Guidelines for organizing classes in special medical groups in a comprehensive school. System of work in a special medical group
Accepted Approved
at the pedagogical Council of the school Director of the MAOU Lyubokhonskaya secondary school
Minutes No. ____ ______________ Kononov K.V.
from "___" ___________ 20___ Order No. dated "__" __________ 20___
Position
about special medical groups
Municipal autonomous educational institution
Lyubokhonskaya secondary school
named after A.A. Golovacheva
Dyatkovsky district of the Bryansk region
1. General Provisions
1.1 This Regulation has been developed in accordance with Order No. 337 of August 20, 2001 of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation "On measures to further development and the improvement of sports medicine and physiotherapy exercises ", Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated October 31, 2003 No. 13-51-263 / 13" On the assessment and certification of students classified as a special medical group for physical education ", an instructional letter of the Ministry of Education of the USSR dated May 27, 1982 No. 34-M" On the decrease in occupancy in special medical groups for physical education "
1.2 These Regulations are approved by the Pedagogical Council of the school, which has the right to make its own changes and additions to it.
1.3 This provision is a local normative act regulating the activities of teachers and students involved in a special medical group (hereinafter referred to as SMG).
1.4 Training in the SMG is organized for students who, due to health reasons, are contraindicated to attend traditional lessons physical culture... For such students, the medical and prophylactic health care institution recommends classes in groups with the least physical activity.
1.5 The following definitions are used in these Regulations:
TO special medical group (SMG) includes persons who have abnormalities in the state of health of a permanent or temporary nature, which allow them to carry out normal training loads, but are a contraindication to classes in the physical education curriculum.
Depending on the severity and nature of the disease, it is recommended that pupils classified under the SHG be divided into subgroups - "A" and "B", in order to achieve a more differentiated approach to prescribing motor modes.
Subgroup "A"- schoolchildren with reversible health deviations, weakened various diseases.
Subgroup "B"- schoolchildren with severe irreversible changes in the activity of organs and systems ( organic lesions cardiovascular, urinary systems, liver, a high degree of myopia with changes in the fundus, etc.)
2. The main tasks
physical education of students classified as SMG for health reasons in general education schools are:
health promotion, restoration of functional readiness to perform physical activity, promotion of proper physical development and hardening of the body;
increasing physical and mental performance;
increasing the body's defenses and resistance;
training in rational breathing, restoration of correct posture, and in necessary cases its correction;
mastering basic motor skills and abilities;
education of moral and volitional qualities;
fostering interest in independent physical exercises and their introduction into the student's daily routine;
creation of the prerequisites necessary for the future labor activity students.
3. Organization of classes for a special medical group
3.1 Groups of students assigned to a special medical group are completed for physical education at the conclusion of a pediatrician and are drawn up by order of the school director by the beginning of a new school year.
3.2 When forming the JMG, age groups should be distinguished: 7-9, 10-12, 13-14 and 15-16 years old. If the number of students is not enough to staff a special medical group by age, then different age groups are created. The number of people in groups is up to 12 people.
3.3 In the absence of conditions, the formation of groups of students with the same diseases, it is possible to combine students with a different nature and severity of the disease, carrying out intragroup division into subgroups A and B;
3.4 The movement of children by health groups during the school year (from the SMG to the preparatory one, then to the main one and vice versa) is carried out on the basis of a certificate from the pediatrician of the children's polyclinic. Based on this document, the school director issues an order to transfer the student to another health group. The class teacher, together with the physical education teacher, in the class journal on the page "Health sheet", opposite the student's surname, make a note: "on the basis of an order from ... transferred to ... .. group."
3.5 The time has been taken out of the general schedule for another shift. Zero lessons (in 1 shift) and double lessons in such groups are not allowed.
3.6 Visits to classes by students of the special medical group are mandatory. Responsibility for visiting them rests with the parents, the teacher conducting these classes, and the class teacher, supervised by the deputy director for teaching and educational work and a doctor.
3.7 Conducted lessons are recorded in a separate logbook of lessons with students, reflecting general information: (name, year of birth, class, diagnosis of the disease, duration of the break in physical exercises). Grades from the individual journal are transferred to the class journal summary.
3.8 Physical education classes in this group are conducted according to special curricula.
3.9 When choosing means and methods, it is necessary to strictly observe the basic principles of physical education: gradualness, systematicity, accessibility, versatility.
3.10 It is recommended that most of the lessons be carried out on fresh air... Conducting outdoor activities, special attention should be paid to the combination of movements with breathing, to avoid long stops. The preparatory and final part of the lesson in cool weather can be carried out indoors
4. Aboutappreciation and certification of students
4.1 The current assessment of the progress of students of the special medical group is set on a five-point system.
4.2 The final mark is set taking into account theoretical and practical lessons, as well as taking into account the dynamics of physical fitness and diligence.
4.3 The main emphasis in the assessment should be placed on the persistent motivation of students to engage in physical exercises and the dynamics of their physical capabilities;
4.4 If the student is present at all lessons, all the above requirements are met, the physical education teacher has the right to certify the student for marks "Good" and "excellent".
4.5 A positive mark should also be given to a student who has not demonstrated significant shifts in the formation of skills, abilities and development. physical qualities, but regularly attended classes, diligently fulfilled the teacher's tasks, mastered the skills available to him.
4.6 In the certificates of basic general education and secondary (complete) general education, a mark on physical culture must be set.
4.7 Possible forms of control of knowledge of students assigned for health reasons to a special medical group:
an interview on theoretical issues;
oral communication on theoretical issues;
an abstract, as a rule, on a topic according to the profile of the disease;
practical implementation of therapeutic exercises according to the profile of the disease.
5. Documentation
Lists of students referred for health reasons to a special medical group
Order for the school "On the organization of the SMG"
Schedule of SMG classes
Journal of attendance, progress and passing program material.
Present position.
Basic documents planning educational work are:
an annual plan for passing the program material in the academic year;
quarter plan;
notes and plans of individual lessons;
journal of accounting of activities with schoolchildren.
Additional documents for the organization of the educational process in physical culture for children of the SHG are:
plans for medical and educational activities;
student health passport;
rules for conducting corrective outdoor games;
a thematic plan for conducting conversations with schoolchildren;
a thematic plan for conducting conversations with parents;
programs of special courses for children and parents on adaptive physical culture.
The urgency of the problem of physical education of children with various deviations in health is currently undeniable. Schoolchildren who have undergone any illness or are often and for a long time sick, especially need physical activity, which has a beneficial effect on the weakened body. And they are often simply exempted from physical education. Such children, according to medical indicators, to a special medical group (SMG) should be engaged in special programs, methods that take into account their state of health, level of physical fitness, functional state of the body, specific diseases, medical and pedagogical contraindications and recommendations for the content of classes.
The interest of specialists in the problem of physical education of children with poor health in last years increased significantly.
Practice shows that the scientific and methodological support of work with this category of students significantly lags behind the requirements of the time and is in dire need of serious methodological and practical reorganization. Many teachers educational institutions, not possessing the necessary level of knowledge necessary to understand the essence of pathological processes occurring in the body with various diseases, show professionally unjustified passivity and inertia in this important work, reluctantly and with caution deal with students assigned for health reasons to a special medical group. Such restrictions have a negative effect on the health of weakened schoolchildren.
Features of recruiting a special medical group
In order to implement a differentiated approach to the organization of physical education lessons, all students of general education institutions, according to the level of health and physical fitness, are divided into three medical groups - basic, preparatory and special medical. Classes in these groups differ in curriculum, volume and structure of physical activity, as well as requirements for the level of mastering the educational material.
The organization of medical supervision in an educational institution is carried out by health authorities in accordance with the Regulation on medical support for persons engaged in physical culture and sports.
The recruitment of a special medical group (SMG) has a number of features. It is held before the start of the school year at age based, an indicator of physical fitness, functional state and the severity of the pathological process. Lists of groups are compiled by the end of the academic year according to in-depth medical examinations held in April - May this year, are endorsed by school doctors and seals of children's medical institutions. A special medical group can be conditionally divided into two subgroups:
1. Subgroup "A" - children with reversible health deviations and allowing them to hope to be transferred to the preparatory group after several years of training. Students in this group are allowed wellness classes physical education in an educational institution according to special programs (A.P. Matveev, 2004).
2. Subgroup "B" - children with organic irreversible changes in the state of organs and systems. For them, the main and quite achievable goal of the classes should be the transition to the subgroup "A".
Students assigned to special medical group "A" for health reasons are engaged in therapeutic physical education or exercise with limited load in physical education lessons.
Responsibility for the organization and conduct of classes, compliance with labor protection and safety rules rests with the administration educational institution, a specialist who conducts classes, a medical worker of an institution.
The recruitment of students assigned to a special medical group is carried out by a medical worker of an educational institution and is drawn up by order of the head of the educational institution (see. Application).
The number of groups for classes in the SMG is 10-15 people, the frequency of classes is twice a week for 45 minutes. or three times a week for 30 minutes. It is most advisable to complete these groups, taking into account the principle of uniting students in parallels or grades: grades 1-4, grades 5-7, grades 8-9, grades 10-11. Classes are held in the gym or in a specially equipped room at the rate of 4 sq. m per student (SanPin 2.4.2.1178–02).
Classes can be held in the form of a regular lesson, provided for in the schedule, or as optional in the afternoon. Lessons should be conducted with a strictly differentiated load, taking into account the individual condition of the students.
Attendance of physical therapy classes for students assigned for health reasons to a special medical group "A" is mandatory. Parents should monitor their children’s attendance at school.
Features of loading in SMG
For students of subgroup "A", the loads gradually increase in intensity and volume according to adaptation and functionality organism. It is recommended to carry out motor modes at a pulse rate of 120–130 beats / min. at the beginning of the quarter and bring the intensity of the load to 140–150 beats / min. in the main part of the lesson by the end of the quarter.
Motor modes at a pulse rate of 130–150 beats / min. are considered optimal for the cardiorespiratory system under conditions of aerobic respiration and give a good training effect. The pulse rate is more than 150 beats / min. inappropriate, since most of those involved in special medical groups suffer from hypoxia and do not tolerate intense physical activity.
Pupils of subgroup "B" perform physical exercises at a pulse rate of 120-130 beats / min. during the entire academic year, since it is under the conditions of such a regime that the harmonious work of the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous systems, and the musculoskeletal system is achieved, necessary skills and skill and a weakened body is not presented with increased requirements.
The tasks of physical education in the SMG
The main tasks of physical education of students assigned to the SMG:
- health promotion and performance improvement physical development and physical fitness;
- increasing the functionality that allows children to move to the preparatory and basic medical groups;
- mastering sports and applied motor skills and abilities necessary for full-fledged life support, physical labor and military service;
- the formation of stable interests and motivation for regular physical education;
- promoting a healthy lifestyle and mastering the technique of survival and mutual assistance in extreme life situations.
How to assess the physical fitness of children of a special medical group?
When preparing for student certification, it is recommended to be guided by the requirements educational programs on physical culture for students assigned for health reasons to a special medical group, which are developed in accordance with the State standard of the content of education in physical culture. It is recommended to set a final grade (pass, fail) in physical culture for students involved in the SMG (letter from the Ministry of Education Russian Federation dated October 31, 2003 No. 13-51-263 / 123 "On the assessment and certification of students assigned for health reasons to a special medical group").
Certification of students of a special medical group consists of two parts: theoretical and practical.
- concept of healthy way life and factors positive influence physical education to strengthen physical health, mental and moral development human;
- the concept of the correct diet;
- the concept of physical development and physical fitness of a person;
- the concept of forms motor activity;
- organization fundamentals individual lessons corrective gymnastics, their orientation, structure, content and load regime (taking into account individual health indicators, physical development and physical fitness);
- the concept of correct posture;
- the concept of rational breathing;
- rules for the provision of pre-medical care for injuries during exercise;
– hygiene requirements and safety rules for physical exercise in a sports hall and playground;
- the concept of physical development and physical fitness of a person.
- compilation and implementation of exercise complexes for individual physical culture lessons (morning exercises, posture and physique correction);
- Performing exercise complexes for the prevention of posture disorders and flat feet;
- performing complexes of exercises for development respiratory system(chest, abdominal, mixed breathing);
- fulfillment of complexes of exercises for the development of basic physical qualities;
- performing available acrobatic combinations;
- performing available songs wellness gymnastics(aerobics);
- execution of available technical actions and the use of various techniques in team sports;
- level control physical activity in terms of pulse (heart rate);
- using techniques of health-improving massage;
- performing feasible exercise complexes on simulators and other sports equipment;
- fulfillment of available exercises and motor actions used in various sports.
When developing practical assignments it is necessary to carry out a differentiated approach to students, taking into account their state of health, level of physical development and physical fitness. The content of control (test) tasks for attestation of students of a special medical group is developed by the teacher.
Students assigned for health reasons to the special medical group "B", who have no contraindications to physical therapy, c mandatory attend physical therapy classes organized in the polyclinic at the place of residence. Self-study at home according to the complexes proposed by the doctor of the polyclinic is acceptable.
Exemption from exercise therapy?
Unfortunately in recent times in pedagogical practice in the field of physical culture and sports, according to the recommendations of individual medical workers, the term "liberation from physical culture" is incorrectly interpreted. Students who receive a certificate from medical institutions on exemption from physical education, it must be clarified that exemption from physical education can only be temporary. Complete liberation should not be - physical education is recommended for almost any deviations in the state of health (in remission).
Together or apart?
A physical education teacher should monitor the health of children, use all means to create a positive emotional background during class to instill confidence in the child.
An important criterion for the selection of children in the SHG is the assessment external factors: living conditions, nutritional characteristics, psychological climate at school and at home.
Often, children with disabilities are engaged in physical education together with healthy children. The integration of children with health disorders into a group of healthy children has its own difficulties: the difficulty in implementing individual approach, control over the state of health and dosing loads. A physical education teacher can teach these children in a class for the main group only with the presence of a medical worker and a volunteer.
An indicator of the effectiveness of training children in the SHG is their transition to the preparatory group.
Features of the training methodology
It is known that the higher the level of physical development of a child, the faster his body adapts to the increasing load. It follows from this that the restructuring of the body takes place more slowly in the students of the special medical group, since their physical fitness is lower than in the students of the main group. Given this circumstance, a physical education teacher should remember that the preparatory part of the lesson with the students of the SHG should be longer than with the students of the main group.
In the preparatory part of the lesson (up to 20 minutes), students perform general developmental exercises at a slow and medium pace, alternating with breathing exercises. The load increases gradually. Students perform exercises that ensure that all organs and systems are prepared for the main part of the lesson, in which intense loads should not be used and a large number of new exercises.
When selecting exercises for the main part of the lesson (20-22 min.), A number of tasks are provided for: mastering the simplest motor skills, developing (within the limits of the students' capabilities) basic physical qualities. Most widely used gymnastic exercises, allowing you to correctly distribute physical activity, selectively affecting individual organs and systems, muscle groups and joints. Elements of movable and sports games, athletics and ski training. Acrobatic exercises and exercises associated with straining, prolonged static stress are completely excluded.
In the final part of the lesson (3-5 min.), simple exercises relaxation, walking at a slow pace, breathing exercises.
Physical activity should correspond to the structure of the lesson, functional and adaptive capabilities of students. The teacher controls the load by pulse, breathing and external signs of fatigue, constantly maintaining contact with the students.
Assessment of the physical condition of children
Level assessment physical condition children can be an indicator of the effectiveness of the implementation physical exercise and the child's readiness to carry out loads of a different nature.
Medical control determines the choice of physical education and sports, taking into account individual health disorders, the volume of classes, special activities that must be carried out before and after physical education. A medical examination determines contraindications, assesses the degree of influence of the process of physical education on the body of a child with health disorders (insignificant, moderate, significant, excessive).
You should know following symptoms overload:
- pain or discomfort in chest area, abdomen, neck, jaw, arms;
- nausea during or after exercise;
- the appearance of unusual shortness of breath during exercise;
Dizziness or fainting;
- violation of the rhythm of cardiac activity;
– high rate heart rate, persisting after 5 minutes. rest after exercise.
What should a teacher do?
The teacher should fully develop the personality in the students, instill in children, especially those who have poor health, knowledge of how to preserve it, and the ability to exercise to restore it.
The sequence of actions of the teacher should be as follows:
1. Development of a positive attitude among students towards the study of the foundations of adaptive physical education.
2. Transformation of knowledge into a desire to restore health.
3. Formation of evaluative situations.
4. Stimulation of physical activity in the process of rehabilitation.
5. Implementation of knowledge and skills in practical activities in the classroom and extracurricular physical education.
The solution of educational tasks through the content of physical culture promotes leading place in the activities of students, motivation is the awareness of the value of health, the desire to learn about their health and the opportunity to restore it with physical exercises.
Behind every motive is a reasonable need for a healthy lifestyle. Motivation is the process of transforming needs into motives, and as a result - an incentive to a certain activity (physical exercise, physical activity, etc.).
However, no matter how correctly the general direction of work with each individual student is determined, it is necessary to strictly verify the correctness of the chosen tactics and strategy and their correspondence to the functional capabilities of the organism.
Of decisive importance in the implementation of the tasks of physical education is the individualization of dosages, not only within a group of children with similar diagnoses, but also in relation to the same student, who in the course of classes has new opportunities.
The organization of classes for students and pupils assigned to different medical groups for health reasons should be based on medical and pedagogical control, which will help prevent the progression of the disease and correct deviations in the state of health of children and their inclusion in social life society.
Application
Characteristics of diseases, contraindications and recommendations
Diseases |
Contraindications and restrictions |
|
| Cardiovascular system (inactive phase of rheumatism, functional changes, etc.) | Exercises, the implementation of which is associated with prolonged holding of breath, intense muscle tension abdominal | General developmental exercises, covering all muscle groups, in I. p. lying, sitting, standing; walking, dosed running, jogging at a slow pace |
| Respiratory organs (chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, bronchial asthma, etc.) | Exercises that cause prolonged breath holding and intense abdominal muscle tension | Breathing exercises. Workout full breath and especially a prolonged exhalation. Brisk walking, running, swimming, skiing, outdoor walking |
| Kidney disease (nephritis, nephrosis, pyelonephritis) | Exercises with a high frequency of movements, load intensity and speed-power orientation, hypothermia of the body are unacceptable | When carrying out general developmental exercises, special attention is paid to strengthening the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall. When swimming (with the permission of a doctor), the time spent in the water is limited (5-10 minutes - the first year of training, 10-15 minutes - the second and subsequent years of training) |
| Violations nervous system | Exercises that cause nervous overstrain (exercise in balance on an increased support), the time of games is limited | Breathing exercises, water treatments, aerobic exercises |
| Diseases of the organs of vision | Running jumps, somersaults, exercises with static muscle tension, handstands and headstands are excluded | Exercises for spatial orientation, accuracy of movements, dynamic balance, gymnastics for the eyes |
| Chronic diseases gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, liver | The load on the abdominal muscles is reduced, jumping is limited |
MOU "Secondary school No. 5 of the city of Kuvandyk, Kuvandyk district of the Orenburg region"
reference
on the organization of work with children of the SMG in the secondary school No. 5
The number of children studying at the educational institution - 507
These include:
To the main group (number of students,% of the total) - 474 students (93%)
V preparatory group(number of students,% of the total) - 15 students (2.9%)
In a special medical group: 20 students (3.9%)
Subgroup "A" (number of students,% of the total) - 17 students (3.3%)
Subgroup "B" (number of students,% of the total) - 3 students (0.6%)
Recently, our school has been faced with the problem of teaching physical education to students with impaired health, which require special norms of physical activity and an individual approach to organizing classes. It is necessary to differentiate the student body, depending on the state of health of the students.
A special medical group (SMG) is formed of students with health abnormalities of a permanent or temporary nature, admitted to group lessons, but having contraindications for increased physical activity. A compulsory type of physical education classes for them are classes for special programs with a differentiated approach and an individual assessment of their effect on the body. The main criterion for classifying a child as SMG is to establish a diagnosis of the disease, however, in this case, a medical group should be appointed taking into account the severity of the pathological process and the adaptive capabilities of the body.
The main tasks of physical education of students from the SMG group are:
Health promotion, sustainable compensation for disorders caused by diseases, and sometimes their elimination.
Assistance in the correct physical. development, hardening, increasing the body's resistance.
Improving physical development indicators, mastering vital motor skills and abilities.
Increase in the functional level of organs and systems weakened by the disease.
Gradual adaptation of the body to the effects of physical activity.
Mastering complexes special exercises that have a beneficial effect on the body, taking into account the existing disease.
Training in methods of self-control and dosage of the load.
Fostering interest in self-directed physical education.
Principles of SMG training methodology
Improving therapeutic and prophylactic orientation of physical culture means. During the lesson, the influence of physical exercises and hardening means on the sick or weakened body of the child is taken into account, the means and methods of physical culture necessary for the treatment of the disease are selected, the effectiveness of their influence on the body is assessed.
A differentiated approach to the use of physical culture means, depending on the nature and severity of structural and functional disorders in the student's body caused by pathological process.
In the preparatory period, the means and methods of physical education are used exclusively in health purposes.
In the main period, as the adaptation of the organism of students to the conditions of muscular activity improves and the functional state disturbed by the disease is restored, they gradually switch to professionally applied physical fitness.
On the final stage classes provide an increase in general and especially special work ability, strengthening of the body's defenses.
Acquisition of groups carried out on the basis of an established diagnosis with the obligatory indication of the degree of impairment of body functions.
For a more differentiated approach to the assignment of motor regimes, SMG students are divided into two subgroups - "A" and "B" (according to the severity and nature of the disease).
The subgroup "A" includes those who have reversible deviations, i.e. weakened due to various diseases.
The subgroup "B" unites schoolchildren with irreversible changes in organs and systems (damage to the cardiovascular, urinary systems, liver; high degree violations of refraction of vision with a change in the fundus, etc.).
The main form of physical education for students of the SMG is lessons, which are held twice a week for 45 minutes. or three times a week for 30 minutes.
There are 9-12 people in a group. The groups are completed according to the nature of the disease:
digestive;
spine and musculoskeletal system;
organs of sight and hearing;
urinary system;
Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, etc.).
The small number of students with similar diseases does not allow them to be grouped according to the form of the disease. The following grouping is acceptable: a) chronic pathology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, b) pathology of the musculoskeletal system and refractive error.
Groups are formed by grade (for example, students in grades 1–2, 3–4, 5–8, 9–11 grades). If the number of students is not enough to complete the group, then they are combined from students of three or four grades: 1-4, 5-8, 9-11. Load, strictly differentiated, taking into account the individual approach to students.
Training sessions in the SMG are organized in the following way:
building in the lesson not according to height, but according to the degree of physical fitness: on the right flank there are more prepared children, on the left - less prepared;
before each lesson, the students' heart rate is determined. Children with a heart rate above 80 beats per minute stand on the left flank;
when carrying out the relay, the more prepared ones stand at the beginning of the column, start and end the relay races, if necessary, making two repetitions, the less prepared - one;
when conducting games, poorly prepared students are replaced every 2 minutes;
The most important requirements for the lesson:
providing a differentiated approach to students, taking into account their state of health, physical development and physical fitness;
achievement of dynamism, emotionality, educational and instructive orientation of training sessions;
developing students' skills and abilities self-study physical exercise.
Data registration is carried out in a self-control diary (weakness, fatigue, dizziness, pain, sweating, decreased performance, sleep patterns, appetite), as well as the heart rate at the beginning and end of the session. The diaries are checked at least once a month, their data is used to determine the load. The teacher obtains objective data on the state of health of students during medical examinations.
The main documents for planning educational work are:
annual plan for passing the program material;
quarter plan;
notes and plans of individual lessons;
journal of accounting of activities with schoolchildren.
Additional documents:
plans for medical and educational activities;
student health passport;
rules for conducting corrective outdoor games;
a thematic plan for conducting conversations with schoolchildren;
a thematic plan for conducting conversations with parents;
Organization educational process
SMG classes adhere to the generally accepted structure of classes in physical education... But there is a peculiarity in the methodology of their conduct: the lesson consists not of three, but of four parts.
Introductory part (3-4 min.): Monitoring the heart rate, breathing exercises.
Preparatory part (10-15 min.): General developmental exercises, performed first at a slow, and then at a medium pace. Each exercise is repeated from 4-5 times to 6-8 times. Particular attention should be paid to correct breathing. Exercises that require great muscle effort and make breathing difficult are not recommended. With the help of general developmental exercises in the preparatory part of the lesson, it is possible to provide alternate (according to the principle of "dispersion" of the load) inclusion in the work of all large muscle groups. In this case, the load should not increase sharply. Special breathing exercises, used after the most exhausting physical activities, can reduce the degree of functional stress experienced by the body.
The main part (15-18 min.): Education and training. It studies new physical exercises, trains breathing skills, and develops motor qualities. The greatest physical activity should fall on the second half of the main part of the lesson. For this educational material is distributed so that the initial period of the main part is filled with lighter physical exercises. As a rule, in this part of the lesson, one new exercise is taught. In each lesson, it is also necessary to repeat several of the exercises learned earlier. It is very important to avoid fatigue during repetition of repetitive movements. For this, as in the preparatory part of the lesson, it is necessary to "dissipate" the load on different muscle groups.
The development of gymnastics, athletics, basketball, ski training, volleyball, provided for by the physical education program, is provided mainly at the expense of the main part of the lesson. But for mastering individual sections of sports training, it is advisable to use its preparatory part.
The final part of the lesson (5 min.) Includes breathing and relaxation exercises. the main task this part of the lesson is the restoration of the functional state of the body of students after physical exertion. Exercises for those muscle groups that were not involved in the lesson are advisable here. The intensity of these exercises providing leisure tired muscle groups should be lower than in the main part of the session.
The practical sections of the physical education program for students of the main and special medical groups are significantly different. Students of the JMG are exempted from fulfilling any practical standards. But the number of mandatory requirements for them in individual sports include:
– gymnastics- execution of drill exercises, posture exercises, basic movements of the arms, trunk, dance steps, acrobatic elements, balance, vaulting; lifting and carrying small weights, exercises with gymnastic apparatus and apparatus;
– Athletics - running technique for short and medium distances, methods of throwing grenades, long jumps;
– ski training- the technique of owning certain methods of skiing, climbing and descending from the mountains, turning in place and while moving (as instructed by the teacher);
Homework
A logical continuation of educational work in the lesson is homework, which will help to increase the volume of physical activity of students, improve them. physical fitness, improve health, introduce physical education into everyday life. The teacher is obliged to show in advance the exercises assigned to the house, to clarify the loads. Total time fulfillment homework should not exceed 15–20 minutes. Most often, homework includes following exercises:
1. Walking in place with correct posture, high hips and hand movement (by the mirror).
2. Jumping on the spot (height 20-30 cm) with a soft landing.
3. Maintaining balance of bent and straightened legs.
4. Exercises from ip: lying on your stomach, arms bent in elbow joints and spread apart, hands - one on top of the other under the chin, feet together. Raising the head and arms back or to the sides; raising the head and arms bent at the elbow joints (elbows back, shoulder blades connected); raising the head and torso, hands on the belt.
5. Exercises from IP: lying on your back, arms along the body: raising the head with simultaneous flexion feet; alternating leg raises (under different angles), the movement of the cyclist; raising the torso with hands on the floor, the same - hands on the belt.
6. Exercises to relax the arms and legs alternately, performed from ip: standing.
7. Exercise from ip: standing, arms to the sides: touch the left knee with the heel of the right leg, fix this position, maintaining balance. The same with closed eyes.
8. Squats on full foot stretching the arms forward. Toe squats, arms in front. The same - hands on the belt.
9. Exercises for the muscles of the foot: gripping light objects (small ball, box of matches, etc.) with the toes, bending the foot in a sitting position.
10. Walking on a gymnastic bench (lines on the floor) with tossing the ball, hitting it on the floor and catching.
11. Exercises with a gymnastic stick: tilt forward, stick horizontally up, behind the head, behind the shoulder blades (in one motion, bring the stick, held in front of you with two hands, behind your back).
12. Balance on the left (right) leg ("swallow").
13. Jumping rope on one and both legs with a soft landing on toes.
14. From the kneeling stand, sit on the floor on the side (right, left) and return to the SP.
15. Learning hand movements in a certain way of swimming from a standing position, the same - legs, but in a sitting position.
16. Mastering the coordination of movements in a certain way of swimming.
Sports and outdoor games
Special attention requires a methodology for conducting games. Included in the program material outdoor games and elements of sports games require strict dosage. Increased emotional condition when carrying out outdoor and especially sports games, it can cause imperceptible fatigue of students, therefore, the teacher should closely monitor the first signs of it, finish the game in time, preventing the occurrence of overwork.
In each lesson, no more than one game is played, and you should always start with the simpler ones.
1. The ball race is held in the form of relay races:
a) passing the ball over the head (2 times);
b) passing the ball between the legs (2 times);
c) passing the ball to the right, to the left (2 times);
d) passing the ball under the feet, over the head, on the right, on the left (2 times).
2. Transfer of a volleyball and its varieties:
a) tossing the ball over oneself, catching it and passing it to a friend. The game is played in 2 lines, facing each other, at a distance of 4-6 m (3-5 times);
b) the same, but when building in 2 columns, facing to each other, after the transfer, the player moves to the end of the opposite column (2 times);
c) throwing the ball over the net: 2.1. Two balls - simultaneous throwing on signal. Two halves of 3 minutes; 2.2. One ball - whoever catches, he throws. One half 3 min.
3. Transferred - sit down:
a) passing the ball by the captain (the captain stands facing the column at a distance of 1-3 m) to each player. The student, having received the ball and giving it to the captain, sits on the floor (1-2 times);
b) the same thing, but the last one in the column, having received the ball, says: "Gop!"
4. Basketball techniques. Schoolchildren are lined up in 2 lines facing each other:
a) passing the ball from the chest with both hands (5 times);
b) passing the ball from the chest with a hit on the court (5 times);
c) dribbling (5 hits right hand, 5 blows with the left) (3 times);
d) imitation of throwing the ball into the ring (5 times);
e) dribbling the ball and throwing it into the ring (3 times);
f) a combination of dribbling and passing the ball (3 times).
5. Game "Ball to the Captain":
a) change of players after 3 minutes;
b) change of players after 5 minutes.
6. Relay with basketball elements:
a) the duration of the relay is up to 3 minutes;
b) the duration of the relay is up to 5 minutes. The team consists of 6–8 players.
7. Playing basketball according to simplified rules:
a) change of players after 3 minutes;
b) change of players after 5-6 minutes.
Games 1–4 are held for schoolchildren in grades 4–8 in the first year of schooling, in the second year games 1–5 are already held, for 9–10 grades in the first year of schooling they give games 1–5, and in the second year - 5-7, in addition, add elementary techniques for playing basketball and volleyball according to simplified rules. The dosage of games is given for simultaneous performance. In the lessons of the second year of training, it is possible to conduct these games with two or even three repetitions, but there should be an interval of at least 5 minutes between them, which is filled with exercises to relax muscles, walking, breathing exercises and rest for at least 1 min.
Before the start of ski training, schoolchildren undergo an additional medical checkup... In the classroom, the tasks of teaching skiing and hardening are solved in parallel. The main attention is paid to mastering the technique of movement, turns, ascents and descents. During classes, they strictly monitor the implementation of all sanitary and hygienic rules: rational clothing, appropriate for the weather, the air temperature is not lower than -15 degrees, correct mode classes. It is necessary to avoid both overheating and hypothermia of the students, to control that the students inhale and exhale only through the nose, which will avoid hypothermia of the upper respiratory tract.
When organizing work on the physical education of students at the educational institution, the the following recommendations, which are presented in the table:
Principles of physical education for children with disabilities
|
Medical groups |
Compulsory classes |
Featured additional types occupations |
|
The main(children and adolescents without health abnormalities or with minor deviations, having sufficient physical fitness) |
Classes on the curriculum of physical education in full. Passing control standards with a differentiated assessment |
Sports activities |
|
Preparatory(children and adolescents with minor deviations in health without sufficient physical fitness) |
The same, but subject to the gradual mastering of exercises that place increased demands on the body. Some limitation of loads and a more gradual development of motor skills and abilities. |
Additional training to improve the level of physical fitness. |
|
SMG(children and adolescents with significant deviations in the state of health of a permanent or temporary nature, admitted to group lessons in conditions educational institution) |
Classes in special programs with differentiated assessment |
The use of available types of physical exercise in the school day (SC) and at home. |
|
Medical groups for physical training |
Characteristics of the contingent |
Goals |
Technologies |
|
Main group |
Well-off children (1 and 2 health groups) |
Health promotion, exercise |
health-forming technologies |
|
Preparatory group |
Children of the "risk group" - disorders of adaptation in the team, reduced efficiency, functional disorders (2 and partially 3 health groups) |
Maintaining health, comfortable conditions, individual learning pace. |
health-saving technologies |
|
Special medical group "A", Corrective exercises |
Children with chronic diseases in the stage of stabilization and recovery, after illnesses (health group 3) |
Rehabilitation by means of PK and medicine |
health-restoring technologies |
|
Special medical group "B", |
Children with manifestations of the disease (health group 3 with incomplete remission, health group IV). |
Treatment |
medical technologies |
Classes with SMG are always carried out separately from healthy children. However, only a physical education teacher can release a child who is studying in the SMG from attending physical education lessons according to the class schedule, with the obligatory agreement of this with the child's parents and the administration of the educational institution. Usually, to be exempted from attending a lesson, parents write a statement on which the school director puts his visa. Otherwise, the child should be in the lesson, although he does not participate in the process of physical education, plays the role of an extra.
The time of the classes is not strictly regulated. There are recommendations to conduct physical education lessons for SMG children with a zero lesson, or lessons are planned for the afternoon.
Organization of work in the SMG MEDICAL AND HEALTHY PHYSICULTURE Organization of work in the SMG Practice shows that the organization of the work of special medical groups (SMG) in schools is still seriously behind the requirements of the time. This is due to the fact that the process of physical education of weakened children is very difficult. If the physical exercises of healthy children, adolescents and youth are based on a single methodology common to all students, then classes in the SMG should be based on completely different methods. Deep differences in the etiology and pathogenesis of the transferred diseases, different localizations, the nature and severity of the disorders that developed under the influence of the pathological process require different approach to the classes. Principles of SMG training methodology First of all, it is a health-improving treatment-and-prophylactic orientation of physical culture means. A teacher of physical education should know the peculiarities of the influence of physical exercises and means of hardening on a sick or weakened body of a child, be able to choose the means and methods of physical culture necessary for treating a disease, and be able to assess the effectiveness of their influence on the body. The approach to the use of physical culture means should also be differentiated, depending on the nature and severity of structural and functional disorders in the student's body caused by the pathological process. In the preparatory period, the means and methods of physical education are used exclusively for recreational purposes. In the main period, as the adaptation of the body of students to the conditions of muscular activity improves and the functional state disturbed by the disease is restored, they gradually switch to professionally applied physical training. At the final stage of training, an increase in general and especially special workability, strengthening of the body's defenses is provided. Acquisition of groups The main criterion for the inclusion of a student in the SHG is the establishment of a diagnosis with the obligatory indication of the degree of impairment of body functions. For a more differentiated approach to the assignment of motor modes of students, it is recommended to subdivide SHG into two subgroups - "A" and "B" (according to the severity and nature of the disease). The subgroup "A" includes those who have reversible deviations, i.e. weakened due to various diseases. The subgroup "B" unites schoolchildren with irreversible changes in organs and systems (damage to the cardiovascular, urinary systems, liver; high degree of impaired refraction of vision with changes in the fundus, etc.). Division into subgroups allows you to determine the mode of training. In this case, the most accessible criterion in the selection of appropriate loads is the pulse rate. In cases of especially pronounced dysfunctions of the musculoskeletal and neuromuscular apparatus and significant health disorders that impede group exercises in an educational institution, students are sent to exercise therapy in medical institutions. Transfer from one medical group to another is made after additional examination... The main form of physical education for students of the SMG is lessons, which are held twice a week for 45 minutes. or three times a week for 30 minutes. Usually in a group of up to 12 people. To increase the efficiency of classes, it is extremely important correct selection students in groups that are completed by the nature of the disease: cardiovascular system; endocrine system; digestive, endocrine systems and metabolic disorders; spine and musculoskeletal system; organs of sight and hearing; urinary system; Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system (cerebral palsy, poliomyelitis, etc.). The relative small number of students with similar diseases does not allow them to be grouped according to the form of the disease. The following grouping is acceptable: a) chronic pathology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, b) pathology of the musculoskeletal system and refractive error. Practice shows that it is most expedient to complete these groups by grade (for example, from students in grades 1-4, 5-8, 9-11 grades). If the number of students is not enough to complete the group, then it is advisable to combine students of three or four grades: 1-4, 5-8, 9-11. It should be emphasized the need for a strictly differentiated load, taking into account an individual approach to students. Organization of the educational process In the classroom, it is advisable to adhere to the generally accepted structure of physical education classes. But there is a peculiarity in the methodology of their conduct: the lesson consists not of three, but of four parts. Introductory part (3-4 min.): Monitoring the heart rate, breathing exercises. Preparatory part (10-15 min.): General developmental exercises, performed first at a slow, and then at a medium pace. Each exercise is repeated from 4-5 times to 6-8 times. Particular attention should be paid to correct breathing. Exercises that require great muscle effort and make breathing difficult are not recommended. With the help of general developmental exercises in the preparatory part of the lesson, it is possible to provide alternate (according to the principle of "dispersion" of the load) inclusion in the work of all large muscle groups. In this case, the load should not increase sharply. Special breathing exercises, used after the most exhausting physical activities, can reduce the degree of functional stress experienced by the body. The main part (15-18 min.): Education and training. It studies new physical exercises, trains breathing skills, and develops motor qualities. The greatest physical activity should fall on the second half of the main part of the lesson. For this, the training material is distributed so that the initial period of the main part is filled with lighter physical exercises. As a rule, in this part of the lesson, one new exercise is taught. In each lesson, it is also necessary to repeat several of the exercises learned earlier. It is very important to avoid fatigue during repetition of repetitive movements. For this, as in the preparatory part of the lesson, it is necessary to "dissipate" the load on different muscle groups. The development of gymnastics, athletics, basketball, ski training, volleyball, provided for by the physical education program, is provided mainly at the expense of the main part of the lesson. But for mastering individual sections of sports training, it is advisable to use its preparatory part. Conducting classes in each of the sections of sports training, you need to take care of the development motor qualities, training endurance, strengthening the muscular structure of the body. The final part of the lesson (5 min.) Includes breathing and relaxation exercises. The main task of this part of the lesson is to restore the functional state of the body of students after physical exertion. Exercises for those muscle groups that were not involved in the lesson are advisable here. The intensity of these exercises, which provide active rest for tired muscle groups, should be lower than in the main part of the lesson. To control the correct distribution of the load during the lesson, students should be able to independently measure the heart rate, which, according to the teacher's signal, they determine within 10 seconds. This calculation is done 4 times: before the lesson, in the middle - after the most tiring exercise of the main part (in the first 10 seconds), after the lesson and after 5 minutes. recovery period. The practical sections of the physical education program for students of the main and special medical groups are significantly different. Students of the JMG are exempted from fulfilling any practical standards. But the number of mandatory requirements for them in individual sports include: - gymnastics - the performance of drill exercises, exercises for posture, basic movements of the arms, trunk, dance steps, acrobatic elements, balance, vault; lifting and carrying small weights, exercises with gymnastic apparatus and apparatus; - athletics - running technique for short and medium distances, methods of throwing a grenade, long jump; - ski training - the technique of mastering certain methods of skiing, ascending and descending from the mountains, turns on the spot and when moving (as instructed by the teacher); - swimming - correct execution movements of arms and legs, the ability to stay on the water and swim, according to the instructor's instructions, a segment of distance in the studied way, the ability to combine the movements of the arms and legs with breathing when studying swimming techniques in one of the ways. About contraindications to classes With relatively the same functional state SHG students should take into account the contraindications for practicing certain types of exercises, typical for each group of diseases. Diseases of the cardiovascular system involve a group method of training (preferably outdoors, in a park or square). The lesson is structured so that cyclic exercises prevail ( different kinds walk, cross-country skiing, ice skating, etc.). Exercises with holding the breath, straining, with static tension, with a sharp acceleration of the pace are excluded. General developmental exercises, covering all muscle groups, are performed in the supine position, sitting, standing. In the process of training, it is necessary to control the heart rate and respiration, skin color and general condition child. In case of respiratory diseases, the lesson includes walking, dosed running in combination with walking and breathing exercises, skiing, ice skating, games, relay races. In cold and windy weather, do not practice outdoors, especially for those who are suffering bronchial asthma... When conducting classes in the hall, it is necessary to develop correct rhythmic breathing, as well as breathing with an emphasis on exhalation (especially for patients with bronchial asthma, obstructive bronchitis, etc.). Exercises performed on exhalation through the mouth with the simultaneous pronunciation of vowels [a], [y], [e], [and], [o] and consonants [p], [g], [w], [ u], [z], [s] or their combinations (for example, bree, bry, bru, etc.). These exercises should be recommended for doing at home 3-5 times a day; dosage for one exercise - 2-3 times, the number of exercises - 3-4. After 2-3 months of systematic physical exercise, swimming is advisable. In case of obesity, the training program includes: long-term walking on rough terrain, jogging in combination with walking, skiing, exercising on simulators, swimming and playing in the water, dumbbell gymnastics, etc. In classes with students with kidney diseases (nephritis, pyelonephritis, nephrosis), physical activity is significantly reduced, jumping is excluded, hypothermia of the body is not allowed. When carrying out general developmental exercises, special attention is paid to strengthening the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall. When swimming, the time spent in the water is limited (5-10 minutes - the first year of training, 10-15 minutes - the second year of training). The doctor's permission to swim for this contingent of children is negotiated additionally. For schoolchildren with disorders of the nervous system, exercises that cause nervous overstrain (in balance on an increased support) are limited, the time for games is reduced, etc. With diseases of the organs of vision, jumping, somersaults, exercises with straining, head and arm stands are excluded. At chronic diseases the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, liver, the load on the abdominal muscles decreases, jumping is limited. Experience shows that for children of the younger age group it is advisable to include outdoor games in the lessons, for the older one - elements of dancing. The classes for children with musculoskeletal disorders include exercises at the gymnastic wall, with stuffed balls, a gymnastic stick, rubber shock absorbers, traction exercises, training on simulators. The task is to stop the progression of the disease through physical exercises, and in case of functional disorders of posture - to normalize it. Pedagogical control over students is carried out by the teacher at each lesson. In the first fifteen to twenty lessons, signs of fatigue (sweating, redness of the skin, etc.) should not be allowed. Further, at well-being you can use short-term loads, feeling pleasant tiredness. The criterion for the correct dosing of the load is the change in heart rate during both one lesson and a series of lessons. The pulse of the bulk of the children after the lesson should return to the initial data within 15–20 minutes. In addition to monitoring the level of physical fitness of students, the teacher, as he goes through the material, assesses the correctness of the exercises, the improvement in strength, flexibility, endurance. Homework Homework is a logical continuation of educational work in the lesson, which will help to increase the volume of physical activity of students, improve their physical fitness, strengthen their health, and introduce physical education into everyday life. The teacher is obliged to show in advance the exercises assigned to the house, to clarify the loads. The total time for completing homework should not exceed 15–20 minutes. Most often, the following exercises are included in homework: 1. Walking in place with correct posture, high hips and hand movement (by the mirror). 2. Jumping on the spot (height 20-30 cm) with a soft landing. 3. Maintaining balance of bent and straightened legs. 4. Exercises from IP: lying on your stomach, arms bent at the elbow joints and spread apart, hands - one on top of the other under the chin, feet together. Raising the head and arms back or to the sides; raising the head and arms bent at the elbow joints (elbows back, shoulder blades connected); raising the head and torso, hands on the belt. 5. Exercises from IP: lying on your back, arms along the body: raising the head while bending the feet; alternating leg raises (at different angles), the movement of the cyclist; raising the torso with hands on the floor, the same - hands on the belt. 6. Exercises to relax the arms and legs alternately, performed from ip: standing. 7. Exercise from ip: standing, arms to the sides: touch the left knee with the heel of the right leg, fix this position, maintaining balance. The same with closed eyes. 8. Squats on a full foot, stretching the arms forward. Toe squats, arms in front. The same - hands on the belt. 9. Exercises for the muscles of the foot: gripping light objects (small ball, box of matches, etc.) with the toes, bending the foot in a sitting position. 10. Walking on a gymnastic bench (lines on the floor) with tossing the ball, hitting it on the floor and catching. 11. Exercises with a gymnastic stick: tilt forward, stick horizontally up, behind the head, behind the shoulder blades (in one motion, bring the stick, held in front of you with two hands, behind your back). 12. Balance on the left (right) leg ("swallow"). 13. Jumping rope on one and both legs with a soft landing on toes. 14. From the kneeling stand, sit on the floor on the side (right, left) and return to the SP. 15. Learning hand movements in a certain way of swimming from a standing position, the same - legs, but in a sitting position. 16. Mastering the coordination of movements in a certain way of swimming. To improve the effectiveness of homework, it is useful to hold meetings, talk with parents, invite them to lessons, explain to them how to stimulate and encourage children to do the assigned exercises. Conducting sports and outdoor games Particular attention should be paid to the methodology of the games. The outdoor games and elements of sports games included in the program material require a strict dosage. An increased emotional state during outdoor and especially sports games can cause imperceptible fatigue of students, so the teacher should closely monitor its first signs, finish the game in time, preventing the occurrence of overwork. At each lesson, it is recommended to conduct no more than one game, and you should always start with the simpler ones. 1. Ball race (volleyball or basketball). It is carried out as a video relay: a) passing the ball over the head (2 times); b) passing the ball between the legs (2 times); c) passing the ball to the right, to the left (2 times); d) passing the ball under the feet, over the head, on the right, on the left (2 times). 2. Passing a volleyball and its varieties: a) tossing the ball over oneself, catching it and passing it to a friend. The game is played in 2 lines, facing each other, at a distance of 4-6 m (3-5 times); b) the same, but when forming in 2 columns facing each other, after the transfer, the player goes to the end of the opposite column (2 times); c) throwing the ball over the net: 2.1. Two balls - simultaneous throwing on signal. Two halves of 3 minutes; 2.2. One ball - whoever catches, he throws. One half 3 min. 3. Pass - sit down: a) passing the ball by the captain (the captain is facing the column at a distance of 1-3 m) to each player. The student, having received the ball and giving it to the captain, sits on the floor (1-2 times); b) the same thing, but the last one in the column, having received the ball, says: "Gop!" 4. Basketball techniques. Schoolchildren are built in 2 lines facing each other: a) passing the ball from the chest with both hands (5 times); b) passing the ball from the chest with a hit on the court (5 times); c) dribbling (5 hits with the right hand, 5 hits with the left) (3 times); d) imitation of throwing the ball into the ring (5 times); e) dribbling the ball and throwing it into the ring (3 times); f) a combination of dribbling and passing the ball (3 times). 5. Game "Ball to the captain": a) change of players after 3 minutes; b) change of players after 5 minutes. 6. Relay with basketball elements: a) the duration of the relay is up to 3 minutes; b) the duration of the relay is up to 5 minutes. The team consists of 6–8 players. 7. Playing basketball according to simplified rules: a) change of players in 3 minutes; b) change of players after 5-6 minutes. Games 1–4 are recommended for schoolchildren in grades 4–8 in the first year of study, games 1–5 are already held in the second year, games 1–5 are given for 9–10 grades in the first year of study, and in the second year - 5-7, in addition, add elementary techniques for playing basketball and volleyball according to simplified rules. The dosage of games is given for simultaneous performance. In the lessons of the second year of study, it is possible to conduct these games with two or even three repetitions, but there must be an interval of at least 5 minutes between them, which is filled with muscle relaxation exercises, walking, breathing exercises and rest for at least 1 minute. One of the criteria for the correct dosage and the conduct of the game can be recovery period heart rate, which should be no more than 5-7 minutes. Ski lessons require careful thought and attention. Before starting ski training, schoolchildren must undergo an additional medical examination. In the classroom, the tasks of teaching skiing and hardening are solved in parallel. The main attention should be paid to mastering the technique of movement, turns, ascents and descents. During classes, it is necessary to strictly monitor the implementation of all sanitary and hygienic rules: rational clothing, appropriate for the weather, the air temperature is not lower than -15 degrees, the correct training regimen. It is necessary to avoid both overheating and hypothermia of the trainees. Since the speed of movement is low, teachers need to control that students breathe in and out only through the nose, which will avoid hypothermia of the upper respiratory tract. Work with parents From the first days of work on physical education of SHG students, great importance should be attached to systematic work with parents. Although all parents want to see their children healthy, strong, slim, enduring, doing well in school, but only in 8% (out of 100 interviewed) families, children with deviations in health systematically use the means of physical culture to improve it. One of the main reasons for underestimating the role of exercise is the lack of awareness among parents about its benefits for improving the health and proper physical development of the child. Parent meetings, conversations, lectures, no doubt, will make it possible to achieve positive changes in solving this problem. Medical observations in the process of physical exercises. natural conditions in which classes are held, indicators of the intensity and volume of the done physical work. Great importance at the same time, as already mentioned, it has an observation of outward signs fatigue during physical activity. If students develop an unsatisfactory state after class due to inadequacy of the regime physical stress the state of their health, the degree of fitness, it is necessary to reduce physical activity, give children rest, and in some cases conduct an in-depth clinical study. The response to physical activity during exercise should be manifested in moderate shifts. physiological indicators... Depending on the nature and intensity of the load, the heart rate, blood pressure blood, the respiratory rate increases, the recovery period to the initial level usually does not exceed 5 minutes. Body weight does not change significantly. Lung capacity and muscle strength may increase or moderately decrease, indicating in the latter case the appearance of fatigue. A small degree of fatigue during exercise with students with disabilities is perfectly acceptable. The physiological curve of physical activity is determined by calculating the pulse immediately before the beginning and immediately after the end of each part of the lesson. The resulting pulse curve to a certain extent reflects the body's response caused by exercise, and allows you to trace it in dynamics. In the classroom with SHG students, the so-called wave-like character of the curve is recommended. Marina BELOZEROVA, Ph.D. New Urengoy
6.4. Methods of work in a special medical group in a comprehensive school
Method of work in SMG schools has both general approaches to the organization of physical education, and fundamental features due to the contingent of those involved.
The purpose of the SMG is possible complete physical and social rehabilitation of students with certain health problems.
Tasks of the SMG:
1) improving the level of health;
2) education of physical culture;
3) introduction to regular exercise and a healthy lifestyle.
6.4.1. Organization of work of the head of smg
All work of the head of the SMG is built in accordance with program, which he himself develops, based on the contingent of students involved in it. When developing it, first of all, it is necessary to accurately determine the final goal that must be achieved as a result of functional therapy. Proceeding from this goal, the teacher, in creating a program, takes into account both general requirements, including contraindications, approaches existing in the theory and methodology of physical education, etc., as well as the etiology and pathogenesis of diseases and disorders. The program should provide for the means used, the mode of their use (intensity, frequency, etc.), ways to control the state of the body and the effectiveness of their use, etc. In this case, the leader must take into account the peculiarities of other types of treatment that the child receives (medication, physiotherapy, etc.).
Physical culture specialists and medical workers can provide irreplaceable assistance to the head of the JMG, consultations of which are necessary both in the development of the work program of the JMG and in the process of its implementation.
In accordance with the structure of the academic year, the work of the JMG is divided into periods as follows 34:
introductory period - 1st quarter (nine weeks);
basic - 2, 3 and part of the 4th quarter (20 - 22 weeks);
final - May (four weeks).
The introductory (sparing) period has the following tasks:
- stimulation of the body to fight the disease;
- prevention of the consequences of the disease;
- development of compensations;
- stimulation of regeneration;
- adaptation of the body to physical activity ..
Of primary importance in this period are special exercises, the selection, intensity and mode of which are mainly focused on the patient, the weakest functional system.
The main (functional) period in the work of the SMG corresponds to the most active stage of recovery and has the following tasks:
- elimination of the consequences of the disease;
fixing permanent or elimination of temporary compensations;
- restoration of the functions of the diseased organ;
- training of the functional capabilities of the body.
The indicator of the end of the main period is the absence of pronounced symptoms of the disease and the approximation to the indicators of the general functional state characteristic of this patient before the disease.
The final (training) period of the SMG work is determined by the gradual return of the student to full-fledged life activity and has the main task of his complete general and professional rehabilitation. In practice, it should not have a deadline, introducing the child to regular physical activity, implemented according to the basic laws of health-improving training, and to the transition to physical education in a preparatory or basic medical group.
With such a periodization, the head of the SMG, in accordance with the principles of training, determines (for each student individually) the content of the work and plans the load: what should be achieved by the end of the school year, each period for each of the criteria. Each of these steps is critical to determining how you work.
The work of the head of the JMG should be based on a certain algorithm. It starts with familiarization with the diagnosis, after which the leader should pay special attention to the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease.
The next stage of the exercise therapy specialist's work is determination of the initial functional state sick. This data should form the basis for planning workloads. Assessment of the initial state is carried out in a comprehensive manner according to the history of the disease, anthropometry, medical history, state at rest and in response to functional load.
The need for regular exercise makes it clear how important to introduce children to independent physical education. To do this, the leader must draw up the appropriate tasks and carefully analyze with the student the features of their implementation at home. It is desirable that the parents of the children be informed (or even better instructed) about these tasks.
Speaking of loads, one cannot fail to note the value medical and pedagogical control their influence on the organism of those involved. In its implementation, both medical worker and the head of the SMG, as well as the student himself.
Medical professional (directly working at the school or attached from the relevant medical institution to it) must be present at every JMG session. Knowing the diagnosis of this student, he can periodically check individual indicators of his reaction to stress (for example, measure blood pressure) and make recommendations to the head of the SHG. The manager of the JMG himself must possess the skills and means that allow him to recognize in a timely manner unfavorable reactions from those involved and adjust the load in accordance with them.
In the work of the SMG, it is necessary to carry out the following types of medical and pedagogical control:
1. Current control - at each lesson. Its main task is to control the compliance of the load with the state of the student's body. It is carried out by:
By the amount of work performed;
In appearance (sweating, skin coloration, attention span, coordination of movements);
Feeling (discomfort, dizziness, etc.);
By the peculiarities of breathing;
By objective criteria (heart rate, blood pressure, work performed);
By the nature of recovery after work;
According to the state and behavior after class, in particular, sleep patterns, heart rate indicators in the morning the next day, etc.
2. Periodic control is performed after certain periods of time - a week, a month - to assess the effectiveness of the exercise therapy program being implemented. It is carried out by:
According to anthropometric indicators;
By health;
Pulse at rest;
According to the dynamics of changes in the load and the reaction to it during a given period;
According to the analysis of the self-control diary, etc.
3. Stage control is carried out at the end of each period of the CMG operation. To do this, compare the objective indicators obtained at rest and in response to a standard functional test, relative to those before the beginning of this period.
It should be noted that already in the first lessons, the head of the JMG should to teach those involved in the simplest means of assessing and monitoring their condition: on health, pulse, etc. This is an important circumstance, especially if the patient, in addition to training with a specialist, is also engaged independently. In particular, schoolchildren must learn to correctly assess their condition and reaction to the load according to the following criteria:
According to state of health (mood, desire to exercise, appetite, discomfort, dizziness, etc.);
By the peculiarities of breathing;
By the pulse at rest and by the nature of its recovery after work;
According to the state and behavior after class, in particular, according to the peculiarities of sleep, heart rate indicators in the morning the next day, etc.
The need for constant control of the student over the state of his body, well-being and over the dynamics of loads makes the role of a health diary especially significant, which will help each student to carry out such control throughout the school year. Daily entries that he will spend 35 in it, benchmarking each successive result obtained earlier will allow the student not only to track their success in improving the level of health, but also to adjust their lifestyle. Of course, it is difficult for the student to perform such an analysis and correction, therefore, those consultations that, according to the diary, he can get from a physical education teacher, can be invaluable.
For a teacher - the head of the JMG, the most important indicator of the effectiveness of his work can be an assessment of the level of health. As already noted, its definition is based on functional indicators, the reserves of which are most fully manifested during physical exertion. To assess the level of health, you can use one of the systems described in the section "Health and Disease".