix the numbers well and count to ten. Teach with your child various simple and funny rhymes to memorize numbers, riddles, songs and rhymes. Play educational games with visual aids, look for familiar numbers on house and car numbers.

Expand the range of familiar numbers in each lesson. First, you must explain to your child how to count from ten to twenty, and then show him the principle of counting from tens to one hundred.

Of course, he will not immediately learn and remember everything, but this is not scary. Move gradually, periodically recalling what has already been learned and consolidating the material, return to previous topics in the context of new, more complex tasks.

Among the exercises that can be useful at this stage, it is worth noting:

  • search for "neighbors" of any number, for example, the child must name or find what numbers are before and after the five;
  • search for missing or missing digits in a string;
  • ordering a confused row of numbers;
  • counting in both directions within every ten;
  • acquaintance with the clock and the principle of determining the time, various games on this topic;
  • acquaintance with a thermometer for measuring air and the principle of its operation - the child can record temperature readings daily and compare them, etc.

Teaching the child to memorize examples and composition of numbers

If a child learns and is able to list numbers, this does not mean that he can count, because for this he needs to learn how to determine the composition of a number and master various simple mathematical operations, such as subtraction, addition, multiplication and division.

You can introduce your baby to subtraction and addition after he has confidently mastered the count to ten. There is a way that is considered elementary, but not very useful for further learning.

Its essence is to show the child how to add and subtract one by one, for example, to get the number five, you add one to the three, and then another one, or add five units altogether. Many experts advise against dwelling on this method, but believe that it is better to show the child a full account right away.

Nevertheless, in games it is quite possible to use it at first. Take, for example, the classics with drawn numbers in squares. Have the child jump with a bucket or basket containing small toys, possibly plastic fruits:

  • jumping from cell to cell in order, the baby must count out loud for now - one plus one will be two, two plus one - it will be three, etc.;
  • when he calculates everything without errors from one to ten, try jumping and counting in reverse side, already subtracting;
  • you can also lay out toys, jumping over the cells and counting them, determine which number is greater and which is less, when it turns out to be zero.

To make it easier for the child to learn addition and subtraction, solve simple problems with him using visual examples:

  • place on two plates different amount sweets or cookies, let him count them and compare where there is more and where less, then offer him to make it equal, then take a few pieces - you need to count how much is left;
  • learning the composition of numbers is also better visually, and homemade dominoes, which we have already talked about, can help you with this - children perceive bright ones much faster visual imagery, therefore, if you show on two knuckles that the five consists of either two or three balls, or one and four (they must be multi-colored), then he will immediately remember it;
  • be sure to show your child the most elementary mathematical rule - the sum does not change from a change in the places of the terms. This can be done using the same ordinary objects, for example, putting on the table first two pears, and then two apples, and then vice versa - the baby must say that the same number four is obtained;
  • imagine big figure, like a house in which smaller numbers live, come up with various rhymes for better memorization, invite your child to experiment and play combinations of numbers, independently form the conditions for simple problems.

Teaching Mental Counting

When the child is confident with numbers and counts quickly without using fingers or aids counting, then it can already be taught mental counting.

There are two required elements in this process:

  1. Speech.

At first, your kid can loudly comment on his actions and the mathematical operations that he performs. Then he will begin to do it in a whisper, until he comes to counting in his head without speaking out loud.

  1. Motor.

Often, children first need to do certain actions with objects to count them - rearrange, move, remove. The next step will be to simply point your finger at the items to be counted, and then the baby will learn how to count with just his eyes.

Didactic games are very helpful for learning mental arithmetic, and children also like to play in the store. You can buy a manual called "Cashier of numbers", operate with toy or conditional money and candy wrappers, or introduce your child to real purchases in the store.

If the child shows ability for mathematics, introduce him to multiplication and division, the concept of even and odd numbers, some formulas.

Learning to count in a column

When the baby learns to write numbers, you can slowly prepare him for the column counting. To do this, you just need to show how the numbers are located and written with this method of counting.

The key principle of writing numbers in a column is their arrangement under each other with different bit depths, that is, we write units under units, tens under tens, and hundreds under hundreds. Explain to your child that this is how addition occurs - from units or from right to left.

Continuous practice is needed to develop knowledge. Don't try to get your child to memorize information. Go to the next counting operation only when the kid remembers the previous one, that is, do not start teaching him to subtract in a column until he is still good at adding in this way.

They will come to your aid too illustrative examples as didactic games, diagrams, cards, numbers, multi-colored cubes.

Conclusion

Math is a difficult science, but it can be fun and interesting if you open it to your children from this point of view.

Be consistent and patient, transform the learning process into entertaining game, do not make excessive demands on the child - then everything will go much easier and faster, and very soon the baby will delight you with his new achievements and mathematical abilities.

Features of mathematical perception of a preschooler

In order for our classes to be only beneficial to the child, it is necessary to imagine his real capabilities and needs. We must understand that the thinking apparatus of a small child is still immature, and he does not know how to fully generalize and draw conclusions. So two year old baby maybe, jabbing a finger at objects, followflax to pronounce:
- One two three four.
Nevertheless, to the question: "How many items are there in total?" - the child cannot answer yet. Only at three and a half to four years old is the child ready for the beginning of meaningful, and not mechanical, teaching of mathematics. He is already able to learn how to add and subtract numbers in his mind within five, but do the same actions with large numbers, usually up to four or four and a half years old, the baby is not yet capable of.
For kids preschool age it is perfectly normal to think that any mathematical action true only at the moment and only with these items. The kids believe that if you move the objects apart, there will be more of them, and if you put them closer friend to a friend, then there will be fewer of them. If you move or change the position of objects, then their number will also change. The kid, adding 4 and 3, be sure to count all the items first:
- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, - and only then will he give an answer.
A more mature child will begin to count and reason differently:
- There are 4 items, which means 4 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 7.
The baby also does not quite correctly represent the volume and weight of objects. The preschooler believes that the flattened candy has become smaller, and the elongated candy is larger, and that cotton wool is always lighter than iron, since it relies on its feelings, and not on incomprehensible readings of the scales.
The first such features of the development of preschoolers were noticed and described by the French psychologist Jean Piaget. They are called “Piaget's Phenomena” in his honor.
Many of these phenomena diminish by the age of 6-7 in the process of the child's growth and learning, but some of them persist until the age of 9-10. Despite this, all children can learn to count, add, subtract and solve simple problems by school.

Where math begins

Any learning goes through three stages: habituation, understanding and meaningful memorization. At the same time, mathematics should not be something abstract, but a natural part of a child's life, otherwise he will soon forget everything that we have taught him.
First, playing and talking with the child, we teach him to compare objects and their properties, to distinguish big thing from small, long from short, heavy from light, round from rectangular and much more.
Usually, even before the child can comprehend what a simple counting is, we mention numbers and mathematical concepts in a conversation with him:
- Once upon a time there were three bears.
- You have a lot of toys. Share with Seryozha!
- Your bucket is smaller than mine.
- Please give Masha one pig, and take the other for yourself.
- Do you want to play alone or will you come with me?
- You have two hands, which means there were two mittens. Where is the second mitten?
- Wait five minutes, please.

Together with the poems of Agnia Barto, children are usually offered to learn a rhyme about a bunny.
One two three four five -
The bunny went out for a walk.

As a result, most children after three and a half years old can count, and even add and subtract within four to five. However, they may not know about this, and they need help to show their knowledge, but first the child must learn to count meaningfully, and not mechanically.

Understanding the score in the game and movement

“Olenka willingly counts everything and knows how many items there are, and yet I'm not sure that Olenka is counting reasonably enough.
To make the count more meaningful, Olenka and I slightly transformed the famous rhyme:
We shared an orange
There are many of us, but he is one.
This slice is for a hedgehog - once.
This slice is for a siskin - two.
This slice is for kittens - three.
This slice is for ducklings - four.
This slice is five for the beaver.
And for the wolf - the peel!
The wolf is angry - trouble,
Run who where! "

Understanding the counting is sometimes a rather difficult process and can take a lot of time, so we, without haste and without frustration, try all new techniques and games.
“I tried again to bring Olenka closer to comprehending the count.
First, I lined up four toys one after the other. Then we counted them and put an ordinal number for each. Then we discussed which animal stands before and which after, for example, a bunny. I tried to ask clear questions:
- Who stands in front of the bunny? Who is behind the bunny?
Then they remembered a cartoon about a kid who could count to 10, and again they counted everyone:
- Dog - 1, bunny - 2, fox - 3, cat - 4.
And only after that I began to ask:
- What is the number after one? What is the number before 2?
Olenka clearly answered both questions, but since the usual ten minutes of our classes came to an end, we had to interrupt. "
Only when the child can clearly say without errors which number is in front of any of the first five numbers, and which is behind, can we assume that he understands what he is doing and move on to comprehending the count to ten and at the same time master addition and subtraction.

How to best represent a number

In order for the child to distinguish well different numbers, images of these numbers should appear in his mind. Of course, a child can create these images even without us, but we can help him find more suitable and capacious ones. The colored dots of a large children's domino are best suited for this. However, they can also be replaced with balls, bunnies or daisies. The main thing is that the objects are small enough, and they can, if desired, be represented as domino points. Agree that it is easier to represent the number five if it is shown compactly in the form small items, therefore, nothing is more convenient than images on dominoes, and it is impossible to come up with.

However, the child has a great need to touch everything and make sure of everything for himself, so the children and I began to make from quickly solidifying plasticine additional allowance, which was called "mathematical balls". These are several small quadrangles, each with five indentations for the balls. The round holes are arranged in the same order as the dots on the dominoes. A ball (or other convenient shape) can be inserted into each groove. You can move the balls to another, the same quadrangle, and notice how the same numbers look, or think about what to do to make these numbers equal.

The clarity of the manual and the fact that the child can turn one number into another with his own hands greatly helps him to understand more easily how different numbers differ. On this stage this is a very important task. This is what distinguishes a child who can count from a child who simply memorized numbers without any understanding and cannot really count.

We form images of numbers from 1 to 5

We divide this topic, which is important in teaching kids, into four stages.

1. Remember what the numbers from one to five look like. We learn to count to five and get used to the correct layout of numbers in squares in the form of domino dots.
Educational:
- These are houses. Bunny balls live in them. Let's count how many bunny balls live in each house.
After that, the teacher invites the child to populate another house with the same number of characters and in the same order.

2. We translate passive knowledge into active knowledge. To do this, let's play our favorite game: "Guess what I hid." It will help the kid learn to find out how many balls are placed on one square, without even counting, and remember which numbers correspond to a given number of balls.

It is better to start with two quadrangles, which in the game can be called different names that are more pleasing to the child's hearing, for example, houses or cars. Of course, you can, of course, complete our squares with a roof or wheels for this, but kids usually have such a good imagination that suffice it to say that this square is now a flying carpet and they can already see it. We also need plastic numbers, from 1 to 5 for now.

The course of the game can be something like this:
- Look, I have two houses. These colored balls live in each one. How many red balls live in the first house, and how many yellow balls in the second? That's right, 3 balls live in the first house, and four in the second. Now a cloud (a piece of paper) has crept onto the house. How many balls are hidden under the cloud? That's right, a cloud covered the house with three balls. Now find the numbers 3 and 4 in the box and put the three next to the house in which three balls live, and where will we put the four? Of course, next to the house where 4 balls live.

Gradually we bring the number of hidden "houses" to 3-4, not forgetting to come up with all the new plots of the game. For example, somehow our squares turned into sea ships, and the balls turned into sailors. Some of the ships hid behind the rock, and it was necessary to urgently remember how many sailors on each ship needed to be saved.

For greater clarity, we will invite the child to close his eyes and tell from memory what a number looks like, and then open his eyes and draw it on paper or type it himself on the square.

3. Securing the material. At this stage it is useful to learn how to play the domino game itself. We play openly, turning all the dice up. Each player puts his knuckle down and loudly announces the number of dots, for example: "five - three". It's good if the game is attended and Plush Toys... My child and I can make moves for them. The winner is the one who has run out of knuckles or there are fewer of them left.
Of course, an adult rarely wins - otherwise the game will quickly get bored.
Another one fun game with an imaginary Baba Yaga. The educator lays out number series from one to five, then distracts the child and disrupts the order of the numbers.
Educational:
- Baba Yaga again mixed up all the numbers. Can you fix it?
The child knows that this is a game, and Baba Yaga is imaginary, but she happily plays along with us:
- Look, Baba Yaga. We put all the numbers back in place!

4. Deepening the understanding of concepts: equally, the same amount, the same amount and how the numbers differ.

We take three squares and lay out so that two of them have the same number of balls, for example, 3, and the third has another, for example, 4.
- Look, these are three nests. Sparrows are sitting in them. Which nest has the same number of sparrows? And in these two equally? What should be done so that they have the same number of chicks? That's right, remove one!
We invite the child to “guess” how three points differ from two, two from four, etc.
The answer, unmistakable to an adult, is not so obvious to a child. The child should answer something like this:
- Three differs from two in one point.

Colored domino tiles can be used to make the game more difficult and interesting. Compare domino dots in three ways: color, location and number of dots.

Math outdoor games

“Sometimes Olin's friend Yura joined our classes. They already knew how to add and subtract a little, but in order for the guys to better understand the difference between addition and subtraction, we decided to go back a little. I remembered how, during a walk, Olya and Yura jump up the stairs with passion, counting the steps, and invited them to jump along the musical track with numbers. First, they jumped forward, from number to number, from 1 to 10, each time saying:
- Add one more - it will turn out ...
Then backwards from 10 to 1, saying:
- Subtract one more - it will turn out ...
The children fell in love with the game so much that now, no matter how he comes in, Yura asks from the doorway:
- Jump and count today?
When the guys stopped making mistakes, adding and subtracting one, they began to count back and forth in twos:
- Two, add one and one more - four, add one and one more - six ... "

A similar rug can help us too. You can buy it or make it yourself by drawing 10 cells with the first ten numbers of the digital row from 1 to 10 on fabric or on paper. Below are some games that kids especially like.

1. The game will help the kid learn to count meaningfully from one to ten and back. Of course, jumping with someone in turn is more interesting.
- One, two, three, four, five - five, four, three, two, one, - says the baby, jumping from number to number back and forth. For a change, you can jump on one leg, then on two or something else. Over time, we bring the number of cells to ten.
When the child remembers the order of the count, you can ask him to count out loud again, but with closed eyes.

2. This game will help the child get closer to understanding what is addition and subtraction.
Now the baby jumps from cage to cage with the words:
- One, add one or two. Two, add one to three. Three, add one to four. Four, add one to five. Five, subtract one - four. Four, subtract one or three. Three, subtract one or two. Two, subtract one - one, - the baby says carefully, jumping from number to number back and forth.

3. Another game that is also perceived by children as fun entertainment... Despite this, it extremely clearly shows how numbers change with the addition or subtraction of one.

The child jumps from cell to cell with a "basket" and takes out of it and puts one berry (or other toy) on each cell, saying:

1 berry, add 1, you get 2 berries; 2 berries, add 1, you get 3 berries; 3 berries, add 1, you get 4 berries; 4 berries, add 1, you get 5 berries.

Then in the opposite direction, collecting one berry at each jump:

5 berries, subtract 1, there will be 4 berries; 4 berries, subtract 1, there will be 3 berries; 3 berries, subtract 1, there will be 2 berries; 2 berries, subtract 1, there will be 1 berry; 1 berry, subtract one, nothing remains - zero.

At first, the child does not understand that he is already adding and subtracting one, he is only getting used to these concepts, understanding will come later.

"Granny! - Katyushka asks on a walk, - let's play in numbers. I am a five and you are a four.
- Okay, - I agree, - so who's the first?
- I, of course, I am more! - the girl runs ahead.
- Then I am now a seven, - I say and stand in front of Katya.
- And I'm already ten, - says Katya and again stands in front.
- Okay, - I say, - then let's play, who is less. I am a seven!
- And I'm a six, Katyushka is running ahead again.
The little one really likes this game, because there is a kind of rivalry in it. "

It is very good when not we, but the child becomes the initiator of the classes. Sometimes it is helpful to put aside your own "grown-up" activities so that the child can feel the importance of their little things.

“Mathematics must be taught only then, that it puts the mind in order,” - everyone knows this statement of Lomonosov. In life, mathematics helps a person decide different kinds tasks, see the perspective, plan your actions. Psychologists confirm that teaching children to count improves the performance of everyone mental processes, forms logical thinking and intelligence. Children who know how to operate with numbers and mathematical concepts successfully study at school in all subjects. Therefore, as soon as the baby grows up, caring parents immediately begin to teach him to count. However, teaching children at home requires special organization... It's important to know, when and how correctly develop elementary mathematical concepts. According to experts, the age of 2-3 years is considered the best period to start learning. This is due to the fact that kids already have experience of knowing the world around them, understanding the speech of an adult, the ability to visualize objects and associate mathematical concepts with them, for example: how many, one - a lot, more - less, equally. To the parents' questions about where to start teaching the baby, there is only one answer: we learn to count from 1 to 5.

Counting items within 5

The main thing is, when teaching children to count within 5, adhere to the basic rules, then work on the development of elementary mathematical representations will go much easier and faster. So how do you teach your child to count?

We adhere to the principles of training

Adults should understand that young children are not always able to quickly master new knowledge. So that the kids do not lose interest in the classes due to the complexity of the material, the training should go on:

  • from simple to complex;
  • gradually and in stages;
  • duration of classes for initial stage does not exceed 10 minutes;
  • no need to burden the child with unnecessary information;
  • it is necessary to constantly repeat the acquired knowledge.

Program home schooling account within 5 consists of the following steps:

  1. Compiling the number of objects within 5 and counting them in forward and reverse order (first from 1 to 5, then from 5 to 1).
  2. Quantitative (question: how many items?) and ordinal (question: which one?) account within 5.
  3. Correlation of numbers and numbers: we connect the auditory perception of a number with its designation (writing).

Preparing for meaningful perception of mathematical knowledge

Teachers claim that even the most Small child can easily count objects: one, two, three, etc. This calms the parents, they think that their baby can count. However, often the baby simply repeats after adults and mechanically memorizes the name of the numbers. Finding himself in other conditions, he can easily confuse them. Parents will understand whether their baby thinks meaningfully if they change conditions, for example, make up the number of different toys, mix them with household items, count the drawn objects, counting sticks... For accuracy of perception and meaningfulness of counting, you need to teach the child to act correctly: count objects, touching them with your hand, from left to right. When naming the last numeral, ask how many objects there are.

Do not forget! The numeral "one" cannot be substituted with the word "one"!

We count in forward and backward order

When teaching your toddler how to count, it is important to show him what counts can be done up and down. Experts say that such skills are necessary for further, more complex, actions with numbers, for example, learning to subtract. Teach kids how to count down within 5 will help simple games, for example: lay out a ladder from the cubes, along which toys step up and down under the count 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 5, 4, 3, 2, 1. Or play the game "What has changed?" (an adult makes up the number of 5 small objects, the kid counts them, concludes: there are only 5 toys. Then he closes his eyes, and the adult removes the toy, the child counts and concludes: there are 4 toys in total, etc.).

Teaching ordinal counting

After the baby has mastered the quantitative account, it is necessary to move on to the ordinal. With this score, each item gets its own serial number: first, second ... You can count in order only from left to right. Useful for reinforcing ordinal counting skills finger games, for example, bending your fingers, count with the child:

"The first finger is the biggest, the index is the second, the third finger is the middle one, and the fourth is the ring finger, the fifth finger is our favorite, and his name is little finger!"

Or "The first finger is grandfather, the second finger is grandmother, the third finger is daddy, the fourth finger is mommy, the fifth finger is our baby and his name is (child's name)."

The game "What toy is gone?" (Each object is assigned a serial number: the first is a bear, the second is a ball, the third is an elephant, the fourth is a cube, the fifth is a house. Then the child closes his eyes, the adult hides one of the toys and asks which object is gone).

We connect the number and the corresponding digit

Children can learn to quickly correlate a number and a number. Proper training is important, in which best welcome, when the baby is taught numbers and their corresponding numbers constantly, in everyday situations. For example, at home, books are counted and numbered, placing them in order; consider the steps indicated by numbers; pigeons on the playground, trees in the park. Useful to create for a child problem situation, deliberately omitting some numeral, for example: "Let's collect the leaves for the bouquet, the first leaf, the second, ... the fourth. Right?" At the same time, pay attention to the fact that the number can be written down, look for numbers in the surrounding objects: in books, house numbers, bus numbers.

Children's games, rhymes, counting rhymes will help to remember the number meaningfully and connect it with the number. For example, to the words of S. Marshak: "Here is one or a unit, very thin as a knitting needle. But this is the number two. Admire what it is: the deuce arches the neck, the tail drags behind it ..." their. You can draw in numbers the names of kittens in S. Mikhalkov's counting rhyme: "We decided, we wondered: how should we name the kittens? Finally, we named them: One, Two, Three, Four, Five." Or give the children pictures with numbers and play: "We will run and play, I decided to count you: one, two, three, four, five ...".

Teaching actions with numbers

Memorizing numbers will go much faster if the preschooler learns to actively act with them, for example, add. With children 2 - 3 years old, they switch to adding numbers only when they master a meaningful counting. Don't worry if three year old baby does not yet understand addition. This skill requires knowledge of the composition of the number, it can be formed later, by the age of four, which is also the norm. In order for the child to understand the composition of the number, counting sticks are used as a simulator: "Put one stick on the left and two on the right, how much is there? What is the number?"

Teaching children to count up to 5 in games

It meets such educational requirements. A particular success in the assimilation and consolidation of mathematical knowledge, didactic (educational) games are used, for example, according to the type of lotto, dominoes, puzzles familiar to everyone. To consolidate new material, verbal and mobile, plot and creative games which can be of great help for parents to exercise their child in counting.

Finger games for the little ones

For the smallest children, finger games are suitable, which will serve not only as gymnastics of small muscles of the hand, but also as a trainer for counting from 1 to 5. An adult invites the baby to work with his fingers to the rhythm of the verse: squeeze and unclench, bend and count alternately. Do not forget that we play with fingers and learn to count to 5 together with the baby. It will be interesting to play with fingers if you draw caps with funny faces for each finger or use finger theater.

"Five fingers"

I have five fingers on my hand
Five grippers, five grippers.
To plan and to saw
To take and to give.
It is not difficult to count them:
One two three four five!

"Counting fingers"

Math games for counting

Any game can be math lesson for preschoolers, the main thing is to comply with the necessary requirements. Such an activity will help the children practice in quantitative and ordinal counting, get acquainted with numbers, mathematical concepts (one - a lot, more - less), actively act with numbers.

"Our assistant"

Subject actions allow the child to feel their importance in the family, enrich emotionally, at the same time reinforce the skills of quantitative counting. The child, at the request of the mother, recounts and spreads required amount cutlery for dinner. You can ask him to bring two cucumbers, three tomatoes, one pepper for the salad.

"Make a figure"

The task is used as a simulator for the development of fine motor skills, counting within 5, fixing numbers, names of geometric shapes. An adult prepares several colored geometric shapes(square, circle), which are cut into 5 pieces. Each part is marked with a corresponding number. The preschooler must select the parts and count their number for each figure. For a change, you can offer the competition "Who will collect the figure faster!" Be sure to give the kid an opportunity to win and encourage him.

"Kids - pencils"

Preschool children get acquainted with the composition of the number of units, repeat the quantitative calculation. For the lesson you need colored pencils. An adult takes out a blue pencil, specifies that there is one object, then another pencil, yellow color: number 2 consists of two pencils (units). Gradually, other pencils are added in order to similarly acquaint with the composition of the following numbers. At the end of the lesson, to maintain interest, an adult reads poetry based on the work of A. Stepanov, and the child draws a picture:

Kids lie in a box
Toddlers are pencils.
One two three four five,
We start drawing.
Red, yellow, blue ...
Choose anyone for yourself.
Draw a beautiful house
We will live with you in it.
Draw the sun over the house
So that we shine in the window.
And there are clouds in the sky
People run to us from afar.
And below there is a stream, grass,
And there is foliage on the tree.

"Draw the number"

The task acquaints preschoolers with the composition of the number, helps to correlate the number and the number, and exercises in quantitative counting. The adult asks the child to "draw" a number from any objects: pencils, small toys, counting sticks, then count the number of items.

"The little train"

V story game the account from 1 to 5 is worked out and the ordinal is fixed. It's good when the whole family is playing. If this is not possible, large toys are used: bears, dolls, elephants. An adult puts the chairs in a "train", the kid places the toys in order. You can ask if there is enough space for all passengers. The child is counting chairs, toys. Then under funny song from the cartoon, the train sets off. The plot of the game may be like this: "The toys are going on a journey. Count them and place them in order: first, second, third, fourth, fifth." You can diversify the action by fixing pictures with numbers on the chairs.

"Math puzzles"

The game develops memory, attention, spatial thinking, trains in memorizing numbers. Prepare material for such board game very simply by ourselves: pictures with a large image are selected, for example, vegetables, fruits, household items, houses. Pictures are cut into five parts, and each part is indicated by a number. The child must assemble a picture in accordance with the number series. In this game, it is useful to learn to call the "neighbors" of a number (2 have "neighbors" 1 and 3).

Children will quickly and easily learn to count if adults constantly exercise them!

Babies begin to count much earlier than many believe. Already at 18 months - volume tender age when many babies still have neither speech nor developed motor skills- children are actively interested in the number of objects, develop their own strategies for counting them, and react rather nervously to the mistakes made by adults related to numbers.

Therefore, the first games for acquaintance of a child with an account can be started as early as a year and a half.

However, it is important not to rush and not expect miracles from very young children. The ability to notice your own mistakes and establish clear patterns connecting numbers comes a little later - between 3 and 5 years Learning to count begins in infancy: evidence from 18 month olds ’visual preferencess... It is this age that is considered optimal for starting meaningful math studies.

10 easy and fun ways to teach your child to count

1. Use digital examples more often in speech

By the age of 3-5, the baby is already developing a good vocabulary and is curious about words that are not yet understood. The more often numbers will sound in your speech ("It's time to wake up: it's already eight!" “To take this bun, you need to give your aunt 12 rubles”), the more attention the child will pay to them, curious and trying to get to the bottom of it.

2. Count wherever possible

You can count the steps. You can count down the seconds before the elevator doors open. You can use counting rhymes before starting any business: "One-two-three - Christmas tree, burn", "One-two-three-four-five - run." It is important for the baby to understand: numbers are not something abstract, but part of everyday life.

3. Play counting songs with video sequences for your baby

This is one of the most affordable, simple and fun ways to acquaint the child with numbers, their order and the simplest rules of addition and subtraction. Surprising as it sounds, children learn math most effectively when they hear familiar and understandable oral speech. Transforming the Workforce for Children Birth Through Age 8: A Unifying Foundation.

On YouTube, for example, there are tons of counting songs that your toddler can play on a trip or hum together throughout the day. Here is a modern urban counting song in Russian:

And here is a wonderful English-language collection for the little ones:

In general, choose what your baby will like - and go ahead: watch, listen and sing along.

4. Link numbers to development

The simplest example is the marks on the game stadiometer. “Look, on your last birthday you were 92 centimeters tall, and now you are already 100! Let's try you on in a month - I wonder if you will grow up to 101 centimeters? " The preschooler is actively looking for his place, himself in the world around him. He already realizes that he is growing. And the numbers growing with it cause natural interest as one of the ways to know yourself.

Sorting is one of the most important mathematical tricks. We separate even numbers from odd, integers from fractional, simple from composite ... Naturally, the kid is still far from such concepts, but the logic of future arithmetic operations can be taught as early as 3-4 years old.

These are familiar to many cardboard pictures where numbers are shown next to the corresponding number of items. For example, 1 can be depicted next to an apple, 2 - with a couple of bananas, 3 - with three cherries, and so on. The main purpose of such cards is to create a stable connection between the image of a number and its actual value.

It is good if such mnemonic elements are encountered by the baby as often as possible. For example, magnetic cards can be hung on the magnetized board of a children's easel or on the refrigerator. From time to time, without bothering the child, it is important to go over the cards with him, counting from 1 to 9 and back. This fixes in memory the sequence of counting and understanding what exactly is hidden behind abstract words like “two”, “three” or “nine” that are still incomprehensible to the baby.


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Well, to make it interesting for the kid himself to tinker with the cards, there are models "with a secret". For example, sliding ones.

Legendary teacher Maria Montessori in her book “My Method. Guidelines for the upbringing of children from 3 to 6 years old "said that almost top scores In teaching preschoolers, counting was shown classes with money (or their dummies).

I give the children coins of one, two or four centimes, and with their help the little ones learn to count to ten. The most practical way to teach children about counting is to show them the coins in their use, and most useful exercise is the exchange of money. Such exercises are so closely related to everyday life, which arouse keen interest in all children without exception.

Maria Montessori

In the next stages, they connect math games with other items. For example, apples: their child is invited to count and distribute equally to all the children present). Or, for example, with cups, when the baby is asked: “We are going to drink tea now, bring so many cups so that there is enough for everyone” (that is, the child has to first count the number of those present, and then bring the required amount of utensils).

Also Montessori considered it necessary to connect mathematics with sensations. It might look like this. Offer your child several brightly colored sticks of different lengths (you can simply pour them on the table) and ask them to choose the longest one by eye. When the kid makes a choice, ask if he is sure that his wand is the champion? To check, compare it sequentially with the others remaining in the shared heap. It's good if on each of the sticks its length is indicated in the form of a noticeable number: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 centimeters, and so on. So the child will learn to feel the length.

10. Use the Glen Doman technique

American physician Glen Doman believed that the brain little child much more powerful than it is commonly believed: he is able to instantly analyze and perceive huge flows of information, even if it seems to adults that the baby “does not understand anything”.

Doman's technique is based on approximately the same principle as mnemonic cards: on the establishment of a connection between numbers and what they mean. For the start, Doman suggested that parents make cards out of cardboard: a number is written on one side of them (in the case of 2-3-year-old kids - from 1 to 10), on the opposite side, the corresponding number of clearly distinguishable dots is applied.

According to Doman, you need to do math when your child is in a good mood.

Just a couple of minutes will be enough for the lesson. Show the kid a card with one dot and say clearly: "One." Then go to card "two" and so on. Do not delay: it should take no more time to show one card than to pronounce the corresponding number.

In the first lessons, the child should simply observe. There is no need to ask him to repeat or perform other actions. After showing all the cards, be sure to tell the baby how much you love him, how you like him, pat him on the head, hug him and, if possible, treat him with something tasty: physical encouragement is an important part of Doman's technique.

In the first couple of lessons, the cards should follow one after the other in a clear numerical order - from 1 to 10. Starting from the third or fourth, they can be shuffled like a deck. And do not forget: we show quickly, we praise generously. This will allow the child, without getting bored in the learning process and even having fun from it, to firmly master the connection between digital symbols and quantity.

What's next

With the help of the methods listed above, the kid will be able to playfully learn how to count to 10 and in reverse order, as well as perform the simplest arithmetic operations: add and subtract. It will be easy for him, because he operates not with incomprehensible symbols, but with the meaning hidden behind him - the number of objects. For a 4–5 year old child, this level of mathematical knowledge is quite sufficient.

The next step is to consistently learn to count to 20, then to 100, to get acquainted with more complex operations: multiplication and division. However, even at higher levels, it is important to follow a key principle: mathematics should not turn into a heavy duty. The more joy and games in the account, the easier and easier it will be for a child (and then a teenager) to communicate with numbers.